Âm Thường là các chữ Ví dụ Âm Thường là các chữ Ví dụ

/iː/ ee, ea, ie, e, ey, i, see, tea, field, these, /p/ p, pp pen, happy
eo, ui key, pizza, people
/ɪ/ i, u, y if, busy /b/ b, bb big, robber

/e/ e, ea, ie, a, ai check, bread, friend, /t/ t, tt, ed tea, better, looked
any, said
/æ/ a Man /d/ d, dd, ed dog, address, cleaned

/ʌ/ u, oo, o bus, flood, come /k/ c, k, ck, ch car, keep, back,
school
/ə/ a ago /g/ g, gg garden, bigger

/ɜː/ ir, or, ur, our, ear, er girl, word, turn, /f/ f, ff, ph, gh feel, coffee, phone,
journey, heard, verb laugh
/uː/ oo, ou, oe, u, ue, ew too, group, shoe, /v/ v Victory
music, blue, blew
/ʊ/ u, oo, ou full, book, would /θ/ th Thank

/ɔː/ a, al, au, aw, augh, water, all, autumn, /ð/ th This
ough, ar, or, oor, saw, caught,
ore, our bought, warm, born,
door, before, four
/ɒ/ o, a box, watch /s/ s, ss, c, sc, ce sit, class, city,
science
/ɑː/ a, ar, au after, car, aunt, /z/ s, z, ss, zz gives, zoo, scissors,
jazz
/ɪə/ ea, ear, eer, ere near, tear, beer, here /ʃ/ sh, c, ch, ci, s, ss, ti shop, ocean,
machine, special,
sugar, Russia,
international
/ʊə/ our, ure, oor tour, sure, poor /ʒ/ si, s television, usually

/eə/ are, air, ear, ere, aer care, fair, bear, /h/ h, wh hat, who
where, aero plane
/eɪ/ a, ai, ay, ey, ea, eigh age, rain, day, grey, /m/ m, mm me, summer
break, eight
/ɔɪ/ oi, oy point, boy /n/ n, nn, kn new, dinner, know

/aɪ/ i, ie, y, igh, uy like, die, fly, high, /ŋ/ ng Long

buy
/əʊ/ o, ow, oa, oe no, know, boat, toe /l/ l, ll love, yellow

/aʊ/ ow, ou cow, loud /j/ y, u young, usually

/w/ w, wh wet, what

/r/ r, rr, wr right, error, wrong

/t̬ʃ/ ch, t, tch cheap, future, watch

/dʒ/ j, g, ge, dge jam, general, age,

fridge
1. There are 26 letters in English Alphabet.

2. There are 5 VOWEL LETTERS: U E O A I.

3. There are 21 CONSONANT LETTERS: B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z.

4. We sometimes write the same sound differently in different words. Ex: /e/ in red, /ea/ in bread.

31. Sounds description

/iː/ is a long sound. Make your mouth wide, like a smile. Your tongue touches the sides of your teeth.
/ɪ/ is a short sound. Make your mouth a bit less wide than for /iː/. Your tongue is a bit further back in your mouth
than for /iː/.
/e/ is a short sound. Open your mouth quite wide.
/æ/ is a short sound. Open your mouth wide.
/ʌ/ is a short sound. Open your mouth wide.
/ɜː/ is a long sound. To make this sound, your mouth and your tongue should be very relaxed.
/ə/ is a short sound. To make this sound, your mouth and your tongue should be very relaxed.
/uː/ is a long sound. Make your lips into a tunnel shape. Your tongue is a long way back in your mouth.
/ʊ/ is a short sound. Your tongue is not so far back as for /u:/
/ɒ/ is a short sound. Round your lips a little. The front of your tongue is low and towards the back of your mouth.
/ɔː/ is a long sound. Round your lips more than for /ɒ/
/ɑː/ is a long sound. Open your mouth wide.
/ɪə/ is a long sound. It moves from /ɪ/ to /ə/
/ʊə/ is a long sound. It moves from /ʊ/ to to /ə/
/eə/ is a long sound. It moves from /e/ to to /ə/
/eɪ/ is a long sound. It moves from /e/ to /ɪ/
/ɔɪ/ is a long sound. It moves from /ɔ/ to /ɪ/
/aɪ/ is a long sound. It moves from /a/ to /ɪ/
/əʊ/ is a long sound. It moves from /ə/ to /ʊ/
/aʊ/ is a long sound. It moves from /a/ to /ʊ/
/p/ Stop the air behind your lips. Open your lips to release the air, if you hold a piece of paper in front of your
mouth when you open your lips, the paper moves. Target sound: /pə/
/b/ Stop the air behind your lips. Open your lips to release the air. If you hold a piece of paper in front of your
mouth when you open your lips, the paper does not move. There is voicing (vibration from the throat). Target
sound: /bə/
/t/ Stop the air with your tongue behind your teeth. Move your tongue down to release the air. If you hold a piece
of paper in front of your mouth when you move your tongue down, the paper moves. Target sound: /tə/
/d/ Stop the air with your tongue behind your teeth. Move your tongue down to release the air. If you hold a piece
of paper in front of your mouth when you move your tongue down, the paper does not move. There is voicing
(vibration from the throat) Target sound: /də/
/k/ Stop the air with the back of your tongue against the top of your mouth. Move your tongue to release the air.
If you hold a piece of paper in front of your mouth when you release the air, the paper moves. Target sound: /kə/
/g/ Stop the air with the back of your tongue against the top of your mouth. Move your tongue to release the air.
/g/ is different from /k/ in two ways: If you hold a piece of paper in front of your mouth when you release the air,
the paper does not move. There is voicing (vibration from the throat). Target sound: /gə/
/f/ There is no voicing (vibration from the throat), and you can feel the air on your hand in front of your mouth.
Target sound: /fffff/
/v/ There is voicing (vibration from the throat), and you can feel less air on your hand in front of your mouth then
when you say /f/. Target sound: /vvvvv/
/θ/ Make contact between the tongue and the back of the teeth and push the air through the gap. There is no
voicing (vibration from the throat).
/ð/ Make loose contact between the tongue and the back of the teeth and push the air through the gap. /ð/ is
different from /θ/ because there is voicing (vibration from the throat)
/s/ There is some contact between the tongue and the teeth at the sides of the mouth. There is no voicing
(vibration from the throat). Target sound: /sssss/
/z/ There is some contact between the tongue and the teeth at the sides of the mouth. /z/ is different from /s/
because there is voicing (vibration from the throat). Target sound: /zzzzz/
/ʃ/ Your tongue points upwards towards the roof of your mouth. There is some contact between the tongue and
the teeth at the sides of the mouth. There is no voicing (vibration from the throat). Target sound: /ʃʃʃʃʃ/
/ʒ/ Your tongue points upwards towards the roof of your mouth. There is some contact between the tongue and
the teeth at the sides of the mouth. /ʒ/ is different from /ʃ/ because there is voicing (vibration from the throat).
/h/ The air comes through a small gap at the back of the mouth. There is no voicing.
/m/ When you say /m/, the air comes through your nose, not your mouth. Your lips are together, and there is
voicing.
/n/ When you say /n/, the air comes through your nose, not your mouth. Your tongue is pressed against the roof
of your mouth behind the teeth, and there is voicing.
/ŋ/ When you say /ŋ/, the air comes through your nose, not your mouth. The back of your tongue is pressed
against the roof of your mouth, and there is voicing.
/l/ The tip of your tongue touches the roof of your mouth just behind the top teeth, the air passes the sides of the
tongue, and there is voicing. (If you prepare to say /l/ but breathe in instead of out, you feel cold air on the sides
of your tongue.)
/j/ is like a very' short /i:/ sound. Target sound: /jə/
/w/ /w/ is like a very short /u:/ sound. Target sound: /wə/
/r/ The tip of your tongue points backwards towards the roof of the mouth, there is some contact between the
tongue and the teeth at the sides of the mouth, and there is voicing.
/t̬ʃ/ There is no voicing (vibration from the throat), /tʃ/ is like /t/ + /ʃ/ together.
/dʒ/ There is voicing (vibration from the throat), /dʒ/ is like /d/ + /ʒ/ together.

TRỌNG ÂM (STRESS) – DẤU NHẤN

5. Some words have one consonant sound in the middle of the word: paper…
Some words have groups of two consonants in the middle of words: pepper, weather…
Some words have group of three consonants in the middle of the words. children, complete…
Some time we DON’T pronounce all the consonant sound clearly. Chris(t)mas, pos(t)card, goo(d)bye…

6. Some words have one consonant sound at the beginning of the word: late…
Some words have groups of two consonants at the beginning of words: plate…
Some words have group of three consonants at the beginning of the words. spring, scroll …

7. Some words have one consonant sound at the end of the word: stop…
Some words have groups of two consonants at the end of words: stops…
Some words have group of three consonants at the end of the words. stamps…
Some time we DON’T pronounce all the consonant sound clearly.

/l/ /ai/ /âm cuối/ like – life – live – lie

5-6-7: có 1 số từ có 1 nhóm 1 – 2 – 3 phụ âm ở đầu – giữa – cuối từ, trong đó nhóm phụ âm được yêu cầu phát
âm đầy đủ khi nằm ở đầu từ, còn khi nằm ở giữa và cuối từ thường sẽ bỏ đi 1 âm để việc phát âm trở nên dễ dàng
hơn (phụ âm bị bỏ đi thường là phụ âm thứ 2)

8. Sometimes a word ends with a consonant or a consonant group, and the next word starts with a consonant or
consonant group, and you pronounce the consonants together as a group: this time, a plane ticket

9. Sometimes you don't hear all the consonants clearly: sto(p) the game, las(t) week

8 – 9: thỉnh thoảng có 1 nhóm 2 từ đứng cạnh nhau, thì phụ âm cuối của từ trước thường được bỏ/ phát âm yếu đi
nếu từ ở sau bắt đầu là 1 phụ âm

10. Sometimes the sound of one of the consonants changes.

ten: ten boys (n sounds like m), ten girls (n sounds like /ŋ/)
good: goodbye (d sounds like b) good goal (d sounds like g)
Một số cụm từ có phụ âm cuối của từ đằng trước được biến đổi giống với phụ âm đầu của từ thứ 2 để việc nói trở
nên dễ dàng hơn

11. If the same consonant sound comes at the end of one word and the beginning of the next word, you usually
hear it only once, but longer than normal: ten nights, call later…
Một số cụm từ có phụ âm cuối của từ đằng trước giống với phụ âm đầu của từ thứ 2 thì thường bỏ phụ âm cuối
của từ đằng trước đi để việc nói trở nên dễ dàng hơn

12. The simplest type of syllable is just a vowel sound, like /u:/. People often say the vowel sound /u:/
(usually written Ooh) when they are pleased or surprised: Ooh, that’s nice.

School
Số âm tiết của 1 từ được xác định bằng số nguyên âm mà từ đó có: ví dụ: small: 1 âm, daughter: 2 âm

Some words have only one syllable: day… some words have two syllables: six-ty… some words have three
syllables: in-ter-net… some words have more than three syllables: te-le-vi-sion…

Some syllables have one or more consonant sounds before the vowel. /s/+/u:/ = /su:/ Sue, /bl/ + /u:/ = /blu:/ blue

Some syllables have consonants before and after the vowel. /nj/ + /u:/ + /z/ = /nju:z/ news

Usually, the number of syllables in a word is the number of vowel sounds - not the number of vowel letters:
different, interesting

Sometimes the sound /l/ can be a syllable with no vowel sound: bottle (2 syllabes: /’bɔ/ + /tl/)

13. The word London has two vowel sounds that are written the same- London- but pronounced differently. The
first o has a clear, strong sound, but the second o has a weak sound. Stressed syllables have strong vowel sounds,
but unstressed syllables often have weak sounds. The weak sound in London is /ə/.

Sometimes it’s difficult to hear /ə/. This is very important for listening, because it makes it difficult to recognize
words. When you speak English, you don’t need to pronounce weak sounds as weakly as this, but it’s important
to make a clear difference between stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables.
Sometimes different words sound the same because of the weak vowels. Look at these three sentences.
Where’s the waiter?
Is this the way to the school?
Can you wait a minute?

14. In a two-syllable word, one syllable is stronger than the other. This is the stressed syllable.

Two-syllable words often have stress on the first syllable, and the vowel sound in the unstressed syllable is often
the weak sound /ə/: brother, butter Oo…
1 từ có 2 âm tiết, thì 1 trong 2 âm sẽ được nhấn mạnh hơn – âm đó là trọng âm của từ, âm còn lại không được
nhấn thì là âm yếu hơn và thường được phát âm thành âm /ə/
Quy ước đánh dấu trọng âm: student = ‘stjudən = Oo
Intelligent = in’telidzən = oOoo
Beautiful = ‘bjutiful = Ooo
Industry = in’dʌstʃi = oOo

Sometimes there’s no vowel sound in the unstressed syllable: people /’pi:pl/ , travel… /ˈtrævl/

Some two-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable: com’plete, de’cide…
oO
We can show stressed syllables like this O, and unstressed syllables like this o. So words like answer, brother,
butter look like this Oo, and words like again, because, decide look like this oO.

15. Some words have more than two syllables. In every word, one syllable is stressed.

When you add syllables to words, the stress often stays on the same syllable. be'gin 🡪 be’ginning
oO oOo
Một số từ khi thêm các thành phần là hậu tố (mỗi hậu tố thường là 1 âm/ 1 nhóm âm) thì trọng âm của từ không
thay đổi

But sometimes a different syllable is stressed: e’lectric 🡪 elec’tricity

oOo ooOoo
Nhưng thỉnh thoảng có 1 số hậu tố làm trọng âm của từ thay đổi giống như hậu tố -ity của từ bên trên làm trọng
âm của từ thành âm số 3 thay vì âm số 2 như của từ electric gốc

16. We can often put two words together to make a compound, e.g. class + room 🡪 classroom. We write some
compounds as one word, some as two words, and some with a hyphen (-)

The stress is normally on the first part of the compound.

1 từ ghép gồm 2 từ thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết số 1

Oo: airport, bathroom, bus stop, car park, classroom, football, girlfriend
Ooo: bus station, dining room, hairdresser
Oooo: photocopy, railway station
oOoo: police station
oOooo: computer programme

Some compound nouns have stress on both parts if the first part is an adjective: OoO single room
(adj) (n)
Nếu 1 từ ghép được hình thành từ 1 tính từ, kết hợp với 1 danh từ thì trọng âm sẽ rơi vào tính từ - danh từ, có
nghĩa là trọng âm rơi vào cả 2 phần trong từ ghép đó

Some compound nouns have stress on both parts if the thing in the second part is made of the material in the first
part.
Nếu 1 từ ghép được hình thành từ 1 từ chỉ chất liệu và 1 danh từ thì trọng âm rơi vào chất liệu – danh từ
OO glass jar
OoO plastic bag
oOoO tomato soup

Some compound nouns have stress on both parts if the first part tells us where the second part is.
1 từ ghép mà từ đầu tiên chỉ địa điểm của từ số 2 thì trọng âm rơi vào cả 2 phần
OO car door, front door, ground floor
OoOo city centre, kitchen window

When a compound is an adjective, there is often stress on both parts.

Khi 1 từ ghép là tính từ, trọng âm rơi vào cả 2 phần
OO first-class, half-price, home-made
OoO second-hand

17. A consonant sound at the end of a word is linked to a vowel sound at the start of the next word.
Look at that! Breakfast in bed!

Of course, we can also separate the words if we want to.

The letter h at the beginning of he, his, her and him is often not pronounced so the first sound in these words is
often a vowel sound. Ex: Can we go back? My husband's forgotten (h)is passport.

18. We use the sounds /j/ and /w/ to link a vowel sound at the end of a word with a vowel sound at the beginning
of the next word.

If the first word ends with a vowel sound like /i/ or /i:/, and the next word starts with any vowel sound, we use /j/
to link the words. Ex: me jand you, the jen

If the first word ends with a vowel sound like /ʊ/ or /u:/, and the next word starts with any vowel sound, we
use /w/ to link the words. Ex: you wand me, two wor three

The letter h at the beginning of he, his, her and him is often not pronounced, so the first sound in these words is
often a vowel sound.
He can’t come out tonight. He’s got to do w(h)is homework.
A: I’m afraid the boss is busy. – B: When can I see j(h)er?

19. Strong and weak forms: Pronouns

Some words have two different pronunciations- a strong form and a weak form. Normally we use the weak form,
but if the word is stressed because it is especially important, or because we want to show a contrast, we use the
strong form. Most pronouns have strong and weak forms.

20. Strong and weak forms: Possessives, conjunctions, prepositions

Many possessives, conjunctions and prepositions have two different pronunciations- a strong form and a weak
form. Normally we use the weak form, but if the word is stressed because it is especially important, or because
we want to show a contrast, we use the strong form.
21. Strong and weak forms: Articles, comparatives, 'there'

Some words have two different pronunciations- a strong form and a weak form. We normally use the weak forms
of the words a and an. We say /ə/. before consonant sounds and /ən/ before vowel sounds. Ex: a cup of coffee, an
invitation

Notice that some words begin with the vowel letter u but the consonant sound /j/, so we say /ə/ before them. Ex:
a university, a useful present

In comparatives, we use the weak forms of than /ðən/ and as /əz/, and we pronounce the ending -er as the weak
vowel /ə/. Ex: The new computer's better than the old one. The old computer wasn’t as good as the new one

In the expressions there’s and there are we normally use the weak form /ðə/. We pronounce there's as /ðəz/ and
there are as /ðərə/. Ex: There’s a bridge over the river. There are ten millimeters in a centimeter.

But when we use the word there to talk about a place, we use the strong form /ðəa/.
Ex: A: Where are my glasses? - B: Over there!

22. Strong and weak forms: Auxiliary verbs

We often use the weak forms of these verbs: am, is, are, was, were, have, has, do, does, can, could. Ex: I’m ready

But if one of these verbs is stressed because it is especially important, or because we want to show a contrast, we
use the strong form. Ex: A: Are you ready? - B: Yes, I am.

23. These weak forms written with an apostrophe ‘ are called contractions.
Contractions show the way we normally speak. In the sentence It’s raining again!, the most important word is
raining; the word is is unstressed and we use the contraction it’s. But in the sentence Yes, it is!, the word is is the
most important word, and we use the full form, not the contraction.

In the sentence They’re here!, the most important word is here, and They’re is unstressed and contracted to /ðeə/
or /ðə/. But in the sentence They are, the most important word is are, so we use the full form, not the contraction

24. Pronouncing -s endings

We use -s (or -es) endings in four different ways.
- in plural nouns: Why have you got three phones on your desk? - Danh từ số nhiều
- in verbs: She phones him every day. - V chia ngôi thứ 3 số ít
- in possessives: Have you got Maria’s phone number? - Sở hữu cách
- in the contractions of is and has: The phone’s ringing. The film’s started. - viết tắt: is, has
When we add an -s (or -es) ending to a word, the number of syllables in the word sometimes stays the same. Ex:
day 🡪 days

But sometimes we add an extra syllable to the pronunciation. Ex: match 🡪 matches

The rule is that we add an extra syllable if the last sound in the word is one of these: /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/
If the last sound is a vowel, or any other consonant, the number of syllables stays the same.

-s/es /iz/ khi thêm đuôi -es vào sao các N, hoặc V có kết thúc là -ch, -s, -x, -sh, -z
A match 🡪 matches Oo
A dress 🡪 dresses Oo
A box 🡪 boxes
A dish 🡪 dishes
A quiz 🡪 quizzes

/s/ khi thêm đuôi -s vào sau các N, hoặc V có kết thúc là -t, -p, -k, -th, -f
Get 🡪 gets
Stop 🡪 stops
Look 🡪 looks
Bath 🡪 baths
Roof 🡪 roofs

/z/ khi không phải là 2 trường hợp trên

Play 🡪 plays
Clean 🡪 cleans
Zoo 🡪 zoos

25. Pronouncing past tenses: To make the past tense of a regular verb, you add the ending -ed or just -d if there is
already a letter e at the end of the infinitive

If it’s difficult for you to say the -ed ending without adding an extra syllable, you can imagine the -ed is at the
start of the next word. For example, say “I looked everywhere” like “I look teverywhere”.

But if the infinitive of the verb ends with /d/ or /t/, the -ed or -d ending adds an extra syllable: wanted, needed

Sometimes you don’t hear the -ed ending clearly. This happens when the next word starts with a consonant. Ex: I
looked there

-ed sau 1 động từ hợp quy tắc /id/ khi động từ đó có đuôi là -t, -d
wanted, needed, pointed, faded Oo
/t/ khi động từ đó có đuôi là -k, -s, -x, -p, -ch, -sh, -f/ gh
looked, dressed, fixed, stopped, watched, washed, laughed
/d/ khi động từ có đuôi không phải là 2 trường hợp trên
opened, sneezed, played

26. When we speak, we can show which words are especially important by giving them a lot of stress.

27. When we add these suffixes, the stress doesn’t change.

Khi thêm các hậu tố này thì trọng âm của từ không thay đổi
-ment, -ship, -ness, -er/or, -hood, -ing, -en, -ful, -able, -ous, -less
Ex: ag'ree – ag'reement; 'meaning – 'meaningless; re'ly – re'liable; 'poison – 'poisonous; 'happy – 'happiness;
oO oOo Oo Ooo oO oOoo Oo Ooo Oo Ooo
re'lation – re'lationship; 'neighbour – 'neighbourhood; ex'cite - ex'citing
oOo oOoo Oo Ooo oO oOo
28. When we add these suffixes, the stress falls on these suffixes
Khi thêm các hậu tố này thì trọng âm rơi thẳng vào các hậu tố đó luôn
-ee, - eer, -ese, -ique, -esque, -ain.
Ex: ag'ree, volun'teer, Vietna'mese, re'tain, main'tain, u'nique, pictu'resque, engi'neer…
‘Vietnam Oo
Vietna’mese ooO
Exceptions: com'mittee, 'coffee, em'ployee…

‘Picture – pictur’esque Ja’pan – Japan’ese

Oo ooO oO ooO

29. When we add these suffixes, the stress falls on the previous syllable.
Khi thêm các hậu tố này thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết liền trước các hậu tố này
–ic, -ish, -ical, -sion, -tion, -ance, -ence, -idle, -ious, -iar, ience, -id, -eous, -acy, -ian, -ity
His'toric, ‘childish, de’cision, ‘nation, main’tenance, ‘middle, in’dustrious, ‘liar, in’telligence, ‘humid, ‘generous,
de’mocracy, lib’rarian, com’munity

‘History Ooo 🡪 His’toric oOo library Ooo 🡪 librarian oOo

‘station Oo

30. When we add these suffixes, the stress falls on the third syllables counting from the last one.
Khi thêm các hậu tố này thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết số 3 đếm từ cuối từ về trước
–graphy, -ate, –gy, -cy, -ity, -phy, -al
Ex: eco'nomical, de'moracy, tech'nology, ge'ography, pho'tography, in'vestigate, im'mediate …

‘Photo Oo Pho’tography oOoo

‘Invest Oo in’vestigate oOoo
Bi’ology oOoo ‘graffity Ooo

Tìm từ có trọng âm khác với những từ còn lại

1. A. ‘darkness B. ‘sister C. ‘market D. re’mark
2. A. begin B. comfort C. apply D. suggest
3. A. direct B. idea C. suppose D. figure
4. A. revise B. amount C. village D. desire
5. A. standard B. happen C. handsome D. destroy
6. A. provide B. product C. promote D. profess
7. A. consist B. carry C. remove D. protect
8. A. provide B. listen C. repeat D. collect
9. A. study B. delete C. reward D. survive
10. A. connect B. travel C. deny D. return
11. A. impress B. favor C. occur D. police
12. A. regret B. selfish C. purpose D. preface
13. A. govern B. cover C. perform D. father
14. A. writer B. teacher C. builder D. career
15. A. morning B. college C. arrive D. famous
16. A. contain B. express C. carbon D. obey
17. A. study B. knowledge C. precise D. message
18. A. private B. provide C. arrange D. advise
19. A. devote B. compose C. purchase D. advise
20. A. supper B. support C. supply D. supreme
21. A. rescue B. request C. receive D. repeat
22. A. hundred B. thousand C. relic D. relax
23. A. award B. enroll C. music D. below
24. A. champion B. matches C. direct D. famous
25. A. abroad B. active C. address D. attend
26. A. arrow B. arrive C. arrest D. about
27. A. excuse B. suburb C. garden D. swimming
28. A. tenant B. common C. rubbish D. machine
29. A. Christmas B. champion C. chemise D. chimney
30. A. crowded B. language C. practice D. propose

Đáp án: 1. D - 2. B - 3. D - 4. C - 5. D - 6. B - 7. B - 8. B - 9. A - 10. B - 11. B - 12. A - 13. C - 14. D - 15. C -

16. C - 17. C - 18. A - 19. C - 20. A - 21. A - 22. D - 23. C - 24. C - 25. B - 26. A - 27. A - 28. D - 29. C - 30. D

MINIMAL PAIR – CẶP TỐI THIỂU

Trong ngữ âm học và ngữ âm học , thuật ngữ cặp tối thiểu đề cập đến hai từ chỉ khác nhau trong một âm thanh,
chẳng hạn như hit và hid.
Ví dụ của Minimal Pairs
● Phân biệt hai âm /e/ và /æ/:
Pen Pan
Can I borrow your pen? Can I borrow your pan?

Men Man
Look at the men. Look at the man.

Bed Bag
I’ve just bought a new bed I’ve just bought a new bag.
●
Phân biệt hai âm /ɔ/ và /ɔ:/:
Shot Short
He was shot. He was short.

Pot Port
It’s a small pot. It’s a small port.

Spot Sport
I don’t like these spots. I don’t like these sports.
●
Phân biệt hai âm /k/ và /g/:
Coat Goat
It’s a hairy coat It’s a hairy goat.

Curl Girl
He’s got a lovely curl. She’s a lovely girl.

Back Bag
She’s got a strong back. She’s got a strong bag.

Cặp tối thiểu (Minimal pair) là các cặp từ phát âm gần giống nhau, chỉ khác nhau ở 1 bộ phận duy nhất, bộ phận
đó có thể là phụ âm đầu (cat – mat), hoặc nguyên âm chính (man – men), hoặc phụ âm đuôi (back – bag)