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 C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables

Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System.....................................417

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space................................................................................423

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................428

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................434

Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................443

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................453

Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................456

Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................467

Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in a Plane ................................................471

Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals.......................................................478

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................484

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................494

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

Skills Warm Up
1. (5, 1), (3, 5) 7. ( −6, 0), (6, 6)

(3 − 5)2 + (5 − 1)
2 ⎛ −6 + 6 0 + 6 ⎞
⎟ = (0, 3)
d = Midpoint = ⎜ ,
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= 4 + 16
= 20 8. ( −4, 3), ( 2, −1)

= 2 5 ⎛ −4 + 2 3 + ( −1) ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = ( −1, 1)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2. ( 2, 3), ( −1, −1)
9. c : ( 2, 3), r = 2
d = (−1 − 2)2 + ( −1 − 3)
2

= 9 + 16
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2

= 25 (x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 4
2 2

= 5
⎛ 4 + ( −2) 0 + 8 ⎞
10. C = ⎜ , ⎟ = (1, 4)
3. ( −5, 4), ( −5, − 4) ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

1
(−5 − (−5)) (−2 − 4)2 + (8 − 0)
2
+ ( −4 − 4) =
2 2
d = 64 = 8 r =
2
1
4. ( −3, 6), ( −3, − 2) = 36 + 64
2
1
(−3 − (−3)) + ( −2 − 6)
2 2
d = = 64 = 8 = 100
2
= 5
5. ( 2, 5), (6, 9)
(x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 52
2 2

⎛ 2 + 6 5 + 9⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = ( 4, 7) (x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

6. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)

⎛ −1 + 3 −2 + 2 ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = (1, 0)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

1. z 2.
(3, −2, 5) z
(−5, −2, 2)
4
4
(2, 1, 3) 2
(−1, 2, 1)
−4 −4
(1, 3, 1)
2
4 −2 2 2
x y
4 −2 4
3
( 2
, 4, −2 ) x
(5, −2, −2) (−2, 4, −3)
y

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 417
418 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

3. z 16. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)

(4, 0, 5) 4 ⎛ 4 + 8 0 + 8 −6 + 20 ⎞
(−2, 12 , 0)
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = (6, 4, 7)
2 ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
−2
(− 12, 3, 1)
4
2
−2
2
4
17. ( −5, − 2, 5), (6, 3, − 7)
x y
−4
⎛ −5 + 6 −2 + 3 5 + ( −7) ⎞
(0, 4, −5)
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
4. ⎛1 1 ⎞
z
= ⎜ , , −1⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
4
(−1, −3, −2)
−4 2
(1, 3, 4) 18. (0, − 2, 5), ( 4, 2, 7)
−4
(2, −1, 1)
(−3, 0, −1) ⎛ 0 + 4 −2 + 2 5 + 7 ⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ( 2, 0, 6)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
2
4 −2 4
x y

⎛ x + ( −2) y + 1 z + 1 ⎞
19. ( 2, −1, 3) = ⎜ , , ⎟
5. x = −3, y = 4, z = 5: ( −3, 4, 5) ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠

x − 2 y +1 z +1
6. x = 7, y = −2, z = −1: (7, − 2, −1) 2 = −1 = 3 =
2 2 2
4 = x − 2 −2 = y + 1 6 = z +1
7. y = z = 0, x = 10: (10, 0, 0)
x = 6 y = −3 z = 5
8. x = 0, y = 3, z = 2: (0, 3, 2) ( x, y, z ) = (6, − 3, 5)

9. The z-coordinate is 0. ⎛ x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1 ⎞

20. (1, 0, 0) = ⎜ , , ⎟
10. The y-coordinate is 0. ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠

x y −2 z +1
11. ( 4, 1, 5), (8, 2, 6) 1 = 0 = 0 =
2 2 2
d = (8 − 4)2 + ( 2 − 1) + (6 − 5) =
2 2
18 = 3 2 0 = y −2 0 = z +1
x = 2 y = 2 z = −1
12. ( −4, −1, 1), ( 2, −1, 5)
( x, y, z ) = ( 2, 2, −1)
(2 + 4) + (−1 + 1) + (5 − 1)
2 2 2
d =
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ x + 2 y + 0 z + 3⎞
= 52 21. ⎜ , 1, 2 ⎟ = ⎜ , , ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
= 2 13 3 x + 2 y z +3
= 1 = 2 =
2 2 2 2
13. ( −1, − 5, 7), ( −3, 4, − 4)
3 = x+2 4 = z +3
d = (−3 + 1) 2
+ ( 4 + 5) + (−4 − 7)
2 2
= 206 x =1 y = 2 z =1
( x, y, z ) = (1, 2, 1)
14. (8, − 2, 2), (8, − 2, 4)
⎛ x + 3 y + 3 z + 0⎞
(8 − 8)2 + ( − 2 + 2 ) + ( 4 − 2) 22. (0, 1, 1) = ⎜
2 2
d = = 2 , , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
15. (6, − 4, 2), ( − 2, 1, 3) 0 =
x +3
1 =
y +3
1 =
z
2 2 2
⎛ 6 + ( − 2) − 4 + 1 2 + 3⎞
Midpoint = ⎜ , , ⎟ 0 = x+3 2 = y +3
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
x = −3 y = −1 z = 2
⎛ 3 5⎞
= ⎜ 2, − , ⎟ ( x, y, z ) = ( −3, − 1, 2)
⎝ 2 2⎠

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 419

23. Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = ( 2, 2, 1), and C = ( 2, − 4, 4). 26. Let A = (5, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), and
Then you have C = (0, 0, − 3). Then you have

d ( AB) = (2 − 0)2 + ( 2 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
= 3 d ( AB) = (0 − 5)2 + ( 2 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 29

d ( AC ) = ( 2 − 0) 2 + ( −4 − 0) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2
= 6 d ( AC ) = (0 − 5)2 + ( 0 − 0) + ( − 3 − 0)
2 2
= 34

d ( BC ) = ( 2 − 2) + ( −4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2
= 3 5. d ( BC ) = ( 0 − 0) 2 + (0 − 2) + ( −3 − 0)
2 2
= 13.
The triangle is a right triangle because The triangle is not a right triangle because
d ( AB) + d ( AC ) = (3) + (6)
( ) +( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 29 13
= 45
= 42
( )
2
= 3 5 = d ( BC ). 2
( )
2
≠ 34 = 34 = d 2 ( AC ).

24. Let A = (5, 3, 4), B = (7, 1, 3), and The triangle is neither right nor isosceles.
C = (3, 5, 3). Then you have 27. Each z-coordinate is decreased by 5 units:

d ( AB) = (7 − 5) + (1 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
= 3 (0, 0, − 5), (2, 2, − 4), (2, − 4, −1)

d ( AC ) = (3 − 5)2 + (5 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2
= 3 28. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3 units:
(5, 6, 4), (7, 4, 3), (3, 8, 3)
d ( BC ) = (3 − 7 ) + (5 − 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
= 4 2.

Because d ( AB) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles. 29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4

2 2

The triangle is not a right triangle because

30. (x − 2) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 9
2 2 2

d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( AC ) = (3) + (3)

2 2

= 18 31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.

( ) ⎛ 2 + 1 1 + 3 3 + ( −1) ⎞ ⎛ 3
2
≠ 4 2 = 32 = d 2 ( BC ). Center = ⎜
⎞
, , ⎟ = ⎜ , 2, 1⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
25. Let A = ( −1, 0, − 2), B = ( −1, 5, 2), and The radius is the distance between the center and either
C = ( − 3, −1, 1). Then you have endpoint.
2
⎛ 3⎞
⎜ 2 − ⎟ + (1 − 2) + (3 − 1)
2 2 2
d ( AB) = ⎣ 1 − (−1)⎤⎦ + (0 − 5) + (− 2 − 2)
Radius =
2 2
⎡−
⎝ 2⎠
= 41 1
= +1+ 4
2 2 4
d ( AC ) = ⎣ 1 − (− 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣0 − (−1)⎤⎦ + (− 2 − 1)
2
⎡−
21
= 14 =
2
d ( BC ) = ⎣ 1 − ( − 3)⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣5 − ( −1)⎤⎦ + ( 2 − 1)
2 2 2 2
⎡− ⎛ 3⎞ 21
⎜ x − ⎟ + ( y − 2) + ( z − 1) =
2 2

⎝ 2⎠ 4
= 41.
Because d ( AB) = d ( BC ), the triangle is isosceles.
The triangle is not a right triangle because

( ) +( )
2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 41 41
= 82

( )
2
≠ 14 = 14 = d 2 ( AC ).

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
420 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.

⎛ −1 + 0 −2 + 3 1 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ − , , 2⎟
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
The radius is the distance from the center to either endpoint.
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1 25 30
⎜ − − 0 ⎟ + ⎜ − 3⎟ + ( 2 − 3) =
2
Radius = + +1 =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 4 4 2
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 15
⎜ x + ⎟ + ⎜ y − ⎟ + ( z − 2) =
2

⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

33. (x − 3) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 16
2 2 2
37. The distance from ( − 4, 3, 2) to the xy-plane is the radius
r = 2.
34. ( x − 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 1) = 25
2 2 2
(x + 4) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2) = 4
2 2 2

35. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 38. The distance from (1, 2, 0) to the yz-plane is the radius
⎛ 2 + 0 0 + 6 0 + 0⎞ r = 1.
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = (1, 3, 0)
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠
(x − 1) + ( y − 2) + z 2 = 1
2 2

The radius is the distance from the center to either

endpoint. 39. (x 2
− 5x + 25
4 )+ y 2
+ z2 = 25
4
Radius = (1 − 2)2 + ( 3 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 10 x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 5x = 0

(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 10 ( x − 52 )
2 2 2
+ ( y − 0) + ( z − 0) =
2 2 25
4

36. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. Center: ( 52 , 0, 0)

⎛1 + 0 0 + 5 0 + 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 5 ⎞ 5
Center = ⎜ , , ⎟ = ⎜ , , 0⎟ Radius: 2
⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
The radius is the distance from the center to either 40. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 y = 0
endpoint.
x 2 + ( y 2 − 8 y + 16) + z 2 = 16
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜ 0 − ⎟ + (0 − 0)
2
Radius = (x − 0) + ( y − 4) + ( z − 0) = 16
2 2 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 25 26 Center: (0, 4, 0)
= + =
4 4 2 Radius: 4
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 13
⎜x − ⎟ + ⎜ y − ⎟ + z =
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2

41. x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 2 y + 8z − 4 = 0
( x2 + 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 + 8 z + 16) = 4 + 4 + 1 + 16

(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z + 4) = 25
2 2 2

Center: ( − 2, 1, − 4)

Radius: 5

42. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 6z + 4 = 0
x 2 + ( y 2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −4 + 4 + 9

(x − 0) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2

Center: (0, 2, − 3)
Radius: 3

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 421

43. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 x − 12 y − 8 z + 3 = 0
3
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) + ( z 2 − 4 z + 4) = −
2
+1+ 9+ 4

25
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2)
2 2 2
=
2

Center: (1, 3, 2)

5 5 2
Radius: =
2 2

44. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 8 x + 16 y + 11 = 0 45. (x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2) = 25
2 2 2

x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 11 = 0
4 To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x 2
− 2 x + 1) + ( y + 4 y + 4) + z =
2 2
− 11
4
+1+ 4 (x − 1) + ( y − 3) + (0 − 2) = 25
2 2 2

(x − 1) + ( y + 2) + z 2 =
2 2 9
4 (x − 1) + ( y − 3) = 21
2 2

Center: (1, − 2, 0)
4
3
Radius: 2 2

2 2
4 4 6 y
x

46. (x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 2) = 16
2 2 2
z

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. −6

−6

−4
−2
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + (0 − 2) = 16
2 2 2
4 2 y
x
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) = 12
2 2

47. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4

2
x + y + (0) − 6 x − 10 y + 6(0) + 30 = 0
2 2 2
2

(x − 6 x + 9) + ( y − 10 y + 25) = −30 + 9 + 25
4
2 2 4 6
x 6 8
y

( x − 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2

48. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 2 z − 60 = 0 z

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 8 −12

−8
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 4 y + 2(0) − 60 = 0
2
4 4
12 y
x
x + y − 4 y = 60
2 2

x 2 + ( y 2 − 4 y + 4) = 60 + 4

x 2 + ( y − 2) = 64
2

49. x 2 + ( y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2
z

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

4

02 + ( y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2 −6
−4 2 −4
−2

(y + 3) + z 2 = 25
2 2 2
4 4
6 y
x

−6

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
422 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

50. (x + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2 2
51. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

(0 + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2 2 (0)2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4(0) − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0

(y − 3) + z 2 = 5
2 ( y2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9

z z (y − 2) + ( z − 3) = 25
2 2

4 6
−6
−4

2
4 6
6 8
x −4
y 4 4
x
y

52. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 2 −4

−2

(0)2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6(0) − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
x 4
2 4
6

( y 2 − 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −30 + 25 + 9
8
−4
y
−6

(y − 5) + ( z + 3) = 4
2 2
(0, 5, − 3)

53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169

(a) To find the trace, let z = 3. (a) To find the trace, let x = 5.
x 2 + y 2 + 32 = 25 52 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
x 2 + y 2 = 16 y 2 + z 2 = 144
z z

15

2
10
5 15
10
y
20
x 25
6 6
x y

(b) To find the trace, let y = 12.

(b) To find the trace, let x = 4.
42 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 x 2 + 122 + z 2 = 169

y2 + z2 = 9 x 2 + z 2 = 25
z
z
9
8
6
−9
−6
4 3
6
6 9
9 12
x −6
−9 y
4 4

x 8 8 y

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 423

55. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 2. (b) To find the trace, let y = 3.

2 + y + z − 4( 2) − 6 y + 9 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + 32 + z 2 − 4 x − 6(3) + 9 = 0

( y2 − 6 y + 9) + z 2 = − 9 − 4 + 8 + 9 ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + z 2 = −9 + 18 − 9 + 4

(y − 3) + z 2 = 22
2
(x − 2) + z 2 = 2 2
2

z z

8 8

4 4

4 4
8 8 y 8 8
x x y

56. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 6 z + 16 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 4. (b) To find the trace, let z = 3.
4 + y + z − 8( 4) − 6 z + 16 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 32 − 8 x − 6(3) + 16 = 0
y 2 + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = −16 + 32 − 16 + 9 ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + y 2 = −9 + 18 − 16 + 16

y 2 + ( z − 3) = 9 (x − 4) + y 2 = 9
2 2

z z

8 8
6 6
4 4

2 2
4 y 4 y
6 6
8 8
x x

57. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (1652 )
2
58. (a) (3, 3, 3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6806.25 (b) (4, 4, 8)

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space

Skills Warm Up
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 2. 6 x + y = −8
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
3(0) + 4 y = 12 6(0) + y = −8
y = 3 y = −8
y-intercept: (0, 3) y-intercept: (0, − 8)
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept. Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
3x + 4(0) = 12 6 x + 0 = −8
x = 4 4
x = −
x-intercept: ( 4, 0) 3
⎛ 4 ⎞
x-intercept: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
424 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

Skills Warm Up —continued—

3. −2 x + y = −2 4. − x − y = 5
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
−2(0) + y = −2 −0 − y = 5
y = −2 y = −5
y-intercept: (0, − 2) y-intercept: (0, − 5)
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept. Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
−2 x + 0 = − 2 −x − 0 = 5
x =1 x = −5
x-intercept: (1, 0) x-intercept: ( −5, 0)

5. 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 16 z 2 = 4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
4

6. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 z 2 = 36
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4

1. 4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 12 4. x + y + z = 3
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4 x = 12 ⇒ x = 3 z
x = 3
z
To find the y-intercept, To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3)
3
let x = 0 and z = 0. let x = 0 and z = 0.
4
2 y = 12 ⇒ y = 6 (0, 0, 2) y = 3
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
To find the z-intercept,
(0, 6, 0) 3
let x = 0 and y = 0. 4 let x = 0 and y = 0. 3
(0, 3, 0)
y
6 x (3, 0, 0)
6 z = 12 ⇒ z = 2 z = 3
x y

2. 3x + 6 y + 2 z = 6 5. 2 x − y + 3 z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
3x = 6 ⇒ x = 2 z
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 z

To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3) To find the y-intercept, 3

3 (0, − 4, 0)
let x = 0 and z = 0. let x = 0 and z = 0. −4 2
(0, 0, 43 (
6y = 6 ⇒ y = 1 − y = 4 ⇒ y = −4 −2
−1
To find the z-intercept, (0, 1, 0) To find the z-intercept,
(2, 0, 0) 1 1
let x = 0 and y = 0. x 3
2 2 3 y let x = 0 and y = 0. (2, 0, 0)
y

3
2z = 6 ⇒ z = 3 3z = 4 ⇒ z = 4 x
4 −2
3

3. 3x + 3 y + 5 z = 15
6. 2 x − y + z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
3x = 15 ⇒ x = 5
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 z
To find the y-intercept, z
To find the y-intercept, 4 (0, 0, 4)
let x = 0 and z = 0.
(0, 0, 3)
3
let x = 0 and z = 0.
3 y = 15 ⇒ y = 5
(5, 0, 0) − y = 4 ⇒ y = −4 (0, − 4, 0 ) 2
(0, 5, 0)
To find the z-intercept, −4 1
To find the z-intercept,
let x = 0 and y = 0. 5 5
x y
let x = 0 and y = 0. 1 y

5 z = 15 ⇒ z = 3 3 (2, 0, 0)
z = 4 x

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 Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 425

z
7. z = 8 12. x − 3z = 3
10
Because the coefficients (0, 0, 8) Because the coefficient of y is zero,
of x and y are zero, the only 6 there is no y-intercept.
z
intercept is the z-intercept 4
To find the x-intercept,
of 8. The plane is parallel 2
let z = 0.
2

to the xy-plane. 1 (0, 0, −1)

x = 3
2 2
4 4 (3, 0, 0)
6 6 1
1 2
x
x y
To find the z-intercept, 4 3
4

let x = 0. y

8. x = 5 z
−3 z = 3 ⇒ z = −1
Because the coefficients The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
of y and z are zero, 6

the only intercept is the −8 13. For the first plane, 5 x − 3 y + z = 4, a1 = 5, b1 = −3,
−6
x-intercept. The plane is and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x + 4 y + 7 z = 1,
parallel to the yz-plane. (5, 0, 0)

8
6 6
y a2 = 1, b2 = 4, and c2 = 7. So you have
x 10
−6
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (5)(1) + ( −3)( 4) + (1)(7)
= 5 − 12 + 7
9. y + z = 5
= 0.
Because the coefficient of x is zero, there is no
The planes are perpendicular.
x-intercept. z

To find the y-intercept, 6

14. For the first plane, 3x + y − 4 z = 3, a1 = 3,
(0, 0, 5)
let z = 0. b1 = 1, and c1 = −4. For the second plane,
y = 5 −9 x − 3 y + 12 z = 4, a2 = −9, b2 = −3, and
To find the z-intercept, c2 = 12. So you have a2 = −3a1 , b2 = −3b1 , and
(0, 5, 0)
let y = 0. c2 = −3c1.
6 6
x y

z = 5 The planes are parallel.

The plane is parallel to the x-axis. 15. For the first plane, x − 5 y − z = 1, a1 = 1, b1 = −5,
and c1 = −1. For the second plane,
10. x + 2 y = 4
5 x − 25 y − 5 z = −3, a2 = 5, b2 = −25, and
Because the coefficient of z is zero, there is no
c2 = −5. So you have a2 = 5a1 , b2 = 5b1 , and
z-intercept.
c2 = 5c1.
z

To find the x-intercept, 4

let y = 0. The planes are parallel.

x = 4 16. For the first plane, x + 3 y + 2 z = 6, a1 = 1,

To find the y-intercept, b1 = 3, and c1 = 2. For the second plane,
(0, 2, 0)
let x = 0. 3
4 x − 12 y + 8 z = 24, a2 = 4, b2 = −12, and
4 y

2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2 x (4, 0, 0) c2 = 8. The planes are not parallel because

a2 = 4a1 and b2 ≠ 4b1. The planes are not
The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
perpendicular because
11. x + z = 6 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)( 4) + (3)( −12) + ( 2)(8)
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0, so x = 6. = 4 − 36 + 16
Because the coefficient of y is zero, z = 16 ≠ 0.
there is no y-intercept.
(0, 0, 6)
To find the z-intercept,
6
17. For the first plane, x + 2 y = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, and
let x = 0, so z = 6. 4 c1 = 0. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5,
The plane is parallel to 2 a2 = 4, b2 = 8, and c2 = 0. So you have
the y-axis. a2 = 4a1 , b2 = 4b1 , and c2 = 4c1. The planes are
2 2 parallel.
(6, 0, 0) 4
6
x y

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426 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

18. For the first plane, x + 3 y + z = 7, a1 = 1, b1 = 3, 22. For the first plane, x = −2, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 1, c1 = 0. For the second plane, y = 4, a2 = 0,
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel b2 = 1, and c2 = 0. So you have
because a1 = a2 and b1 ≠ b2 . The planes are not a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (0)(0) = 0.
perpendicular because
The planes are perpendicular.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(1) + (3)(0) + (1)( −5)
=1−5 x2 y2 z2
23. + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
= −4 ≠ 0. 9 16 9
Matches graph (c).
19. For the first plane, 2 x + y = 3, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, and
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 3x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 3, 24. 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 = −4 is a hyperboloid of two
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel sheets.
because 3a1 = 2a2 and 3b1 ≠ 2b2 . The planes are not Matches graph (e).
perpendicular because
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)(3) + (1)(0) + (0)( −5) 25. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z 2 = 4 is a hyperboloid of one sheet.

= 6 ≠ 0. Matches graph (f ).

20. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.

c1 = −1. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4, Matches graph (b).
b2 = 1, and c2 = 8. So you have
27. 4 x 2 − 4 y + z 2 = 0 is an elliptic paraboloid.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)( 4) + (0)(1) + ( −1)(8)
Matches graph (d).
= 8−8
= 0. 28. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z = 0 is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
The planes are perpendicular. Matches graph (a).
21. For the first plane, x = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
c1 = 0. For the second plane, z = −1, a2 = 0,
b2 = 0, and c2 = 1. So you have
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(0) + (0)(1)
= 0.
The planes are perpendicular.

29. z = x 2 − y 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): 0 = x2 − y 2
±x = y Lines
(b) Trace in plane x = 3: z = 9 − y2 Parabola

(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x 2

Parabola
The graph is a hyperbolic parabola.

30. y = x 2 + z 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y = x2 Parabola

(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola

The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.

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 Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 427

x2
31. + y2 + z2 = 1
4
x2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): + y2 = 1 Ellipse
4
x2
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): + z2 = 1 Ellipse
4
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle
The graph is an ellipsoid.

32. y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = 1
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle

The graph is an elliptic cone.

x2 y2
33. z 2 − − =1
9 16
x2
(a) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z2 − =1 Hyperbola
9
y2 13
(b) Trace in plane x = 2: z2 − =
16 9
z2 y2
− =1 Hyperbola
13 9 208 9
x2 y2
(c) Trace in plane z = 4: + = 15
9 16
x2 y2
+ =1 Ellipse
135 240
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.

z2
34. y 2 + − x2 = 0
4
z2
(a) Trace in plane y = −1: − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
4
(b) Trace in plane z = 4: x2 − y 2 = 1 Hyperbola
2
z
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + = 0 Point
4
The graph is an elliptic cone.

y2 37. 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − z 2 = 5
35. The graph of x 2 + + z 2 = 1 is an ellipsoid.
4
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: + − =1
y2 15 15 5
36. z 2 = x 2 +
4 The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
2
y
Standard form: x 2 + − z2 = 0 38. z = 4 x 2 + y 2
4
The graph is an elliptic cone. x2
Standard form: z = + y2
14
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.

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428 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

39. x 2 − y 2 + z = 0 46. 4 y = x 2 + z 2
Standard form: z = y 2 − x 2 x2 z2
Standard form: y = +
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. 4 4
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
y2
40. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − = 1 is a hyperboloid
4 47. 3z = − y 2 + x 2
of two sheets.
x2 y2
Standard form: z = −
41. x 2 − y + z 2 = 0 3 3
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
Standard form: y = x 2 + z 2
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid. 48. z 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2

42. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8 z 2 = 72 x2 y2
Standard form: + − z2 = 0
12 12
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: + − =1 The graph is an elliptic cone.
8 18 9
The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
x2 y2 z2
49. + + =1
43. z 2 = 9 x 2 + y 2 39632 39632 39502
y2 z2 50. (a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
Standard form: x 2 + − = 0
9 9 x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0)
The graph is an elliptic cone.
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above,
x 2
y z 2 2 but not on the z-axis: (10, 10, 20)
44. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 16 (c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
z-axis: (0, 0, 20)
45. 2 x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2 = −4
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the
x2 y2 z2
Standard form: − + − =1 y-axis: (0, 20, 0)
2 4 2
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.

51. z = 0.62 x − 0.41y + 0.38

(a)
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
x 33.1 34.9 37.4 40.6 43.0 41.8
y 13.2 13.8 14.9 15.0 15.4 14.5
z (actual) 15.5 16.3 17.8 19.5 20.5 20.7
z (model) 15.5 16.4 17.5 19.4 20.7 20.4

The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.

(b) According to the model, increases in expenditures of recreation types y and z will correspond
to an increase in expenditures of recreation type x.

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables

Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x, x = −3 2. f ( x) = − x 2 + 4 x + 5, x = −3

f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11 f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4(−3) + 5 = −16

2

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 Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 429

Skills Warm Up —continued—

3. y = 4 x 2 − 3 x + 4, x = −3 7. h( y ) = y −5

y = 4( −3) − 3( −3) + 4 =
2
49 = 7 Domain: [5, ∞)

4. y = 3
34 − 4 x + 2 x 2 , x = −3 8. f ( y ) = y2 − 5

y = 3 34 − 4( −3) + 2( −3)
2
=
3
64 = 4 Domain: −∞, − ( 5 ⎤⎦ ∪ ⎡⎣ 5, ∞ )
9. ( 476)
0.65
5. f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 3 x − 2 ≈ 55.0104

Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
10. ( 251)
0.35
≈ 6.9165
1 2
6. g ( x) = −
2x x+3
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

x 4. g ( x, y ) = ln x + y
1. f ( x, y ) =
y
(a) g ( 2, 3) = ln 2 + 3 = ln 5
3 1
(a) f (3, 2) = (b) f ( −1, 4) = − (b) g (5, 6) = ln 5 + 6 = ln 11
2 4
30 5 (c) g (e, 0) = ln e + 0 = ln e = 1
(c) f (30, 5) = = 6 (d) f (5, y ) =
5 y
(d) g (0, 1) = ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 = 0
x 5
(e) f ( x, 2) = (f ) f (5, t ) =
2 t (e) g ( 2, − 3) = ln 2 + ( −3) = ln 1 = 0

(f ) g (e, e) = ln e + e = ln ( 2e) = 1 + ln 2
2. f ( x, y ) = 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2

(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4 xy

2
5. h( x, y , z ) =
z
(b) f (0, 1) = 4 − 02 − 4(1) = 0
2

(a) h( 2, 3, 9) =
(2)(3) =
2
(c) f ( 2, 3) = 4 − 22 − 4(3) = −36 9 3
2

(b) h(1, 0, 1) =
(1)(0)
(d) f (1, y ) = 4 − 12 − 4 y 2 = 3 − 4 y 2 = 0
1
(e) f ( x, 0) = 4 − x 2 − 4(0) = 4 − x 2
2

6. f ( x, y , z ) = x + y + z
(f ) f (t , 1) = 4 − t 2 − 4(1) = −t 2
2

(a) f (0, 5, 4) = 0+5+ 4 = 9 = 3

3. f ( x, y ) = xe y (b) f (6, 8, − 3) = 6 + 8 + ( −3) = 11

(a) f (5, 0) = 5e0 = 5 (b) f (3, 2) = 3e 2
7. V ( r , h) = π r 2 h
2
(c) f ( 2, −1) = 2e −1 = (d) f (5, y ) = 5e y (a) V (3, 10) = π (3) (10) = 90π
2
e
(b) V (5, 2) = π (5) ( 2) = 50π
2
(e) f ( x, 2) = xe 2 (f ) f (t , t ) = tet

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430 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

n
⎛ r ⎞
8. F ( r , n) = 500⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
60
⎛ 0.09 ⎞
(a) F (0.09, 60) = 500⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ 782.84
⎝ 12 ⎠
240
⎛ 0.14 ⎞
(b) F (0.14, 240) = 500⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ 8090.14
⎝ 12 ⎠

⎡⎛ r ⎞
12t
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
9. A( P, r , t ) = P ⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟
⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝ r⎠

⎡⎛ 0.10 ⎞
120
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
(a) A(100, 0.10, 10) = 100⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟ = $20,655.20
⎣⎢⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎦⎥⎝ 0.10 ⎠

⎡⎛ 0.0925 ⎞
480
⎤⎛ 12 ⎞
(b) A( 275, 0.0925, 40) = 275⎢⎜1 + ⎟ − 1⎥⎜1 + ⎟ = $1,397,672.67
⎢⎣⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎥⎦⎝ 0.0925 ⎠

10. A( P, r , t ) = Pe rt

(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36

(b) A(1500, 0.12, 20) = 1500e(0.12)(20) = 1500e 2.4 ≈ 16,534.76

y 1
11. f ( x, y ) = ∫ x (2t − 3) dt
y
12. g ( x, y ) = ∫x dt
t
2
(a) f (1, 2) = ∫ 1 (2t − 3) dt 1 1
(a) g ( 4, 1) =
1
∫4 t dt = ⎡⎣ln t ⎤⎦ 4 = ln 1 − ln 4 = −ln 4
= ⎡⎣(t 2 − 3t )⎤⎦
2
3 1
(b) g (6, 3) = ∫6
1
dt
= ( −2 ) − ( − 2 ) = 0 t
3
4 = ⎡⎣ln t ⎤⎦ 6
(b) f (1, 4) = ∫ 1 (2t − 3) dt
= ln 3 − ln 6
= ⎡⎣(t 2 − 3t )⎤⎦
4
1
1 = ln
= 4 − ( − 2) = 6 2
= −ln 2

13. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 y

(a) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = ( x + ∆x) − 2 y = x 2 + 2 x ∆x + ( ∆x) − 2 y

2 2

f ( x, y + ∆y ) − f ( x, y ) ⎡ x 2 − 2( y + ∆y )⎤⎦ − ( x 2 − 2 y ) x 2 − 2 y − 2 ∆y − x 2 + 2 y 2 ∆y
(b) = ⎣ = = − = −2, ∆y ≠ 0
∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y

14. f ( x, y ) = 3 xy + y 2

(a) f ( x + ∆x, y ) = 3( x + ∆x) y + y 2

⎡3 x( y + ∆y ) + ( y + ∆y )2 ⎤ − (3xy + y 2 )
f ( x, y + ∆y ) − f ( x, y )
(b) = ⎣ ⎦
∆y ∆y
3 xy + 3 x ∆y + y 2 + 2 y ∆y + ( ∆y ) − 3 xy − y 2
2
=
∆y
3 x ∆y + 2 y ∆y + (∆y )
2
= = 3x + 2 y + ∆y, ∆y ≠ 0
∆y

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 Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 431

15. f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 25. z =
y
x
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 because 16 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0.
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
The range is [0, 4]. is ( −∞, ∞).

16. z = 4 − x2 − y2 x
26. f ( x, y ) =
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the y
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is [0, 2]. above or below the x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range
is ( −∞, ∞).
17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
1
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. 27. f ( x, y ) =
xy
The range is [0, ∞).
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
except those on the x-axis and y-axis because
18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1
x ≠ y ≠ 0. The range is all z ≠ 0, or
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The range is [−1, ∞).
1
28. g ( x, y ) =
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y
x − y
The domain is the set of all points above or below the The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range is (0, ∞). except those on the line y = x because x ≠ y.
The range is all z ≠ 0, or ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
20. f ( x, y ) = ye 1 x
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane 29. h( x, y ) = x y
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane such
is ( − ∞, ∞).
that y ≥ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞).

21. g ( x, y ) = ln ( 4 − x − y )
30. f ( x, y ) = xy
The domain is the half-plane below the line
y = − x + 4 because 4 − x − y > 0. The range The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane that
lie in the first quadrant and the third quadrant, as well
is ( − ∞, ∞). as the x-axis and y-axis because xy ≥ 0. The range
is [0, ∞).
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x + y )
The domain is the half plane above the line y2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 +
y = − x because x + y > 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). 4
The contour map consists of ellipses
23. z = 9 − 3x 2 − y 2 y2
x2 + = C.
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the 4
ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 9 because 9 − 3x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. Matches (b).
The range is [0, 3].
32. f ( x, y ) = e1− x
2 + y2

24. z = 4 − x2 − 4 y2 2 + y2
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C,
The domain is the set of all points inside or on the
or 1 − x 2 + y 2 = ln C , which are hyperbolas.
ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0.
Matches (d).
The range is [0, 4].

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
432 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

33. f ( x, y ) = e1− x
2 − y2
37. c = 0, 0 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 25
2 − y2 c = 1, 1 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 24
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C , or
c = 2, 2 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 21
1 − x 2 − y 2 = ln C ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln C , circles.
Matches (a). c = 3, 3 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 16
c = 4, 4 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 9
34. f ( x, y ) = ln y − x 2
c = 5, 5 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 0
The contour map consists of curves ln y − x 2 = C , or
The level curves are circles.
y
y − x 2 = eC ⇒ y = x 2 + eC , which are parabolas. c=0

Matches (c). c=1

2
35. c = −1, −1 = x + y, y = −x − 1 1
c=5
x
c = 0, 0 = x + y, y = −x −2 −1 1 2
c=4
−2
c = 2, 2 = x + y, y = −x + 2
c = 4, 4 = x + y, y = −x + 4
c=2
c=3

The level curves are parallel lines.

38. c = 0, 0 = x2 + y 2 y
y c=8

5
c = 2, 2 = x + y 2 2 c=6

c=4
4
c = 4, 4 = x2 + y2 1

3 x

2 c = 6, 6 = x2 + y 2 1
c=2
1
c = 8, 8 = x2 + y 2 c=0
x
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
The level curves are circles.
c = −1 c=0 c=2 c=4
39. c = ±1, xy = ±1 y
c=1
c=2
c=3
36. c = 0, 0 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 6 c = ±2, xy = ±2 c=4
c=5
c = 2, 2 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 4 c = ±3, xy = ±3 c=6

c = 4, 4 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 2 c = ±4, xy = ±4 1

c = 6, 6 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 0 c = ±5, xy = ±5 −1 1
x

−1
c = 8, 8 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −2 c = ±6, xy = ±6
c = 10, 10 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −4 The level curves are c = −6
c = −5
c = −4
The level curves are parallel lines. hyperbolas. c = −3
c = −1 c = −2
y

3 40. c = 1, 1 = e xy , 0 = xy
c = 2, 2 = e , xy
ln 2 = xy
c = 3, 3 = e ,xy
ln 3 = xy
c = 4,
x
−2 c=0 4 = e , xy
ln 4 = xy
c=2
c = 1,
c = 10 c=4 1 = e ,xy
− ln 2 = xy
2
c=6 2
c=8
c = 13 , 1
= e ,xy
− ln 3 = xy
3
c = 1,
4 1 = e xy , − ln 4 = xy
4

The level curves y

c=2
are hyperbolas. c=3
c=4
1

x
−1 1
c = 12
c = 13
c = 14

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 Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 433

1 1 x 42. c = 0, ln ( x − y ) = 0, x − y =1
41. c = , = 2 , (x − 1) + y 2 = 1
2

2 2 x + y2
c = 1,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 1,
2
x − y = e1 2
1 1 x
c = − , − = 2 , (x + 1) + y = 1
2 2
c = − 12 , ln ( x − y ) = − 12 , x − y = e −1 2
2 2 x + y2

x ⎛ 1⎞
2
1 c = 1, ln ( x − y ) = 1, x − y = e
c = 1, 1 = , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2
x2 + y2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
c = −1, ln ( x − y ) = −1, x − y = e −1
2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = −1, −1 = ⎜x + ⎟ + y = ln ( x − y ) =
2 3, 3,
, c = x − y = e3 2
x2 + y 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 2 2

2 c = − 32 , ln ( x − y ) = − 32 , x − y = e −3 2
3 3 x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = , = 2 , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2
2 2 x + y2 ⎝ 3⎠ 9 c = 2, ln ( x − y ) = 2, x − y = e2
2
3
−
3
= 2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1 c = −2, ln ( x − y ) = −2, x − y = e −2
c = − , ⎜x + ⎟ + y =
2
,
2 2 x + y2 ⎝ 3⎠ 9
The level curves are lines.
2
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1 y
c = 2, 2 = 2 , ⎜x − ⎟ + y =
2 c=0
x + y2 ⎝ 4⎠ 16 c = −2
x
6
2 c = − 32
x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
c = − 2, −2 = , ⎜x + ⎟ + y =
2
c = −1
x2 + y 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 16 c = − 12
c = 12
c=1
−4
The level curves are circles. c = 32
y −6 c=2

c=−1 2
2
c= 1
c = −1 2 c=1 43. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25

f (1500, 1000) = 100(1500) (1000)

0.75 0.25
x
−2 2

3
c= 3
2
≈ 135,540 units
c c=2
2
−2
c = −2

44. From Example 4, f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1− a .

f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y ) = C 2a x a 2 1− a y 1− a = 2a 2 1− aCx a y 1− a = 2Cx a y 1− a = 2 f ( x, y )
a 1− a

45. P( x 1, x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − C1 ( x 1 ) − C 2 ( x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − (0.02 x 12 + 4 x1 + 500) − (0.05 x 22 + 4 x 2 + 275)

(a) P( 250, 150) = 50( 250 + 150) − ⎡0.02( 250) + 4(250) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05(150) + 4(150) + 275⎤ = $15,250
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

(b) P(300, 200) = 50(300 + 200) − ⎡0.02(300) + 4(300) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05( 200) + 4(200) + 275⎤ = $18,425
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

(c) P(600, 400) = 50(600 + 400) − ⎡0.02(600) + 4(600) + 500⎤ − ⎡0.05( 400) + 4( 400) + 275⎤ = $30,025
2 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡1 + 0.10(1 − R) ⎤
1 10
46. w( x, y ) = 47. V ( I , R) = 2000 ⎢
x − y ⎥
⎣ 1+ I ⎦
1 1
(a) W (15, 10) = hr = hr = 12 min
15 − 10 5 I
0 0.03 0.05
R
1 1
(b) W (12, 9) = hr = hr = 20 min 0 $5187.48 $3859.98 $3184.67
12 − 9 3
1 1 0.28 $4008.46 $2982.67 $2460.85
(c) W (12, 6) = hr = hr = 10 min
12 − 6 6
0.35 $3754.27 $2793.53 $2304.80
1 1
(d) W ( 4, 2) = hr = hr = 30 min
4−2 2

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434 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

48. A( r , t ) = 5000e rt

Number of years
Rate 5 10 15 20
0.02 $5525.85 $6107.01 $6749.29 $7459.12
0.04 $6107.01 $7459.12 $9110.59 $11,127.70
0.06 $6749.29 $9110.59 $12,298.02 $16,600.58
0.08 $7459.12 $11,127.70 $16,600.58 $24,765.16

49. (a) C, highest pressure ⎛P ⋅ r⎞

(b) A, lowest pressure ⎜ ⎟
53. M = ⎝ 12 ⎠
12 t
(c) B, highest wind velocity ⎡ 1 ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
50. (a) The purple and blue areas represent the lowest levels ⎢⎣1 + ( r 12) ⎥⎦
of ozone.
⎡120,000(0.08) ⎤
(b) No, the level curves are uneven and sporadically ⎢ ⎥
spaced. ⎣ 12 ⎦
(a) M = 12( 20)
= $1003.73
⎡ 1 ⎤
51. z = 0.379 x − 0.135 y − 3.45 1− ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢1 + ( 0.08 12) ⎦⎥
(a) z = 0.379( 20) − 0.135(10) − 3.45
$1003.73 × 240 payments = $240,895.20
= $2.78 earnings per share
(b) The x-variable ⎡120,000(0.07) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The (b) M = = $798.36
12(30)
x-variable has a greater influence on the earnings per ⎡ 1 ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
share because the absolute value of its coefficient is
⎣⎢1 + ( 0.07 12) ⎦⎥
larger than the absolute value of the coefficient of
the y-term. $798.36 × 360 payments = $287,409.60

52. z = 0.175 x + 0.772 y − 275 ⎡120,000(0.07) ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦
(a) z = 0.175(1000) + 0.772(500) − 275 (c) M = 12(15)
= $1078.59
⎡ 1 ⎤
= $286 million 1− ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 + (0.07 12) ⎥⎦
(b) The y-variable
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The $1078.59 × 180 payments = $194,146.20
y-variable has a greater influence on shareholders’ Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
equity because the absolute value of its coefficient
is greater than that of the coefficient of the x-term.

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives

Skills Warm Up

1. f ( x) = x2 + 3 3. g (t ) = te 2t +1
1 2 x g ′(t ) = te 2t +1 ( 2) + e 2t +1 (1) = e 2t +1 ( 2t + 1)
( x + 3) (2 x) =
−1 2
f ′( x) =
2 x2 + 3

2. g ( x) = (3 − x 2 )
3

g ′( x) = 3(3 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −6 x(3 − x 2 )
2 2

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 Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 435

Skills Warm Up —continued—

4. f ( x) = e 2 x 1 − e 2 x
⎛1⎞
f ′( x) = e 2 x ⎜ ⎟(1 − e 2 x ) ( −e 2 x )( 2) +
−1 2
1 − e 2 x e 2 x ( 2)
⎝ ⎠
2
e 2 x ( −e 2 x )
=
1−e 2x
+ 2e2 x 1 − e 2 x =
e2 x
1−e 2x
( −e 2x
)
+ 2(1 − e 2 x ) =
e2 x
1 − e2 x
(2 − 3e2 x )

5. f ( x) = ln (3 − 2 x) 5x2
7. g ( x) =
f ′( x) =
−2 (4 x − 1)
2

3 − 2x
g ′( x) =
(4 x − 1) (10 x) − 5 x 2 ( 2)( 4 x − 1)( 4)
2

6. u (t ) = ln t 3 − 6t (4 x − 1)
4

1 ⎛1⎞ 3 (4 x − 1)10 x − 40 x 2
⎜ ⎟(t − 6t ) (3t − 6)
−1 2
u′(t ) = 2 =
(4 x − 1)
3
t − 6t ⎝ ⎠
3 2
3(t 2 − 2) = −
10 x
= (4 x − 1)
3
2t (t 2 − 6)

(x + 2)
3
8. f ( x) =
( x 2 − 9)
2

( x 2 − 9) (3)( x + 2) − ( x + 2) ( 2)( x 2 − 9)( 2 x)

2 2 3

f ′( x) =
( x 2 − 9)
4

3( x + 2) ( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2)
2 3
( x + 2)2 ⎡⎣3( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2)⎤⎦ (x + 2) ( x 2 + 8 x + 27)
2

= = = −
( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
3 3 3

9. f ( x) = x 2e x − 2
f ′( x) = x 2e x − 2 + e x − 2 ( 2 x)

f ′( 2) = ( 2) e 2 − 2 + e 2 − 2 ( 2( 2)) = 4 + 4 = 8
2

10. g ( x) = x x2 − x + 2
⎛1⎞ x2 − x 2
g ′( x) = x⎜ ⎟( x 2 − x + 2) ( 2 x − 1) +
−1 2
x2 − x + 2 = + x2 − x + 2
⎝ 2⎠ x2 − x + 2
22 − 2 2 3 7
g ′( 2) = + 22 − 2 + 2 = + 2 =
22 − 2 + 2 2 2

∂z 3. f x ( x, y ) = 3
1. = 3
∂x f y ( x, y ) = −12 y
∂z
= 5
∂y 4. f x ( x, y ) = 1

2.
∂z
= 2x f y ( x, y ) = 6 y
∂x
∂z
= −2
∂y

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Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
around them, sad and melancholy, for their grief had for once
broken down their manly reserve, and the stoic mask, which had
enabled some amongst them to endure torture without flinching,
could not now keep back the moisture from many an eye.
Listen! the great chief, in prophetic strain, is speaking his last
solemn words of farewell--
"The face of the Manitou is hid behind a cloud, and the hearts
of his red children are sad. Nevermore will the Great Paleface
Hunter, the friend of the White Eagle, hunt the deer in the hills of
the Iroquois. Nevermore will he sit at the council fire of my people,
and smoke the calumet, while his red brothers listen to the wisdom
that falls from his lips like the dew from heaven. Nevermore will he
speak to us of the sacred writings that the Wacondah has given to
the children of the Sun-rising!
"When his canoe has sailed into the regions of the East-wind,
then shall my people be scattered like the leaves in autumn, and the
few that remain, to fish the streams and hunt the moose and the
elk, will be but as blasted pines, where the fires of the forest have
raged."
"Nay, chief! The sun will shine again, and I shall return if the
Manitou wills it," urged the hunter, as he flicked the water
impatiently with his paddle.
"The Wacondah has said it! My paleface brother shall nevermore
look upon the face of the White Eagle."
"Then I shall look for my red friend in the happy hunting-
grounds of the Manitou. Good-bye!"
The next moment the canoe shot into the stream, and began to
descend rapidly towards the great lake. A last long look was cast
behind, a last adieu waved to their friends, who stood watching till
they passed from view, then the low murmur of the Falls ceased as
they sped on their way.
Soon, they passed the ruins of Fort Oswego, and entered Lake
Ontario. Then they stretched across the lake to the Thousand
Islands, and entered the St. Lawrence and stole quietly past the
French post at Fort Frontenac. Then for hundreds of miles they were
carried by the swift current of the Canada River, down past Mont
Royale, and the mouth of the Ottawa River, past Trois Rivières, until
one day they heard the sounds of heavy firing, as though a battle
were in progress.
'Twas early in September 1759, and the guns of Quebec were
firing at the English ships and batteaux, as they passed the citadel,
to gain the upper reaches of the river. As they passed the next bend
in the river, they saw the French warships which had retreated up
the stream, away from those terrible English. They also perceived on
the heights to the left, in the vicinity of Cape Rouge, the sentries of
Bougainville's detachment, and here they ran a narrow escape of
capture, being taken by the French for spies.
Before sunset on the eleventh of September, they espied with
great joy, on the southern bank, the white tents and the red coats of
Wolfe's army.

CHAPTER XX
THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM
"Halt! Who goes there?"
It was a burly Highlander, an outpost sentry of the British army,
that challenged the three paleface scouts.
"Friends!" cried Jamie.
"Then ye'll just gi'e me the password," replied the soldier,
levelling his musket at the youth who had acted as spokesman.
"I do not know the password," said Jamie, boldly confronting
the levelled firearm. "We have just come in from the frontier to offer
our services to General Wolfe."
"Then ye'll just ground your arms, and bide a wee, till I call the
sergeant!"
The sergeant in charge of the party came up in response to the
sentry's call, and while he was engaged in conversing with the
strangers, an aide-de-camp to General Wolfe, who was a field officer
in the Royal Americans, galloped by. Seeing three men in the garb of
the forest, and knowing the value of such hardy, trained
frontiersmen, having seen a good deal of such service himself, he
reined in his charger, received the salute of the sergeant, who, on
being requested, reported the business of the strangers.
"Look here! Do you fellows know anything of Quebec, or the
river and the forts?" asked the field officer.
"Yes, sir!" replied Jamie. "Two of us lived there for nearly twelve
months as nominal prisoners of the French."
"Indeed? When did you leave there?"
"Last spring, sir."
"Do you know the river this side of the city?"
"Every creek and cove, sir, between Cape Rouge and the
narrows."
 "That will do! Shoulder your rifles and come with me."
Then, putting as much dignity into their carriage as their rough
appearance would permit, the three scouts followed the officer. They
passed through several lines of sentries, but they were not
challenged further, as the aide-de-camp gave the password at each
barrier.
They soon entered the inner camp and passed between rows of
white tents. Groups of Highlanders, Anstruthers, and Grenadiers in
their scarlet uniforms were sitting about the camp-fires, seeing to
their equipment, cooking rations, etc. Others were just landing from
the transports and batteaux which lay in the river opposite the
camp.
Despite their deer-skin shirts, Indian moccasins and beaver
caps, there was a deep bronze upon the faces of the strangers, and
a keen alertness about their movements, and especially their eyes,
that bespoke them real scouts of the backwoods and pioneers of the
Empire, with an experience that few could boast, even amongst
those five thousand red-coats that were the flower of the British
army; and many a soldier lifted his eyes to gaze after them as they
passed by.
Having reached the vicinity of the General's tent, the field officer
handed them over to an orderly of Monckton's Grenadiers, with
orders to find them quarters and rations until the General expressed
his pleasure concerning their offer of service.
All that day they remained in the camp, but no message came
from the commander. Evidently he was busy with more important
duties, and could not be bothered about the services of a few rude
frontiersmen; but next morning, towards noon, the field officer
returned in person and said--
"General Wolfe desires to speak with you. Come with me!"
Jamie's heart beat wildly at the thought of speaking with this
great soldier, the darling and the genius of the whole army. They
arrived at the large tent which served as the head-quarters of the
staff. A sentry barred the way till the password was repeated, and
then, following the officer, they entered, Jamie first, then Jack, and
last of all the hunter.
All three quickly brought their hands to the salute as they stood
before a large table, at which sat three officers of high rank. They
were Generals Murray, Monckton and Townshend, and although
unknown to the youths, who wondered which of the three was
Wolfe, they have each left an honoured name on the scroll of
Empire.
But who was that pale, ascetic-looking invalid, reclining on a
couch beside General Murray? Surely he was no soldier! He was
weak and sickly, and appeared to be suffering from some painful
malady. What was he doing here? wondered Jamie, giving him a
passing glance, and then directing his attention to the three officers,
who were conversing amongst themselves, and examining charts
and maps with such intensity that they scarcely seemed as yet to
have noticed the newcomers.
Suddenly the invalid on the couch said something, and instantly
the three soldiers ceased their conversation, dropped the charts and
maps, and listened to his every word with marked reverence and
respect.
 "Murray," he said, "which are the two scouts who were prisoners
in Quebec till last spring? Let them come to me."
The aide-de-camp indicated Jamie and Jack, and then General
Murray approached them and said--
"Step forward! General Wolfe desires to speak with you," at the
same time making a respectful gesture in the direction of the couch.
"General Wolfe! Could that feeble person be the great soldier on
whom England relied to win the Canadas from the French?" thought
Jamie, as he stepped forward and saluted the invalid. He was
amazed and dumfounded. It was well for him at that moment that
he had learnt something of the Indian virtue of hiding his feelings, or
his face might have shown something of his disappointment.
"Why, you are quite a lad! Come, let me look at you! There, that
will do! I like your face, and yours, too."
"Thank you, General!"
"Now tell me what you know of Quebec, and when you landed
there, and when you left, and how."
Then Jamie, acting as spokesman for the two, told him briefly
but clearly his history, commencing with the sea-fight, his capture,
and how he spent his time at Quebec, his adventure with the
Iroquois on the St. Lawrence, and his escape by the steep pathway
that led up on to the Plains of Abraham, and how that Jack had
accompanied him in that and all the other adventures he had met
with on the frontiers.
"Good!" exclaimed the General, into whose eyes the fire had
leapt as the lad described his adventures, especially the fight with
the French frigate.
 "Pass me that chart of the river and the Plains, Monckton.
There, that will do! Just show me, lad, the spot where you landed
that day and climbed to the Plains. Here, take hold of this chart!"
Jamie took the chart, spread it out on the ground, and knelt
down by the couch.
"There," he said, pointing to a tiny dent in the northern shore,
"is the spot where we made our escape. It is a league or so above
the city."
"And if I sent you down there with a boat in the dark, could you
find it again?" said the General in a soft voice.
"Yes, sir, I could!"
"And if I ordered you to land a boat-load of soldiers on the top
of the cliffs there before dawn to-morrow morning, how would you
set about it?"
Jamie flushed with pride at the thought of such a commission,
but he answered quietly and firmly--
"General, if you trusted that boat to me I would wait till the
second ebb tide to-night, then, under cover of darkness, I would
drop down with the current, keeping in mid-stream till nearly
opposite the cove, then, edging in to the northern bank, I would run
the boat ashore at the inlet, and lead the men up on to the Plains
two hours before dawn."
"By George, Townshend, he'll do! Let him have a seat in the first
boat, and his companions too. But see that they are kept in charge
of the orderly, and not permitted outside the lines till I send for
them."
"Yes, sir."
 "By the way, Monckton, is there a guard at that point above the
cove?"
"Vergois' guard is stationed there, sir. It is part of Bougainville's
command."
"My lad," said the General, half rising from the couch and
putting his hand on Jamie's shoulder, "it is a very important duty that
I am entrusting to you to-night. I am going to put you in the first
boat, along with the other guides, as your knowledge of the spot
may be useful, and it is of the first importance that we should not
pass that cove in the darkness. The safety of the British army, to a
great extent, will be entrusted to you, and perhaps--who knows?--
the destiny of Canada. You will be kept under the charge of the
orderly till nightfall, as there are plenty of spies about the camp. If
you do your duty this night, your King and your country will be
grateful to you. Good-bye!"
Darkness came at length on that famous 12th of September,
1759, and as soon as the northern bank disappeared in the gloom of
evening, the English camp was astir with quiet and concealed
movements. Only to a few was the plan of campaign known, for in
the rapidity and secrecy of the movement lay the only chance of
success--for against the English the odds were desperate. Wolfe,
however, was so far recovered from his sickness that he was able to
command in person, and the inspiration that this knowledge gave to
the men was equivalent to the addition of an army corps.
An officer who took part in the events of that night has left it on
record that despite the reverse at the Montmorency six weeks
before, "the men were uncommonly eager and difficult to restrain,
and yet," he added, speaking to a comrade a few hours before the
event, "if we succeed in scaling and capturing that rock-crowned
citadel, I shall think little in future of Hannibal leading his army over
the Alps."
At nine o'clock thirty boats collected from the warships and
transports, rendezvoused in a line in front of Admiral Holmes'
flagship. Then the last "general order" issued by Wolfe was read to
the troops by the generals in command. It contained these striking
words--
"Now is the time to strike a stroke which will determine the fate
of Canada."
Then fifteen hundred men, the forlorn hope of the expedition,
selected chiefly from the Highlanders, the Anstruthers and the Light
Infantry, were crowded into the boats, and now nothing remained
but the final issue, as the troops calmly waited for the second ebb
tide, which was to carry them down-stream.
At one o'clock the tide ebbed, and the order was given to cast
off. Not a soldier or a sailor remained behind who was not cursing
his ill-luck that he had not been chosen to go ahead in the boats.
The order had been given for silence, and nothing could be heard
but the gurgling of the water as it washed the sides of the boats;
but the excitement, though suppressed, must have been intense as
the men grasped their muskets and lay close together, looking at the
stars above or those rugged heights, which ever and anon loomed
darkly from the northern shore.
Jamie, with his two companions, was in the first boat eagerly
scanning that dark outline and noting every headland, watching for
that little indentation just between St. Nichol and Le Foulton, where
he and Jack had so often landed their little fishing canoe during their
enforced stay in Quebec.
Suddenly a low voice broke upon their ears from the stern
sheets of the next boat, which was only a dozen feet away. It was
the voice of Wolfe reciting to his officers and to a young
midshipman, named Robinson, who has left the incident on record.
He was quoting from memory the stanzas from "Gray's Elegy"--

"The paths of glory lead but to the grave."

"Gentlemen," Jamie heard him say, "I would rather have written
those lines than take Quebec to-morrow." And every English
schoolboy now knows how strangely prophetic and appropriate were
those lines.
They were now rapidly approaching the little cove, and Jamie
signalled to the steersman of his boat to edge in a little closer to the
northern shore, which now towered above them like a great barrier.
As he did so the voice of a sentry came through the gloom from the
heights above--
"Qui vive?"
"La France!" replied a captain of the Highlanders from Jamie's
boat.
"A quel régiment?" came back from the heights.
"De la Reine!" answered the Highlander.
The sentry appeared satisfied, as the Queen's regiment formed
part of Bougainville's command, which had been sent further up the
bank in order to watch Wolfe's movements.
 Shortly afterwards they were challenged again, but a few more
adroit answers saved the situation.
"This is the spot," whispered Jamie, and the boat was run upon
the bank in the little sandy cove beneath the cliffs, and a hundred
men were quickly clustered upon the little beach. Wolfe was
amongst the first to land, and as he looked up at the rugged heights
he shook his head and coolly remarked--
"You can try it, but I don't think you'll get up."
The next moment Jamie and his companions, closely followed
by twenty volunteers, were climbing the precipitous front, dragging
themselves up by the roots and branches of the shrubs and trees
which overhung the steep ascent. For another moment those below
waited with breathless suspense. Then quick, ringing shots were
heard, as those few determined men overpowered the small French
guard at the top. This was followed by a thin British cheer, and
immediately the Highlanders below, with the Light Infantry and the
others, clambered up the apparently impossible heights and gained
the plains above.
At dawn fifteen hundred men stood upon the Plains of Abraham,
and then the ships, which had dropped down the river behind the
boats, landed the rest of the army. When the sun rose on the 13th
of September, the watch on the citadel beheld with amazement the
red coats of the British army forming up into lines--and preparing for
battle.
Swift couriers had carried the tidings across the St. Charles to
Montcalm, and the roll of drums was heard amid his camp, and soon
the French division were pouring across the bridge of boats. At nine
o'clock, the armies were facing each other on the Plains above the
city. Then the rattle of musketry began as the French sharpshooters
lined the bushes and entrenchments previously prepared to the
north-west of the city.
On came the columns of Montcalm, firing and shouting in an
inspiriting manner, led by their renowned leader in person.
How different those thin red lines of Highlanders, Grenadiers
and hardy colonial levies. An ominous silence hung like a cloud over
the English ranks. It was the silence that presages the storm--the
calm, still waters of a dam about to burst its bounds and spread
havoc and death.
As the French fire became more effectual, the gaps in the
English ranks became frequent, but they were filled in silence as the
rear men stepped to the front. In those ranks scarce a word was
spoken, and as yet not a shot had been fired. Officers of Montcalm
have since said that this ominous silence cast a chill over the French
columns that half decided the issues of the day.
Not till the French were within forty yards was the word given to
fire, then simultaneously the long line of muskets were brought to
the level, and from end to end of the English ranks a crashing blaze
of leaden hail was poured upon the enemy. The columns of
Montcalm reeled and staggered before this dreadful impact. A
second volley was fired, and then, before the smoke had rolled
away, or the enemy had had an opportunity to reform his shattered
ranks, a deafening cheer rang from end to end of the Plains. The
flood of British fury was at length undammed, and trampling the
dead and dying they swept the shattered columns before them in
one mad, wild stampede. The Highlanders, wielding their terrible
broadswords, chased the fugitives right up to the gates of the city
and across the St. Charles River.
The defeat was crushing and absolute, and in that moment of
victory the destiny of Canada was settled, but the cheers of the
victors were silenced as the sad news passed from rank to rank that
Wolfe had fallen. In the heat of the fight, leading on the Grenadiers,
his wrist had been shattered by a ball. He quickly bound it in a
handkerchief, and continued the fight. A second ball pierced his side,
but he stayed not. Then a bullet entered his breast, and he reeled
and fell.
Four soldiers raised him up, and carrying him to the rear laid
him gently upon the grass. He appeared to be unconscious, but
when a soldier near him exclaimed--
"See how they run!"
"Who run?" asked the dying soldier, opening his eyes.
"The enemy, sir! They give way everywhere!" was the reply.
"Then tell Colonel Burton to march Webb's regiment down to
Charles River to cut off their retreat from the bridge. Now, God be
praised! I will die in peace," were the last words of General Wolfe.
That day England gained an Empire, but lost a hero.
The three scouts had finished their task when they led the
forlorn hope up the precipice and on to the Plains, but they were not
to be denied a share in the fight, for they had received permission to
join the ranks of the centre column, which was under the personal
command of Wolfe, and bore the brunt of the fight on that never-to-
be-forgotten morning. They were in the forefront of that wild rush to
the bridge, where the fight was thickest, and where many hundreds
were hurled into the St. Charles River, and where Montcalm's retreat
was effectually blocked and victory made secure.
The battle was over now, for though one of the most glorious, it
was one of the briefest in history, and though they had lost each
other in the pursuit, the three comrades were glad to rejoin the
ranks at the roll-call on the Plains and find each other alive and well,
except for minor wounds, though the joy of victory was damped and
a chill went to every heart when the word was passed down the
ranks that their illustrious leader had fallen.
Next morning General Townshend passed to the head of every
regiment in succession, and thanked the troops for their brilliant
services, and soon afterwards one of his aide-de-camps approached
the scouts and requested their immediate presence in the General's
tent. They followed him, wondering that he had not forgotten them
altogether in the excitement of so great a victory. When they stood
in his presence they saluted and waited for him to speak.
"Jamie Stuart and Jack Elliot!" said General Townshend, and
instantly several other officers, who had been busily engaged writing
dispatches for England, rose and stood at attention. "In the name of
His Most Gracious Majesty, King George the Second, I thank you for
the eminent services you have rendered to your country. I have
appointed you both from this day to be ensigns in the Royal
Americans. Here are your commissions. Right nobly have you won
them. May you be spared long to serve your country! God save the
King!"
The youths were overwhelmed with this generous tribute from
so great a soldier. They could find no words to express their
gratitude for this signal honour conferred upon them. A commission
in His Majesty's victorious army seemed too great a reward for their
poor services, so each raised his hand to the salute again and
repeated the General's words--
"God save the King!"
The General then turned to the hunter, who had been an
interested and sympathetic witness of this stirring scene, but as he
spake his voice softened, for he had noticed that down the bronzed
cheek of the old man there trickled a tear.
"Frontiersman, what is your name?" he asked.
There was a pause, and for a few seconds the hunter's eyes
were turned to Jamie, and a strange far-away look came into his
face. Then in a half-broken voice he answered--
"John Stuart of Burnside! An exile!"
"Father!" burst from Jamie's lips, and the next instant the
paleface hunter and his son were hugging each other with joy.
The next moment General Townshend advanced to the hunter,
and pinning the King's medal upon his breast, he said--
"He is no longer an exile who wears this honoured decoration.
John Stuart, I thank you for the work you have already done, but
there are still further services that I wish to ask of you. I understand
that your knowledge of the river and the forest from this point to
Mont Royale is unsurpassed by that of any person in the camp. Your
knowledge will shortly be invaluable to us. I appoint you as
Frontiersman and Chief Guide to the British Army in the Canadas,
and, furthermore, I desire to say that His Majesty shall be reminded
after the war of the important services which I trust you will then
have rendered to your country."
 "General," said the hunter, "I am an exile from my native land,
but I have never committed a crime, and my conscience is clear.
England has treated me unkindly, but I love my country, and without
any thought of reward I freely offer you my services. If necessary, I
will gladly die for my country."
"Thank you, Frontiersman!" said the General, touched by these
words. "A grateful country will not forget your devotion to her
interests in the hour of her need. May every son of Britain likewise
forget his private wrongs in England's hour of danger."
Four days later, on that memorable 17th of September, 1759,
the white flag was hung out from the citadel at Quebec, and on the
next day the Gibraltar of North America passed for ever from its old
masters into the hands of Britain.
"Look, Jack! The French ensign is coming down," said Jamie,
and they both looked towards the citadel, and a moment afterwards,
amid the clash of martial music, the salute of the batteries, and the
wild cheering of the soldiers, the English flag waved proudly over the
fort and the river.
"There, Jamie, our dream has come true, it's the old flag at last,
and, thank God, we have helped to plant it there."

After the fall of Quebec, the paleface hunter and the two youths
accompanied the army in its victorious march upon Mont Royale, and
when the war was over they returned to England. Jack survived his
two brothers, and in time became the Squire of Burnside, and I find
that to John Stuart, Esquire, of Burnside, Yorkshire, a grant of Crown
land was made for his services to his country, and that the old
farmhouse, which still stands, above the wood and the trout-stream,
was built by him and his son Jamie in 1775. And there they lived
happily for many years, and there Jamie's descendants live to this
day, for only two years ago, while visiting his ancestral home and
poring over ancient deeds and the old family Bible, with its records
and dates, the author discovered this forgotten story of adventure
and peril.

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNDER WOLFE'S

FLAG ***
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNDER WOLFE'S
FLAG; OR, THE FIGHT FOR THE CANADAS ***

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