How to Write a Research Paper/ Essay

– Style Sheet (MLA) –

1. Principles of Academic Writing

1.1 Research as Exploration and Communication

• We undertake research in order to explore an idea, investigate an issue, solve a problem,
and make an argument.
• The research paper is generally based on a combination of primary (e.g. novel, film, text,
performance, interviews) and secondary sources (e.g. articles, books, academic debates).
• Research entails discovering, adopting, and assessing others’ research and developing,
articulating, and summarising one’s own ideas.
• A research paper is a form of written communication that follows a set of conventions.

1.2 Selecting a Topic

• Your paper should relate to an important aspect of the seminar.
• The topic of your research paper needs to be problem-oriented: narrow your topic by
focussing on a single aspect of the subject or a particular approach to the problem.
• You can use methods of brainstorming, mind-mapping, and clustering to find your focus.
• If your choice is limited by a particular list of essay topics you still need to decide which
aspects to explore or which approach to use.
• Come up with a good and pointed title. Instead of “Louise Bennett’s ‘Colonization in
Reverse’” rather use “The Politics of Language in Louise Bennett’s ‘Colonization in
Reverse’”.

1.3 General Structure

Any research paper contains an introduction, main part, and conclusion.
• The introduction includes (1) a teaser and lead-in to the topic with a historical and/ or
cultural contextualisation of your topic, (2) your central questions and hypothesis, (3) the
material/ primary sources that you seek to analyse, (3) a brief outline of the structure and
approach of your research paper.
• The main part (1) introduces and elaborates specific theories and methods relevant to your
research topic and (2) contains an interpretation of relevant primary sources based on the
respective theories and methods; your interpretation serves the development and
specification of your main arguments.
• The conclusion consists of (1) a brief summary of the arguments and interim results
developed in the main analysis. (2) It answers the main question by referring to the meta-
level of the topic (see explanation below) and (3) possibly lists questions for further
research.

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The overall structure of any research paper is based on the so-called ‘Hour-Glass Model’:
• Your paper begins on a general thematic meta-level (on a higher level
of abstraction).
• Narrow the scope of your paper to specific aspects by means of
explanation, qualification, and/ or definition.
• The main part of your research paper provides specific examples which
illustrate and specify your topic in reference to context and texts. It
supports your line of argumentation by offering examples (direct and
indirect quotes) from your primary material. Structure your main ideas
by concise paragraphing!
• The summary provides answers to your main question and subsequently
relates the results to the overall meta-level of the topic. You can, for
example, end your analysis by referring back to the title or the teaser of
your paper.

1.4 Paragraphing
• Use a topic sentence for each paragraph; each paragraph should focus on and elaborate the
subject introduced in the topic sentence. Each topic sentence should relate to the topic of
your paper and develop the main argument.
• A paragraph is a unit of thought: It consists of several sentences that develop one line of
argument step-by-step, i.e. the sentences illustrate, specify, and exemplify the central issue
of the topic sentence.
• Avoid one- or two-sentence paragraphs.
• The last sentence of each paragraph should establish a link to the next one.
• Each new paragraph is either indented or separated from the preceding paragraph by a blank
line.

1.5 Best Practice: Textual Analysis and Logical Argumentation

• Never simply summarise or describe the text you are analysing. Your paper should present
a well-informed interpretation of the primary source.
• Support your ideas with concrete examples, references or quotes from the text.
• Explain and elaborate the textual references. Do not let quotes stand by themselves.
• Support your argument by referring or quoting from relevant secondary sources.
• Use secondary literature adequately. Others’ thoughts should not crush your self-developed
ideas.
• Assure that you document your sources correctly.
• Pay attention to argumentative conclusiveness.
• Avoid redundancies.

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2. Language, Style, and Grammar
Seminar papers and essays must be written in English. Effective writing depends on clarity,
analytical precision, and readability. Pay attention to academic language, diction, sentence
structure, grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, coherence.

2.1 Academic Language

Good scholarship requires precise definitions of central concepts and avoids language that
implies insubstantial or irrelevant generalisations. Use appropriate academic language and
terminology.

2.2 Style
Dos Don’ts
• Use the present tense when writing about • Avoid frequent use of the passive voice.
literary works, essays, paintings, etc. • Avoid clichés and slang.
• Avoid meaningless filler words.

2.3 Spelling
Spelling should be consistent throughout the research paper.
Dos Don’ts
• When you use quotations, you must • Do not mix American and British
reproduce all accents and other marks as English.
they appear in the original. • Avoid contractions (e.g. don’t, it’s).
• Use spell check.
• Proofread the paper.

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2.4 Punctuation
Punctuation clarifies sentence structure.
Use a comma
• to join two independent clauses. The comma must be followed by a coordinating
conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, yet).
• to separate three or more words, phrases, and clauses in a series.
• to set off introductory phrases and clauses.
Use a semicolon
• between independent clauses not linked by a conjunction.
• between items in a series when the item contains commas.
Use a colon
• to introduce a list, an elaboration, the formal expression of a rule.
• to introduce a quotation that is independent from the main sentence.
• Capitalize the first word of any independent clause following a colon.

2.5 Capitalisation
In a title, subtitle, or whenever you cite the title from a published work capitalise the first and
all following principal words including those that follow hyphens or compound terms.
Capitalise Do Not Capitalise
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, articles, prepositions, coordinating
subordinating conjunctions: conjunctions, ‘to’ in infinitives:
The Flower of Europe, Save Our Children, Under the Bamboo Tree, The Merchant of
This Is Literature, The Ugly Duckling, Only Venice, Romeo and Juliet, How to Play
Slightly Corrupt, One If by Land Chess

3. Formal Aspects: Layout Conventions

All papers must be word-processed. A research paper contains the following elements: title
page, contents page, main text, list of works cited, and declaration of authorship (Eidesstattliche
Versicherung).

3.1 Title Page

The title page features (1) context information: university, title of the seminar, name of
instructor, semester in which the seminar took place; (2) information about yourself and your
paper: title of the seminar paper/ essay, name, address, email address, student number
(Matrikelnummer), semester, course of study, date when you handed in the paper, word count,
and, most importantly, requested credit allocation (i.e. Art der Prüfungsleistung).

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 Sample Title Page

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3.2 Contents Page
Sample Contents Page (of a paper with the topic “The Female Cultural Sphere in 19th-Century
American Short Fiction by Women: Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman”)

Contents

1. Introduction 1
2. The Female Cultural Sphere in the U.S. in the Second Half of the 19th Century 2
2.1 The Cult of True Womanhood 2
2.2 Female Social Reform and the Early Feminist Movement 3
3. The Female Sphere in 19th-Century Fiction 4
3.1 Local Color vs. Regionalism 4
3.2 Breaking with Literary and Cultural Conventions and Taboos 5
4. Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman as Case Studies 6
4.1 Kate Chopin: Local Color Writing as Female Agenda 6
4.2 Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Social Reforms as Driving Force 9
5. Conclusion 12
Works Cited 13

Note:
All the headings on the contents page should be equivalent to the headings in the text.

Dos Don’ts
• The headings should tell a ‘story’ and • Avoid literal repetitions of headings (e.g.
give a first impression of how you 2. Women’s Liberation, 2.1 Women’s
develop your topic. Liberation and Counterculture).
• There is always an “Introduction” and a • Avoid filler words, one-worded headings,
“Conclusion”, although they do not generalisations, questions, and
necessarily have to be titled thus. specialised terms.
• Choose topic headings or sub-headings • Avoid more than three levels for the
which outline the content of your paper. structure of the paper (hence no 2.1.1.1
• Sub-headings serve the clarification of etc.)
main headings. • Do not use sub-headings if you only have
• Pagination: Start counting from the title one sub-item (e.g. if you write 2.1 you
page but start page numbering on the first must at least write 2.2).
page of the introduction. • Do not add a number before ‘Works
• Number all pages consecutively Cited’, which is also not part of the
throughout the research paper. chapter count und is thus not numbered.

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 • If necessary, place a ‘List of • Do not use the abbreviation “p.” in front
Abbreviations/ Figures/ Tables’ after the of a page number.
Contents page. • Do not include the “Declaration of
• If there is an Appendix (Anhang), it is Authorship” (Eidesstattliche Ver-
placed after the ‘Works Cited’ pages. sicherung) in the Contents.

3.3 Page Layout

• Margin: left 4cm; right 2 cm; top and bottom 2.5 cm.
• Font: with serifs (e.g. Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman) in the standard size of 12
points; footnotes in the standard size of 10 points.
• Spacing: 1.5 in the body of the text and 1.0 in footnotes.
• Setting: full justification (Blocksatz)!
• Set-off quotations: Direct quotations that are longer than three lines are indented on the
left margin (1 cm) and remain in 12 points, 1.0 spacing, and full justification.

3.4 Works Cited

• The list of works cited appears at the end of your paper.
• Begin the list on a new page and number all pages.
• As the heading ‘Works Cited’ indicates, this list only contains works (including DVDs or
other media) that you cite in your text.
• The list of works cited should be broken down into primary and secondary sources/
literature.
• Entries in the list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, if the
name is unknown, by the title of the publication).
• If an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines.
• To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only.
Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens which stand for exactly the same name
as in the preceding title.
• You can use programmes like CITAVI to generate your Works Cited list and document
your sources.

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3.5 Declaration of Authorship

Eidesstattliche Versicherung
Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die Hausarbeit/ Bachelorarbeit/ Masterarbeit mit dem Titel
Titel
selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen benutzt habe. Die Stellen
der Arbeit sowie evtl. beigefügte Zeichnungen, Skizzen oder graphische Darstellungen, die
anderen Werken dem Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen sind, habe ich unter Angabe
der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit ist nicht bereits in einem anderen
Seminar vorgelegt worden.
Ort, Datum Unterschrift

4. Conducting Research
4.1 A Selection of Useful Research Sources
Library Open Shelves: sections for reserved works, reference works, key text
collections, textbook collection, periodicals

Library Online Information System at the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf:

• Library Catalogue (Präsenz- und Ausleihbestand, Magazin, Online-Ressourcen)
• Library Catalogue of Inter-Library Loan (Fernleihe): Bibliotheksverbund NRW
Bibliographic Databases: MLA, Virtual Library of Anglo American Culture, etc.
Full-Text Databases: ARTstor, Early English Books Online, JSTOR, Project
Gutenberg, Project Muse, etc.

4.2 Searching a Catalogue or Reference Database

The following items may help you to find the source you are looking for in an online library
catalogue:
• Author
• Subject
• Form of Publication
• Call Number (Signatur)
• Title
• Keyword
• Year of Publication
• International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

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5. Documentation of Sources
5.1 Plagiarism
YOU ALWAYS NEED TO DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCE
when you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarising ideas and arguments.
OTHERWISE YOU ARE COMMITTING
PLAGIARISM.
Plagiarising results in a fail!
• Plagiarism is not crediting another author for his/her ideas. To plagiarise means to commit
literary or intellectual theft. Plagiarising constitutes fraud.
• General forms of plagiarism: paraphrasing wording, taking a particular apt phrase,
presenting an identical line of thinking, one-on-one translation without documentation.
• Only information and ideas broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by
scholars, such as the biography of an author or the dates of historical events, can be used
without documentation.

5.2 MLA Documentation Style

When quoting your source material and documenting it in ‘Works Cited’, make sure that you
adhere to the MLA (Modern Language Association) documentation style
(www.mla.org/style).
• For all papers, use the so-called parenthetical (in-text-citation) style! This means that
when you quote from a book, an article, or any other source, the quotation should be
followed by a parenthetical citation giving the page number where the quotation can be
found.
• Footnotes are only used for necessary explanatory remarks or content-related comments.
• References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited.
• According to MLA guidelines, you must provide both the name of the author and the
page number, e.g. (Müller 35).
• You may abbreviate the titles of primary sources, e.g. Brick Lane (BL 15), but should
briefly explain the use of this abbreviation in a footnote or, when using several
abbreviations, in a list of abbreviations.
• If the work has more than three authors (e.g. John Brown, Klaus Turm, Fred Smith, John
Fry), give the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, e.g. (Brown et al. 10).
• When referring to more than one work, use a semicolon to separate the citation, e.g.
(Brown et al. 10; Müller 35).
• If you use more than one author with the same last name (e.g. Andrew Patterson and
Lee Patterson), add the first letter of the first name, e.g. (A. Patterson 183-85), (L. Patterson
230).
• If you use more than one work by the same author (e.g. Homi K. Bhabha’s Nation and
Narration and The Location of Culture), add a shortened version of the title, e.g. (Bhabha,
Nation 25), (Bhabha, Location 85).
• If no author is given, cite a work by title, e.g. (“Noon”).

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• When quoting a reference that is not originally from the source you have, include the
abbreviation “qtd. in” (quoted in) before the indirect source in the parenthetical reference
(e.g. Watt qtd. in Hunt and Jacob 493). However, citations taken from a secondary source
should generally be avoided; consult the original work whenever possible.
• The second and following parenthetical citation of the same source omits the author’s
name, e.g. “aaaa” (Müller 12); “bbbb” (10).
• If the author’s name is already mentioned in the sentence containing the quotation, the
following parenthetical citation omits the author’s name and only mentions the page
number, e.g.: Smith points out that xyz (10); According to Smith, “xyz” (19).
• Direct references longer than three lines are indented (see above for layout
specifications). Do not use quotation marks for these set-off quotations.
• When quoting from a poem refer to the lines in parentheses, e.g. (6-10).
• When quoting from a drama give number of act, scene, and lines in parentheses, e.g.
(2.4.254-58).
• If you quote two to three lines from a poem within the continuous text use a slash ( / ) to
separate them.
• If you wish to omit a word or a sentence from the reference you are quoting, use ellipses:
“[…]”. Ellipses are also used to align subject, verb form, and capitalisation, etc. in order to
fit sentence fragments into the continuous text, e.g. see below.

Examples:
• Mary Davies describes the animal at East Mountain Reservation as “unlike any known to
previous civilizations, strange and exotic to the human explorers” (176).
• The animals at East Mountain Reservation are “unlike any known to previous civilizations,
strange and exotic to the human explorers” (Davies 176).
• “Remember that this sentence, like many others, is just an example.” (Müller 10).
• Müller stresses that “this sentence […] is just an example” (10).

5.3 Integrating Sources in Your Own Text

Secondary sources can appear in your own text in a number of distinct ways:
• Quotations must be identical to the original; they use a narrow segment of the source
document word for word: In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of
Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious” (5).
• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from the source material into your own words.
Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage. It takes a somewhat
broader segment of the original source and condenses it slightly: Freud claims that dreams
are a way for the dreamer to work through his/her unfulfilled wishes in coded imagery (8).
• Summarising involves putting the main idea of a secondary source into your own words,
including only the main aspects. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and
take a broad overview of the source material: According to Freud, actual but unacceptable
desires are censored internally and then subjected to coding before emerging in a kind of
rebus puzzle in our dreams (11-18).

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5.4 Biographical Format of References

• Author’s Name: Give the author’s name as it appears on the title page. Omit titles,
affiliations, degrees, etc.
• Title: State the full title of the book, including any subtitle. Use a colon between main title
and subtitle. Capitalise all titles (see 2.5). (1) Italicise books, plays, collection of poems,
pamphlets, periodicals, web sites, films, albums, dance performances, visual art. (2) Put
titles of articles, stories, poems, pages in a web site, episodes, songs, lectures in quotation
marks.
• Original Date of Publication: Give information of the first date of publication after the
title followed by a full stop.
• Publication Information: If several cities are listed in the book, give only the first. It is not
necessary to identify the state or country. Only cite the last name of the publisher. Omit
articles, business abbreviations, and descriptive words. When citing a university press use
the abbreviation UP.
• Common Abbreviations: n.p. (no place of publication); n.p. (no publisher); n.d. (no date
of publication); n. pag. (no pagination given).
• Cross-References: Citing two or more works from the same collection, you may create a
complete entry for the collection and cross-reference individual pieces to the entry.

Type of Entry Works Cited List / Citation in Text

Book by a single author Author’s last name, first name. Title of the Book. City of
publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication. Medium of
publication.

Works Cited: Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. 1900. Introd. Richard

Lingeman. New York: New Amer. Lib.-Penguin, 2000.
Print.
Nielsen, Jakob. Hypertext & Hypermedia. Boston: Academic
Press Professional, 1993. Print.

Citation in Text: (SC 55), (Nielsen 141)

Book by more than one First author’s last name, first name, and second author’s first
author name last name. Title of the Book. City of publication:
Publisher’s name, year of publication. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the
Attic. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979. Print.
Guignery, Vanessa, and François Gallix, eds. (Re-)Mapping
London: Visions of the Metropolis in the Contemporary
Novel in English. Paris: Publibook, 2008. Print.

Citation in Text: (Gilbert and Gubar 9)

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 Essay in a Collection or Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Entry.” Title of the
Work in an Anthology Collection/Anthology. Ed./ Trans./ Comp. Name of the editor/
translator/ compiler. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year
of publication. Inclusive page numbers. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Colvert, James B. “Stephen Crane.” Dictionary of Literary

Biography. Ed. Donald Pizer. Vol. 12. Detroit: Gale, 1982.
100-124. Print.
Hooker, Thomas. “A True Sight of Sin.” The American
Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry. Ed. Perry Miller. New
York: Columbia UP, 1982. 153-164. Print.

Citation in Text: (Colvert 120), (Hooker 154)

Article in a reference “Title of Entry.” Name of Reference Book. Edition of

book publication. Year of publication. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: “Tutankhamen.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Micropaedia. 15th ed. 1994. Print.

Citation in Text: (“Tutankhamen”)

Introduction/ Preface/ Author’s last name, first name (of the Introduction, etc.).
Foreword/ Afterword Introduction/ Preface/ Foreword/ Afterword. Title of the book.
By name of the principal work’s author. City of publication:
Publisher’s name, year of publication. Inclusive page numbers.
Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Knowles, Owen. Introduction. Heart of Darkness. By Joseph

Conrad. London: Penguin 2007. xiii-xxxviii. Print.
Bhabha, Homi K. Preface. The Location of Culture. By
Bhabha. London: Routledge 2004. ix-xxv. Print.

Citation in Text: (Knowles vii), (Bhabha x)

Scholarly Edition Author’s last name, first name. Title of the Book. Year of first
publication. Ed. Name of editor. City of publication:
Publisher’s name, year of publication. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the
American Civil War. 1895. Ed. Fredson Bowers.
Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975. Print.

Citation in Text: (Crane 65)

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 Journal Article Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Name of
Periodical volume number.Issue number (date of publication):
Inclusive page numbers. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Snodgrass, Susan. “The Rubbish Heap of History.” Art in

America 88.5 (2000): 156-7. Print.

Citation in Text: (Snodgrass 156)

Newspaper Article Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the Article.” Name of
Magazine date of publication: Inclusive page numbers. Medium
of publication.

Works Cited: Cowley, Geoffrey. “I’d Toddle a Mile for a Camel.” Newsweek
23 Dec. 1991: 70-71. Print.

Citation in Text: (Cowley 70)

Review Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Review.” Rev. of Title
of Reviewed Text, by/ trans./ dir./ ed. Name of author. Title of
Periodical Date of Publication: Inclusive Page number.
Medium of publication.

Works Cited: Mendelsohn, Daniel. “September 11 at the Movies.” Rev. of

United 93, dir. Paul Greengrass, and World Trade Center,
dir. Oliver Stone. New York Review of Books 21 Sept. 2006:
43-46. Print.

Citation in Text: (Mendelsohn 44)

Anonymous Article “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical Date of Publication:

inclusive page numbers. Medium of publication.

Works Cited: “Business: Global Warming’s Boom Town; Tourism in

Greenland.” The Economist 26 May 2007: 82. Print.

Citation in Text: (“Business” 82)

Web Publications Last name, first name of the author/ compiler/ director/ editor/
narrator/ performer. “Title of the Work.” Title of the Overall
Web Site. Publisher or sponsor, Date of publication. Medium of
publication. Date of access. (URL optional).

Works Cited: Antin, David. “Interview by Charles Bernstein.” Dalkey

Archive Press. Dalkey Archive P., n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.
Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. The
William Blake Archive. Lib. of Cong., 28 Sept. 2007. Web.
20 Nov. 2007. http://www.blakearchive.org/blake/.

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 “Maplewood, New Jersey.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 15
May 2008. Web. 15 May 2008.
Oullette, Marc. “Theories, Memories, Bodies, and Artists.”
Editorial. Reconstruction 7.4 (2007): n. pag. Web. 5 June
2008.
Quade, Alex. “Elite Team Rescues Troops behind Enemy
Lines.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 19 Mar. 2007.
Web. 15 May 2008.
Tyre, Peg. “Standardized Tests in College?” Newsweek.
Newsweek, 16 Nov. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.

Citation in Text: (Antin), (“Maplewood”), (Oulette), (Quade), (Tyre)

Article from an online Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Article.” Title of
database Periodical volume number.issue number (Date of publication):
Inclusive page numbers. Title of database. Medium of
publication. Date of access. (URL optional).

Works Cited: Tolson, Nancy. “Making Books Available: The Role of Early
Libraries, Librarian, and Booksellers in the Promotion of
African American Children’s Literature.” African American
Review 32.1 (1998): 9-16. JSTOR. Web. 5 June 2008.

Citation in Text: (Tolson 11)

Film Title of the Film. Dir. Name of director. Screenplay by name of

writer. Original release date. Name of the vendor, date of
publication. DVD.

Works Cited: Ned Kelly. Dir. Tony Richardson. Screenplay by Ian Jones.
1970. MGM, 2005. DVD.

Citation in Text: (Ned Kelly 04:45:22)

Song Last name, first name of performer. “Title of Recording.” By

name of composer when distinct. Title of Album. Rec. date of
recording. Manufacturer, year of issue. Medium
(Audiocassette, Audiotape, CD, LP).

Works Cited: Holliday, Billie. “God Bless the Child.” The Essence of Billie
Holliday. Rec. 9 May 1941. Columbia, 1991. CD.
Simon, Paul. “Me and Julio Down by the School Yard.”
Concert in the Park. Warner Bros., 1991. CD.

Citation in Text: (Holliday), (Simon)

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 Religious texts Version of the Religious Text. City of publication: Publisher’s
(e.g. the Bible and other name, year of publication. Medium of publication.
Biblical Resources)

Works Cited: The English Standard Version Bible: Containing the Old and
New Testaments with Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.
Print.
New International Version. Colorado Springs: Biblica, 2011.
BibleGateway.com. Web. 3 Mar. 2011.

Citation in Text: (The English Standard Version Bible, 2 Cor. 5.17), (New
International Version, Gen. 3.15)

(In the text, books and versions of the Bible are not italicized.
In case of direct reference quote: abbreviation of book. chapter
number.verse number)

Work Cited:
The Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009. Print.

Further Introductory Reading:

Aczel, Richard. How to Write an Essay. Stuttgart: Klett, 2004. Print.
Boeglin, Martha. Wissenschaftlich arbeiten Schritt für Schritt: Gelassen und effektiv studieren.
München: Fink, 2007. Print. Arbeitshilfen 2927.
Eco, Umberto. Wie man eine wissenschaftliche Abschlußarbeit schreibt: Doktor-, Diplom- und
Magisterarbeit in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften. 13th ed. Wien: Facultas, 2010.
Print. Uni-Taschenbücher 1512.
Lück, Wolfgang, and Michael Henke. Technik des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens:
Seminararbeit, Diplomarbeit, Dissertation. 10th ed. München: Oldenbourg, 2009. Print.
Sommer, Roy. Schreibkompetenzen: Erfolgreich wissenschaftlich schreiben. Stuttgart: Klett,
2006. Print.
Stickel-Wolf, Christine, and Joachim Wolf. Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten und Lerntechniken:
Erfolgreich studieren – gewusst wie! 6th ed. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2011. Print.

Anglophone Literatures - Style Sheet (MLA) - 15

Institut Anglistik V Last revised: Jan. 2016