CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL
PHYSICAL AND PSYCOSOCIAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL

GROUP 5

MUGAS, ALBERT JOHN

PANDAPATAN, AMER HASNOR
POMAREJOS, ANGELA KATE
ORAYA, CLARIZA
ORAYA, SEAN DALE ALEXIS
NANG, DEAN PETER
ODANG, DONALD
SANIEL, RONNIE RICK
PADUA, JOHN REY
PALIGUTAN, JADE DARRYL
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL
Electricity is an essential part of modern life, and it is used in almost every aspect of
our lives. However, it can also be extremely hazardous if proper safety measures are
not taken. Electrical hazards can cause serious injuries, burns, and even death. In this
article, we will discuss electrical hazards, their causes, and control measures that can
be taken to ensure electrical safety.

Types of Electrical Hazards:

1. Electrical Shock

Electrical shock is the most common electrical hazard and can be caused by direct
contact with live electrical conductors, or when a person comes into contact with an
energized surface or object. The severity of the shock can vary depending on the
amount of current and the duration of exposure. Electrical shock can lead to burns,
muscle contractions, and even cardiac arrest.

2. Electrical Burns

Electrical burns are caused by electrical energy passing through the body and can
occur when a person comes into contact with an electrical conductor or when there is
a flashover or arc that produces intense heat. Electrical burns can be severe and can
cause significant damage to the skin and tissues.

3. Electrical Fires

Electrical fires can occur when electrical equipment or wiring overheats and ignites
surrounding materials. Electrical fires can be caused by overloaded circuits, damaged
wiring, or faulty electrical equipment. Electrical fires can spread quickly and can be
difficult to extinguish.
Causes of Electrical Hazards:
• Faulty or damaged wiring or equipment: This is a common cause of electrical
hazards. Electrical wiring and equipment can get damaged due to various reasons,
such as wear and tear, exposure to the elements, or physical damage.
• Loose connections: Loose connections can lead to overheating and arcing, which
can cause electrical fires and shock hazards.
• Use of poor quality fittings: Poor quality fittings, such as plugs and sockets, can
increase the risk of electrical hazards. These fittings may not be able to handle the
electrical load, leading to overheating and other hazards.
• Lack of earthing/bonding and grounding: Earthing/bonding and grounding are
essential for electrical safety. Without proper earthing and grounding, electrical
equipment and systems can become energized, leading to shock hazards.
• Use of overrated fuse or jumper: Overrated fuses and jumpers can lead to
overloading of electrical equipment and systems, which can cause overheating,
arcing, and electrical fires.
• Working on live equipment: Working on live equipment is one of the most dangerous
causes of electrical hazards. It increases the risk of electric shock and can be fatal.
• Overloading of power sockets and equipment: Overloading of power sockets and
equipment can cause overheating and increase the risk of electrical fires.
• Poor housekeeping: Poor housekeeping, such as cluttered workspaces and blocked
electrical panels, can increase the risk of electrical hazards.
• Handling of electrical equipment with an incompetent person and lack of training
awareness: Improper handling of electrical equipment and lack of training awareness
can lead to accidents and injuries.
• Lack of safe working procedures and communication: Lack of safe working
procedures and communication can increase the risk of electrical hazards. It is
essential to have clear procedures and effective communication to ensure electrical
safety.
• Failure to use appropriate PPE: Failure to use appropriate PPE, such as insulated
gloves and safety glasses, can increase the risk of electrical hazards.
Electrical Safety Control Measures
To ensure electrical safety, several control measures can be taken. Here are some
of the most effective electrical safety control measures:
1. A competent and experienced person shall be allowed to do electrical jobs

The first and foremost important aspect of electrical safety is ensuring that only
competent and experienced individuals should be allowed to perform electrical jobs.
Electrical work requires specific knowledge, skills, and experience to perform safely.
A competent person is someone who has acquired the necessary training,
education, and experience to do the job safely and efficiently. This person must also
be aware of electrical hazards and how to prevent them.

It is the employer’s responsibility to ensure that their workers are competent and
trained. Training and certification programs can be used to ensure that workers have
the necessary knowledge and skills to perform electrical work safely. Employers can
also verify their employees’ training, education, and experience before allowing them
to work on electrical equipment.

2. Don’t work on live equipment, isolation and multi lock system shall be followed

Working on live electrical equipment can be extremely dangerous and can result
in electric shock, injury, or death. Therefore, it is crucial to follow the isolation and
multi-lock system to prevent injury by accidental energizing of equipment while it is
attended by different crafts.

The isolation and multi-lock system involve disconnecting the equipment from its
energy source, locking the disconnect in the off position, and placing a tag on the
equipment to indicate that work is being performed. This system ensures that the
equipment cannot be inadvertently energized while maintenance or repair work is
being carried out.
A multi-lock system is used to prevent injury by accidental energizing of
equipment while it is attended by different craft. The executing authority and issuing
authority jointly decide the requirement, and the issuing authority issues the work
permit to a competent electrical person to isolate the electrical equipment from the
substation. The competent electrical person and the executing authorities install their
locks in the multi-lock pad as per color-coding. `

Each lock should be numbered, and the key should be the same number. After
locking, the person who installs the lock is the responsible custodian of the key.
Electrical maintenance will have to remove the lock lastly after receiving all
necessary permits, and the lock should be removed by individual craft after
completion of their job.

3. Handling of electrical equipment or switchgear shall not be done with wet

hand or body

When handling electrical equipment or switchgear, it is crucial to ensure that your

hands or body are dry to prevent electric shock. Moisture can conduct electricity and
increase the risk of electric shock. It is essential to dry your hands and body
thoroughly before handling electrical equipment.

4. Electrical switches or access to them shall not block by any material

Electrical switches or access to them should not be blocked by any material. It is

important to ensure that electrical equipment is accessible and free from obstructions
to prevent any accidents. Workers should ensure that the electrical equipment and
its switches are easily accessible and visible.

5. Use appropriate PPE while working on electrical equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is crucial when working with electrical

equipment. The right PPE will depend on the specific job and the risks involved, but
common PPE for electrical work includes insulated gloves, safety glasses, and hard
hats. PPE can protect workers from electrical hazards and prevent injuries.
 6. Residual Current Device (RCD) or Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

An RCD or ELCB is an electrical safety device used to protect people from

electric shock injuries by sensing the leakage of currents to ground and de-
energizing the circuit to prevent the injury. It is important to use these devices to
prevent accidents and injuries in the workplace.

7. Regular inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment

Regular inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment can help identify

potential hazards and prevent accidents. This includes checking for signs of wear
and tear, such as frayed wires, loose connections, and damaged insulation. It is
important to repair or replace faulty equipment promptly to prevent accidents.

8. Use of proper grounding and bonding

Proper grounding and bonding are essential for electrical safety. Grounding
provides a path for electrical current to flow safely to the ground, while bonding
ensures that all metal parts of an electrical system are at the same potential. This
helps prevent electrical shock and electrocution

9. Proper use of extension cords and power strips

Improper use of extension cords and power strips can lead to electrical hazards.
These devices should only be used temporarily and should be rated for the amount
of power being used. Extension cords and power strips should not be overloaded or
daisy-chained, and they should be inspected regularly for signs of wear and tear.

10. Use of warning signs and labels

Warning signs and labels can help alert workers and others to potential electrical
hazards. These should be placed in areas where electrical hazards may exist, such
as near electrical panels or equipment. Warning signs should be clear, easily visible,
and include appropriate safety messages.

11. Electrical safety training for non-electrical workers

Electrical safety training is not only important for workers who directly work with
electrical equipment but also for non-electrical workers who may be working in the
vicinity of electrical equipment. These workers should be trained on the potential
hazards associated with electrical equipment, the importance of staying clear of
electrical equipment and following safety procedures, and the proper use of PPE.

12. Use of non-conductive tools

When working with electrical equipment, it is important to use non-conductive

tools to prevent accidental electrical contact. Non-conductive tools are made from
materials that do not conduct electricity, such as fiberglass or plastic. This reduces
the risk of electric shock and ensures that the equipment is not accidentally
energized.

13. Emergency response plan

An emergency response plan should be in place in case of an electrical accident.

This plan should include procedures for responding to electric shock, electrical fires,
and other electrical emergencies. Workers should be trained on the emergency
response plan and have access to appropriate first aid equipment.

14. Electrical safety checklists

Electrical safety checklists can be used to ensure that safety procedures are
being followed and to identify potential hazards. These checklists can be used to
inspect electrical equipment, check wiring and grounding, verify that lockout/tagout
procedures are being followed, and ensure that PPE is being used properly.
 15. Electrical safety audits

Electrical safety audits can help identify potential hazards and ensure that safety
controls are being followed. An audit can be conducted by an external consultant or
an internal safety team. The audit should include an assessment of electrical
equipment, procedures, and training programs.

16. Don’t hang cloth or any material on electrical equipment

Hanging cloth or other materials on electrical equipment can be hazardous as it

can cause equipment to overheat and start a fire. It is important to ensure that
electrical equipment is free from obstructions to prevent any accidents. The materials
used in electrical work should be non-flammable and non-conductive.

Conclusion
Electricity has become an essential part of modern life, but it can also be
dangerous if safety measures are not taken seriously. Electrical hazards, including
electrical shock, burns, and fires, can be caused by faulty wiring and equipment,
loose connections, lack of grounding, overloading of equipment, and more. To
ensure electrical safety, competent and experienced individuals should be trained
and certified to perform electrical work, and safety procedures like isolation and
multi-lock systems should be implemented. Failure to take safety measures can lead
to serious consequences, but proper safety measures can prevent electrical hazards
and save lives.
FIRE HAZARADS AND CONTROL

What is the Fire Triangle?

The fire triangle, or combustion triangle, is the three components needed to ignite and
sustain a fire. The three ingredients of a fire triangle are; heat, fuel and oxygen. If just
one of these components is removed, the fire triangle will collapse and the fire will be
extinguished.

1. Heat
A source of heat is required in order for ignition to occur, and different materials have
different ‘flash points’ e.g. the lowest temperature at which they ignite.
Unfortunately, combustion reactions also produce heat as they burn, further increasing
the temperature of the fuel. For some types of fire, the heat can be cooled with the
application of water.

2. Fuel
A fire cannot begin if there is no material to burn. Homes and businesses are full of
flammable materials, such as paper, oil, wood and fabrics. Any of these can serve as
a fuel for a fire.
Some materials burn more easily than others. Fuels are probably the most difficult
‘side’ of the fire triangle to remove, so it’s wise to store them appropriately to prevent
them becoming a fire hazard.

3. Oxygen
To sustain the combustion reaction, oxygen (or an oxidising agent) is needed, as it
reacts with the burning fuel to release heat and CO2. Earth’s atmosphere consists of
21% oxygen, so there is plenty available to trigger a fire if the other two components
are present.

Definition of Fire Hazard

A fire hazard is situation where there is greater than normal risk of harm to property
or people due to fire. It can be defined as a hazardous area where fire will start or
where smokes or gasses can be generated, or where an explosion can occur
endangering the lives of people.

A fire risk is:

⚫ the likelihood that a fire will occur as a result of a fire hazard

⚫ the extent and severity of the damage (harm potential) which may be caused.

Fire Hazards in Construction

The two areas where the site management can exercise control are with respect to
ignition and fuel sources. If the hazard can be eliminated or controlled then the
probability of fire starting and growing to a point where life is at risk is significantly
reduced.

Ignition Hazards
Include:
1. Electrical faults
2. Hot working
3. Smoking
4. Temporary lighting and lamps
5. Portable heaters
6. Arson
7. Lightning

Ignition Hazards

1 . Electrical faults - fixed electrical systems and portable equipment. Sites will have
a combination of fixed electrical wiring from mains sources and electricity generated
from fixed and/or mobile power generators. All electrical installations must be tested,
inspected and commissioned before becoming available for use and at suitable
intervals. Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) should be carried out in accordance with
the HSE guidance note HSG107 which advocates a risk-based testing policy.
2 . Hot working - hot works are defined as all "processes involving the generation of
heat by a naked flame, electrical arc, sparks, and the use of bitumen boilers or
grinding". Cutting operations may use open flame gas cutting equipment or disc
cutting; acetylene should not be permitted on site unless absolutely necessary.

3 . Smoking - smoking is usually prohibited on site or designated smoking areas are

provided away from the main work site and the site offices.

4 . Temporary lighting and lamps - where necessary the illumination of work areas
is from temporary lighting installed or from specific task lighting. The hazards from
such lighting come from placing light units too close to combustible items or not
allowing the lamps to cool or from broken lamp units where hot surfaces are exposed.
Lighting units should be secured in position away from combustible aterial to prevent
them being dislodged. Light units should be inspected periodically and broken units
should be removed immediately.

8. Portable heaters - portable heaters should only be permitted where necessary and
then portable heaters should be regarded in the same category as 'hot work' and an
assessment should be made of the suitability of the heater and its location; the most
hazardous types of portable heaters should be avoided.
9. Arson - access to a site should be strictly controlled and supervised around the
clock where necessary; there are many reasons given by an arsonist for starting a fire
and the issue for the site management is to reduce the opportunity for an arsonist to
strike. Management of waste is important as combustible materials present ready
opportunities for arson.

10. Lightning - lightning protection systems shall be provided where appropriate and
should be tested annually with certificates provided to confirm a satisfactory test.

Fuel Hazards

Include:
1. Combustible Materials
2. Flammable Materials
3. Waste materials

Fuel Hazards

1. Combustible Materials

⚫ Combustible materials are solids or liquids that can easily ignite and burn. If a
combustible material is exposed to fire or heat, it is likely to ignite, burn or release
flammable vapors.
⚫ Types of Combustible Materials

A. Combustible Solids
Include: Material Packaging, Wood dust, wood scraps

Wood Scraps Wood Dust MATERIAL

PACKAGING
 A. Combustible Liquids
Include: Ethylene Glycole (anti freeze), Oil Based Paints, Spray oil/aerosol
wd40

Ethylene Glycole Oil Based Paints Spray oil/aerosol wd40

Flammable Materials

⚫ Flammable materials are the ones that are ignited or flame immediately when
contacting with fire or high temperature in the air and continue to burn or slightly
flame when leaving fire,
⚫ Types of Flammable Materials
A. Flammable Solids
Include : Safety Matches

B. Flammable liquids
1 . Fuel Oil ; gasoline, kerosene, diesel, alcohol
2 . Solvents ; Paint thinners , Adhesives, Varnishes
Waste materials - waste should be minimised wherever possible and disposed of as
soon as possible. Packaging and waste materials from the work processes should be
disposed of regularly and part of the management function should be to check areas
for effective disposal in accordance with a Waste Management Plan for the site. Plastic
waste containers should not be permitted and wherever possible metal containers
should be used. If oils and grease are used and cleaning rags are stored together
there is a possibility of spontaneous ignition with some contaminants; any cleaning
rags should be disposed of immediately when used for cleaning oily deposits.

FIRE CONTROL MEASURES AND PROTECTION

fire protection in construction refers to the various measures and techniques to

eleminate fire. Fire control measures in construction in the Philippines, as in many
other countries, are essential to ensure the safety of workers, the site, and the
surrounding areas. Construction sites can be particularly vulnerable to fires due to the
presence of various flammable materials and equipment. The government and
construction industry in the Philippines have regulations and guidelines in place to
mitigate the risk of fires in construction projects.

Here are some common fire control measures in construction :

1. Compliance with RA 9514 The Fire Code of The Philippines: Ensure that all
construction projects comply with the Code, which includes provisions for fire safety,
such as fire-resistant materials, fire exits, and the installation of fire detection and
suppression systems.

2. Fire Safety Plans: Develop and implement a fire safety plan specific to the
construction site. This plan should outline fire prevention, emergency procedures, and
evacuation routes. It should also include a list of emergency contacts.

Fire Safety Plans Include :

 A. construction fire safety guidelines. These guidelines are aimed mainly at
contractors.
B. Requirements for Adjacent Property Protection
C. Fire and/or Evacuation Emergency Response Plan
D. Precautions
E. List of Fire Emergency Hotline

3. Fire Prevention Measures: Implement measures to prevent fires, such as storing

flammable materials properly, ensuring that electrical systems are up to code, and
providing fire-resistant enclosures for hazardous work.

Fire prevention Measures

1. Address is posted and clearly legible at the street side of the work site. 2.
Keep all entrances, exits and roadway(s) clear of obstructions such as vehicles,
equipment and general clutter at all times.
3.. Keep areas free of unnecessary combustible materials.
4. Correct poor housekeeping practices.
5. Use appropriate shielding of flammable surfaces when performing hot work
(Tar work, welding, cooking etc.).
6. Use proper degreasing agents. Never use gasoline or other “flammable
liquids” for degreasing or cleaning equipment.
7. Fuel storage and hazardous materials are stored appropriately and are not
obstructing access or exits from event site.
8. Fire Hydrants are to be unobstructed (if applicable) at all times.
9. Ensure the Fire Department has clear access to the event.
10. All supervisory staff should know the location and use of the firefighting
equipment in their area.
11. Fire extinguishers must display a current annual inspection tag and be
ready for use.

4. Fire Extinguishers and Equipment: Make sure fire extinguishers, hoses, and
other firefighting equipment are readily available and well-maintained on-site.
Personnel should be trained in their use.

A. All supervisory staff should know the location and use of the firefighting
equipment in their area.
B. Fire extinguishers must display a current annual inspection tag and be ready
for use.
C. Never return an empty extinguisher to its fire station. Clearly mark it out of
service and exchange it for a charged unit.
D. All staff must receive training before using fire extinguishing equipment.
5. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems: Install smoke detectors and fire alarms in
appropriate locations throughout the construction site. Ensure they are regularly tested
and maintained.

6. Emergency Lighting: Install emergency lighting to ensure visibility during

evacuations, especially in areas where power may be disrupted during a fire.

7. Evacuation Plans: Develop and communicate clear evacuation plans to all

workers. Conduct regular drills to ensure everyone knows what to do in case of a fire.

8. Firebreaks and Separation: Implement firebreaks or separation zones within the

construction site to prevent the spread of fire from one part of the site to another.
9. Fire Safety Training: Provide fire safety training to all construction workers. This
should include fire prevention, proper handling of flammable materials, and how to use
fire safety equipment.

10. Hot Work Permits: Implement a system for obtaining hot work permits. Hot work,
such as welding or cutting, can be a source of ignition, and permits help control these
activities and ensure safety precautions are in place.

DEFINITION
Hot Work is defined as cutting, welding, soldering and brazing operations for
construction/demolition /maintenance/repair activities that involve the use of
portable gas or arc welding equipment. The use of these types of equipment
for cutting and welding can introduce significant fire hazards into University
buildings.

11. Site Security: Secure the construction site to prevent unauthorized access. This
reduces the risk of arson and other intentional fire-setting activities.

12. Emergency Response Team: Designate and train an emergency response team
responsible for managing fire emergencies and providing first aid if necessary.

13. Fire Department Access: Ensure that the construction site has proper access for
fire department vehicles, and that the fire department is aware of the site's location
and layout.

14. Periodic Inspections: Conduct regular inspections to identify and address

potential fire hazards and ensure that all fire control measures are in place and
functioning correctly.

References
https://www. researchgate.net/publication/281714508
https://www.safelincs.co.uk/fire-safety-on-construction-
https://ecoglo.ph/wp-content/uploads/RA9514-RIRR-rev-2019-
compressed.pdfhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofJ50ejEuzg
https://www.leduc.ca/sites/default/files/Basic_Construction_Small_Building_Fire_Saf
ety_Plan.pdf
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARD AND CONTROL
Topic Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the definition of chemical and biological hazard.
2. Explains the chemical and biological hazard control and prevent strategies.

Topic Content:
• Chemical Hazard Definition
• Identifying, Assessing and Control Chemical Hazard in Industries
• Biological Hazard Definition
• Biological Hazard Control and Prevention Strategies

Chemical means involving or resulting from a reaction between two or more

substances, or relating to the substances that something consists of. A chemical
hazard is a chemical that because of its characteristics and effects may cause
harm to an individual. Chemical characteristics that cause harm include flammability,
toxicity, acidity, and heat of combustion. Possible side effects of exposure to
hazardous chemicals (poisoning, headache, skin rashes, chemical burns, birth
defects, disorder of lung, kidney or liver and nervous system disorder).
Level of harm is impacted by;
• Amount of chemical
• Time frame the exposure occurs
• How the exposure occur (route of entry)
• Characteristics of the individual

Typical chemical hazard includes mists, vapor, gases, dusts, and fumes.

Routes of entry point of toxic chemical;

Inhalation – Once a chemical reaches the lower levels of the lungs, it can
pass into the bloodstream and travel to a target organ where it will exert its effect.
Skin absorption – Chemical can be absorbed directly through the skin and
into bloodstream.
Ingestion – not a major concern in an industrial setting is entry through the
mouth, but may not occur if house keeping and personal hygiene practice are not
adhered.
Injection – is a route of entry for some chemicals, particularly drugs, where
the use of needles is common in product handling, dispensing or delivery.
Time frame the exposure occur;
Acute exposure – an exposure to a substance over a brief period of time
(usually 24 hours) that has an immediate or delayed impact on the exposed person.
Chronic exposure – an exposure to a substance that occurs over a long
period of time, which allow to accumulate and cause toxic effects in the body.

Types of Hazardous Chemicals

How to Identify and Assess Chemical Hazards:

Step 1 lists task that the worker performs and environmental factors where the
worker is located. Step 2 identify and list the chemicals to which the worker may be
exposed. Step 3 identify the potential for exposure to chemical substances through
the various routes of entry. Step 4 assess the hazard, evaluate potential exposure
and determine the risk for exposure. Step 5 identify appropriate controls following the
hierarchy of controls.

Biological Hazard
Organisms or product of organism that present a health a hazard to humans.
The most common biological hazard include:
 a. Bacteria – microscopic organisms that live in soil, water, organic matter or the
bodies of plants and animals.
b. Viruses – a group of pathogens that consist mostly of nucleic acids and the
lack cellular structure.
c. Fungi – any of major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyl and live on
dead or other living organism.

How biological hazard enter to our body:

Inhalation – unlike chemical inhalation, we don’t know that we have inhaled a
bacteria, virus. It is only when we get symptoms of the infection.
Absorption – a biohazard can enter the bloodstream through broken skin,
such as chapped skin, hangnail or any other break in the skin.
Ingestion – poor hand washing is one of the most common ways that
biological hazards can be transmitted.
Injection – when something sharp punctures the skin, a biohazard can enter
the body.

Example of occupations which is exposed to biological hazard:

Biological hazard control and prevention strategies

Four approaches to control biological hazard:
 1. Where reasonably practicable, employer must be use engineering controls.
For example, ventilation systems and seals to create negative pressure room.
Another, bio-safety hoods and disposal containers.
2. Employer must use administrative controls that control exposure to the hazard
to a level as low as reasonably achievable. For example, worker training ,
policies (regular hand washing), specific work schedule to limited the times of
exposures.
3. Employer must ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is
used. Most common PPE are; latex gloves, proper mask and eye protection.
4. Employer may use a combination of above mentioned approaches.

Chemical safety and handling procedure:

1. Labels
2. Correct use of chemicals
3. Read the MSDS before you use any chemicals
4. Chemicals – safe handling
5. Return chemical after use
6. Always wear appropriate protective clothing
7. Report all spills, accident & ill effects
8. First aid kit
9. Never stack chemicals more than 2 drums high
10. If in doubt throw it out
11. Observe safe operation of dispensing equipment
12. Use of containers
13. Hygiene
14. Ventilation
15. Safety
16. Smoking
17. Food safety
18. Correct chemical, correct job
19. Personal protective equipment
20. Most importantly use commonsense
Physical and Psychological Hazards and Control

Psychological Hazards
Psychological hazards are aspects of the work environment and the way that work is
organized that are associated with mental disorders and/or physical injury or illness.
1. How can these hazards affect workers' psychological health?
➢ Job satisfaction
➢ Organizational commitment
➢ Conflict in the worker's family life.
➢ A potential for a high level of emotional demands
➢ Expectations that workers provide consistently high levels of customer
service
➢ High levels of work monitoring through systems and by supervisors
➢ Perceptions of low organizational, supervisor, and/or peer support.

2. How to assess the risks?

➢ Anonymous surveys
➢ Effective consultative practices
➢ Effective communication processes
➢ Review of injury reports
➢ Review of absence data.

Physical Hazards
Types of Physical Hazards:
➢ Body stressing
➢ Confined spaces
➢ Electricity
➢ Heat
➢ Heights
➢ Noise
➢ Vibration

References:
https://www.comcare.gov.au/safe-healthy-work/prevent-harm/physical-hazards
https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/laws-and-compliance/work-health-and-safety-
laws/specific-obligations/health-safety-contact-centres/psychosocial-issues