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Application of Integration

Area of Curves

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Area of Curves (1)

If 𝑓(𝑥) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑥 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then the area
bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the axis of 𝑥 and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
𝐴= 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝐴= 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Area of Curves (2)

If 𝑓(𝑦) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑦 in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏), then the area
bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the axis of 𝑦 and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is

𝐴= 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝐴= 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

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Area of Curves (3)

If we are to find the area bounded by the two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and the
ordinates 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 i.e. the area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 in figure then
the required area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = area 𝐷𝑀𝑁𝐶 – area 𝐴𝑀𝑁𝐵
𝐴= 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴𝐴= 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Find the area common between the curves y 2  4 a x and x 2  4 a y.

Solution. Given Equations, y 2  4 a x  (i ) (4𝑎, 4𝑎)

x  4 a y  (ii )
2

Squaring  i  : y 4  16 a 2 x 2  16 a 2  4 a y (0, 0)

y  y  64 a
3 3
 0
 y  0 , 4a (4𝑎, 4𝑎)

when y  0 , x  0
when y  4 a , x  4 a (0, 0)

The point of intersection of the given curves are:  0 , 0  and  4 a , 4 a 

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Find the area common between the curves y 2  4 a x and x 2  4 a y.

Solution (cont.).
(4𝑎, 4𝑎)
Required area OQAP = area of OPAB – area of OQAB
4a  x 
2
4a
Required area OQAP   0 4 a x d x  0   d x
 4a  (0, 0)
4a 1 1 4a 2
 2 a 0 x 2 d x   x dx
4a 0 (4𝑎, 4𝑎)
4a
 x 32  1  x3 
4a

2 a     
3  4a  3 0 (0, 0)
 2 0
2 3 1 1
 4a  2   4a 
3
2 a
3 4a 3
16 2
 a
3 7

2 2 2
Find the area enclosed by the astroid x 3  y 3
 a 3.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x 3  y 3  a 3  (i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a ,0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
a
Required area  4  0 y dx 𝑂(0, 0)

 
3
a 2 2 2
 4 0 a 3
x 3
dx

a 
3
 2 2 2
 4 0 2 3
a 3
sin 2  d 3a sin 2  cos  d Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos d
 12 a 2  0 2 1  sin 2  
 3
2
sin 2  cos  d when x  0,   0
 
 12 a 2  0 2 sin 2  cos 4  d when x  a,  
2
 2 1   4 1  3 5
       
2   2  2 2
 12 a 2   12 a 2    
 242 2 4
2  
 2 
1 3 1
.  . . 
3
 12 a 2 2 2 2   a2 8
2.3.2.1 8

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Calculation of Arc Length

(Rectification)

Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(1)

Arc length Intuitively, we might think of the arc length

of a curve as the number obtained by aligning a piece of
string with the curve and then measuring the length of the
string after it is straightened out.

Arc length problem Suppose that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a smooth curve on

the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. Define and find a formula for the arc length 𝐿 of
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

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Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(2)

If 𝑓′(𝑥) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑥 in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑆 be the
arc length of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, then
𝑑𝑦
𝑆= 1+ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝑆 = 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

If 𝑔′(𝑦) is a single valued and continuous function of 𝑦 in the interval [𝑐, 𝑑] and 𝑆 be the
arc length of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) between the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑, then
𝑑𝑥
𝑆= 1+ 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝑆 = 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

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Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(3)

If 𝑆 be the arc length of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑡)between the points 𝑡 and 𝑡 on the
curve, then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆= 𝑓′ 𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or, 𝑆= + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Calculation of Arc Length (Rectification)(4)

If 𝑓 𝜃 = is a single valued and continuous function of 𝜃 in the interval [𝛼, 𝛽] and 𝑆

be the arc length of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) between the vectorial angles 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽, then
𝑑𝑟
𝑆= 𝑟 + 𝑓 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 or, 𝑆= 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

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2 2
Find the whole length of the asteroid x 3
 y 3
 4.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x  y  8 3
 (i )
3 3

The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches

the x  axis at   8, 0  and y  axis at  0,  8  .
Differentiating (i ) with respect to x : 𝑂(0, 0)

2  13 2  13 d y
x  y 0
3 3 dx
1
dy  y 3
  
dx x 1

8
  d y 
2
 2

Required length of the curve  4  0 1     dx

  d x  
1
  1
3 
2
 2  y 23  2
1
 x 23  y 23  2
1

8    y   8 8
 4  0 1     d x  4  0 1  2  d x  4  0   dx
  x    3  
2

  x   x 3
   
1 8
 4  2  x 23 
8  1 3 23
 4 0  2  dx 8 
8
d x  4  2 0 x 3
8 8  48
 x 3 2  2
 3 0 14

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Find the whole length of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos   .

Solution.
2 2
2  dx   dy 
Therefore required arc length  0     d
 d   d 
 a(1  cos  )    a sin   d
2 2 2
 0
2
 0 2a 2 (1  cos  ) d
2 
  0 2a sin d
2
2
 
  cos 2 
 2a 
1 
 
 2 0
2 https://www.geogebra.org/m/QeQ9aA5e
  
  4a cos 
 2 0
 8a 15

Find the whole length of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos   .

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Volume of Revolution

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Volume of Revolution (2)

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 about the x-axis is
𝑉= 𝜋𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or, 𝑉= 𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑥

The volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), y-axis and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 about the y-axis is

𝑉= 𝜋𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 or, 𝑉= 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑦

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Volume of Revolution (3)

If the equation of the generated curve be given by 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑡) and it is revolved

about x-axis, then the formula corresponding to ∫ 𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑥 becomes
𝑑
𝑉= 𝜋𝑓 𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

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Volume of Revolution (4)

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the initial line is
2
𝑉= 𝜋 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the line 𝜃 = is
2
𝑉= 𝜋 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3

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2 2 2
Find the volume of the spindle shape solid generated by revolving the asteroid x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x 3
 y 3
a 3
 (i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a ,0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
The required volume is generated by revolving the area ABAOA about x  axis 𝑂(0, 0)
 2  volume generated by revolving the area ABOA about x  axis.
a
Required Volume  2  0  y 2 dx

  dx
2 2 3
a
 2  0 a 3
x 3
Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos d

  3a sin  cos d
 2 2 3
 2  0 2 a 3
a 3
sin 2  d 2 when x  0,   0
 
 6 a 3  0 2 sin 2  cos7  d when x  a,  
2
 2 1  7 1
   
 2   2 
 6 a 3

 272
2  
 2 
32
 a 3

105 21

The cardioids r  a 1  cos   revolve about the initial line, find the volume generated.


Given Equation, r  a 1  cos    (i )

Solution. 2

   0
2 
Required Volume    r 3 sin  d 3
3 2

2  Let 1  cos  z then sin  d   dz

   0 a 3 1  cos   sin  d
3

3 when   0, z  2
when    , z  0
2 a 3 0 3

3
 2 z  dz 
0
2  z4 
   a3  
3  4 2
8
  a3
3
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Surface area of Revolution

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Surface Area of Revolution (1)

A surface of revolution is a surface that is generated by revolving a plane curve about an
axis that lies in the same plane as the curve.

For example, the surface of a sphere can be generated by revolving a semicircle about its
diameter, and the lateral surface of a right circular cylinder can be generated by revolving a
line segment about an axis that is parallel to it.
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Surface area of Revolution (2)

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 about the x-axis is
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥) 1 + 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑦 1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), y-axis and the abscissa 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 about the y-axis is
𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑔(𝑦) 1 + 𝑔′(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑥 1 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

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Surface area of Revolution (3)

If the equation of the generated curve be given by 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑡) and it is revolved

about x-axis, then the formula becomes
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦 + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Surface area of Revolution (4)

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the initial line is
𝑑𝑟
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

The area of the surface generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)
and the radii vectors 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 about the line 𝜃 = is

𝑑𝑟
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃

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2 2 2
Find the surface area of the spindle shape solid generated when we rotate x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
2 2 2
Solution. Given Equations, x 3
 y 3
a 3
 (i )
The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and touches
the x  axis at   a ,0  and y  axis at  0,  a  .
Differentiating (i ) with respect to x :
𝑂(0, 0)
2  13 2  13 d y
x  y 0
3 3 dx
1
dy  y 3
  
dx x
The required surface area is generated by rotating the area ABAOA about x  axis
 2  surface area generated by rotating the area ABOA about x  axis.
2
a d y
Required Surface Area  2  0 2 y 1    dx
dx
2
a y 3
 2  0 2 y 1  2
dx
x 3

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2 2 2
Find the surface area of the spindle shape solid generated when we rotate x 3
 y 3
 a 3 about x  axis.
Solution (cont…). 2 2
a x 3
 y 3
Required Surface Area  2  0 2 y 2
dx
x 3

  x dx
3 2
a 2 2 2 a 3
 4 0 a 3
x 3
2
3

 4   a  x 
3 1
a a 2 2 2 3

0
dx 3 3
1
x 3 Let x  a sin 3  then dx  3a sin 2  cos d
 4    a  a sin  
3 1
 a2 2 2 3
when x  0,   0
2 3 3 2
3a sin 2  cos  d
 a sin  
0 1
3 3 
when x  a,  
 2
 12 a 2  0 2 sin  cos 4  d
5
1   
 12  a 2 2
7
2  
2
12
  a 2
29
5

Find the surface area of the solid generated when we rotate the cardioids r  a 1  cos   about the initial line.

Solution. Given Equation, r  a 1  cos    (i ) 



 2
Then, r  2a cos 2
2    0
dr  
   a Sin    2a Sin Cos 3
d 2 2 2

Now, r  0, a 1  Cos    0 gives     .

For the upper half   0 to    and lower half   0 to     .
The given cardioid is symmetric about the initial line.
2
dr 
Required Surface area   0 2  r sin  r    d
2

 d  
   
  0 2  r sin  4 a 2 Cos 4  4 a 2 Sin 2 Cos 2 d
2 2 2
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Find the surface area of the solid generated when we rotate the cardioids r  a 1  cos   about the initial line.
Solution (cont…).
  2 
Required Surface area   0 2  r sin  4 a 2 Cos 2 Sin  Cos 2  d
2 2 2

a 1  cos   sin  2a cos d

 2 0
2
  
 16 a  0 sin
2
cos 4
d
2 2

 16 a 2 2  0 2 sin z cos 4 z d z 
Let  z then d  2dz
5 2
1   
2 when   0, z  0
 32  a 2
7 
2   when    , z 
32 2 2
 a 2

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