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Lecture 2d

The document discusses vertical pressure forces on plane areas and curved surfaces, explaining how to calculate these forces for submerged objects like cylinders. It introduces key concepts such as buoyant force and its calculation based on the volume of fluid displaced, as well as the location of the center of buoyancy. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate the application of these principles in determining forces on various structures.

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Shirley Wang
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2 views18 pages

Lecture 2d

The document discusses vertical pressure forces on plane areas and curved surfaces, explaining how to calculate these forces for submerged objects like cylinders. It introduces key concepts such as buoyant force and its calculation based on the volume of fluid displaced, as well as the location of the center of buoyancy. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate the application of these principles in determining forces on various structures.

Uploaded by

Shirley Wang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2d:

Vertical Pressure Forces on Plane Areas and


Pressure Forces on Curved Surfaces

Part 1 - Concepts
Vertical Pressure Forces

Assume we have a
rectangular plate of length
H, width B into the page,
and thickness t.

On the top surface of the


plate, at a depth of h:
p = ρ gh
Fv1 = pA = ρ gh(HB)
On the bottom
surface at a depth of
h+t:
p = ρ g(h+t)
Fv2 = ρ g(h+t)(HB)
Pressure Forces on Curved Surfaces

Consider the case of a


cylinder submerged
under water.

How do you calculate


the pressure force acting
on the curved surface of
the cylinder?
The pressure force on the surface
of a curved surface acts
perpendicular to the surface.

Divide the overall pressure force


into its components: the horizontal
force and the vertical force.
The HORIZONTAL component of the
pressure force acting on a curved
surface = pressure force exerted on the
projection of the curved surface in the
vertical plane.

The horizontal component of the


pressure force on a curved surface acts
through the same location as the
pressure force would on the projection
of the curve in the vertical plane.
The VERTICAL component of the
pressure force acting on a curved
surface = weight of the fluid that the
surface “thinks” is above it.

The vertical component of the


pressure force acts through the
centroid of the volume of fluid above
the curve.
Vertical Force on the Bottom of a Curved Body

Calculate the weight of fluid above


the curve by assuming that the
body (cylinder) is made up of the
fluid in contact with its surface.

The force still acts through the


centroid of the volume of fluid
above the curve.
Why do these rules hold?
Buoyant Force Acting on Submerged Bodies

• Buoyant - “causing immersed objects to float or rise to the


surface of a liquid, or upward in a gas” (dictionary definition).

• Buoyant Force (Fb)- resultant vertical pressure force exerted


on a submerged object.

• The buoyant force on a submerged body is the difference


between the vertical pressure force on its underside and the
vertical pressure force on its upper surface.
Key Concepts
___________________________________________________________________________

• For a submerged body with a volume ∀ , the


buoyant force Fb on the object is:

Fb = ρ g∀
where ρ is the density of the fluid the body displaces.

• The centre of buoyancy, which is the location


where the buoyancy force acts, is at the centroid of
the displaced volume.
• For floating bodies, the buoyant force also exists:

Fb = ρ g∀ s
∀ s = volume submerged
Lecture 2d part 2, gives the solution to Example 2d-1.

Lecture 2d part 3, gives the solution to Example 2d-2.

Lecture 2d part 4, gives the solution to Example 2d-3.

Lecture 2d part 5, gives the solution to Example 2d-4.


Example 2d-1: Upward Force on Vessel Surface
___________________________________________________________________________

Calculate the vertical force on the rectangular,


obtruding section of the vessel below. The vessel has
a constant cross-section (into the page) and a depth
into the page of 1 m. For the vessel, L=0.2 m, t=0.1
m, and h=0.5 m.
Example 2d-2: Force on Curved Gate 1
_______________________________________________________________________

Find the force P required to hold the gate. The gate is


10 m wide.

Ref: Adapted from P. 2.72, page 81 in Potter, M.C., Wiggert, D.C., Ramadan, B., and Shih, T.I-P. (2012). Mechanics of Fluids, SI
Edition, 4th, edition, Cengage Learning, Stamford, Connecticut, USA.
Example 2d-3: Force on Curved Gate 2
_______________________________________________________________________

What P is needed to hold the 7 m wide gate closed?

Ref: Adapted from P. 2.71, page 81 in Potter, M.C., Wiggert, D.C., Ramadan, B., and Shih, T.I-P. (2012). Mechanics of Fluids, SI
Edition, 4th, edition, Cengage Learning, Stamford, Connecticut, USA.
Example 2d-4: Force on a Cylindrical Gate
_______________________________________________________________________

A solid cylinder is used as an automatic gate as shown


below. The cylinder is hinged at A and opens by
turning about A when the water level on the left-hand
side of the partition is higher than that on the other
side by 3 m. What must be the weight per unit length
of this cylinder?

Ref: Adapted from P.3-61E page 109 in Cengal, Y.A., and Cimbala, J.M. (2006). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and its Applications,
McGraw Hill, New York, NY, USA.

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