1. What is the main purpose of a block diagram in control systems?

A) To represent the physical construction of the system

B) To provide a graphical representation of the system’s function
C) To describe the internal wiring of components
D) To replace the need for mathematical equations

Answer: B) To provide a graphical representation of the system’s function

2. Which technique is used to simplify block diagrams in control systems?

A) Kirchhoff’s Law
B) Laplace Transform
C) Block diagram reduction techniques
D) Fourier Transform

Answer: C) Block diagram reduction techniques

3. What does a signal flow graph represent in control systems?

A) A representation of signal paths using nodes and branches

B) A circuit diagram of a control system
C) A Laplace transform equation
D) A set of unrelated differential equations

Answer: A) A representation of signal paths using nodes and branches

4. What formula is used to find the transfer function from a signal flow graph?

A) Mason’s Gain Formula

B) Laplace Transform
C) Fourier Series Expansion
D) Nyquist Criterion

Answer: A) Mason’s Gain Formula

5. What is the significance of poles in a control system?

A) They define the stability and dynamic response of the system

B) They are always positive numbers
C) They do not affect the system response
D) They only appear in open-loop systems
Answer: A) They define the stability and dynamic response of the system

6. A system is stable if all poles of its transfer function are located in which part of the s-plane?

A) Right half-plane
B) Left half-plane
C) On the imaginary axis
D) At the origin

Answer: B) Left half-plane

7. What is the effect of feedback on a control system?

A) It always decreases system stability

B) It improves accuracy and reduces error
C) It has no effect on system performance
D) It increases system complexity without benefits

Answer: B) It improves accuracy and reduces error

8. How does negative feedback affect a control system?

A) It reduces the system gain but improves stability

B) It always makes the system unstable
C) It increases system gain indefinitely
D) It has no impact on system behavior

Answer: A) It reduces the system gain but improves stability

9. What does a zero in the transfer function indicate?

A) A point where the system response becomes infinite

B) A point where the system output is zero for a certain input
C) A measure of system gain
D) A condition for system instability

Answer: B) A point where the system output is zero for a certain input

10. Which of the following is an advantage of using signal flow graphs over block diagrams?

A) Signal flow graphs can represent more complex systems

B) Block diagrams require fewer calculations
C) Block diagrams are always more accurate
D) Signal flow graphs cannot be used for feedback systems

Answer: A) Signal flow graphs can represent more complex systems

In continuous data systems:

a) Data may be continuous function of time at all points in the system
b) Data is necessarily a continuous function of time at all points in the system
c) Data is continuous at the inputs and output parts of the system but not necessarily during
intermediate processing of the data
d) Only the reference signal is continuous function of time
Answer: b

By performing cascading and/or summing/differencing operations using transfer function blocks

G1(s) and G2(s), one CANNOT realize a transfer function of the form
(A) G1(s) G2(s)
(B) G1(s)/G2(s)
(C) G1(s) [1/ {G1(s)} + G2(s)]
(D) G1(s) [1/ {G1(s)} – G2(s)]
Ans: b

1. In a block diagram, the summing point is used to:

a) Amplify the signal
b) Multiply signals
c) Add or subtract input signals
d) Convert signals from time-domain to frequency-domain
Answer: c) Add or subtract input signals
2. The primary purpose of block diagram reduction is to:
a) Increase the complexity of the system
b) Convert the system into a state-space model
c) Derive the overall transfer function
d) Change the physical configuration of the system
Answer: c) Derive the overall transfer function
3. Which of the following rules is NOT used in block diagram reduction?
a) Moving summing points
b) Moving take-off points
c) Block multiplication
d) Laplace transformation
Answer: d) Laplace transformation
4. When two blocks are connected in series, their transfer functions are:
a) Added
b) Multiplied
c) Subtracted
d) Inverted
Answer: b) Multiplied
5. In block diagram algebra, feedback is represented by:
a) Forward path gain only
b) A loop gain
 c) A single block
d) A summation and a take-off point
Answer: d) A summation and a take-off point

6. A signal flow graph represents a system using:

a) Differential equations
b) Node and branch connections
c) Laplace transforms
d) Physical hardware diagrams
Answer: b) Node and branch connections
7. In a signal flow graph, a path is defined as:
a) A sequence of nodes connected in a single direction
b) A loop in the system
c) A set of independent equations
d) A single node with multiple branches
Answer: a) A sequence of nodes connected in a single direction
8. A loop in a signal flow graph is:
a) A path that starts and ends at the same node
b) A branch with no signal
c) A point of singularity in the system
d) A path with zero gain
Answer: a) A path that starts and ends at the same node
9. A signal flow graph consists of:
a) Only summing points
b) Only take-off points
c) Nodes and directed branches
d) Electrical components
Answer: c) Nodes and directed branches
10. What is the gain of a branch in a signal flow graph?
a) The inverse of the transfer function
b) The signal strength at the node
c) The transfer function of the path between nodes
d) The determinant of the system matrix
Answer: c) The transfer function of the path between nodes

11. Mason’s Gain Formula is used to determine:

a) Time response of a system
b) Stability of the system
c) The overall transfer function of a signal flow graph
d) The state-space representation of a system
Answer: c) The overall transfer function of a signal flow graph
12. According to Mason’s Gain Formula, the transfer function is given by:
a) 1∑Path Gains\frac{1}{\sum \text{Path Gains}}∑Path Gains1
b) ∑Loops\sum \text{Loops}∑Loops
c) ∑PkΔkΔ\frac{\sum P_k \Delta_k}{\Delta}Δ∑PkΔk
d) ∑PkΔ\sum P_k \Delta∑PkΔ
Answer: c) ∑PkΔkΔ\frac{\sum P_k \Delta_k}{\Delta}Δ∑PkΔk
13. In Mason’s Gain Formula, Δ\DeltaΔ represents:
a) The determinant of the system matrix
b) The sum of all forward path gains
c) 1 minus the sum of loop gains plus other combinations of loops
d) The inverse Laplace transform of the system
Answer: c) 1 minus the sum of loop gains plus other combinations of loops
14. If there is no loop in a signal flow graph, then Mason’s Gain Formula reduces to:
a) The sum of all path gains
b) The product of all forward path gains
c) The sum of reciprocals of loop gains
d) The determinant of the system
Answer: a) The sum of all path gains

15. The poles of a transfer function are the values of sss where:
a) The numerator of the transfer function is zero
b) The denominator of the transfer function is zero
c) The system is stable
d) The output is infinite
Answer: b) The denominator of the transfer function is zero
16. The zeros of a transfer function are the values of sss where:
a) The numerator of the transfer function is zero
b) The denominator of the transfer function is zero
c) The system is unstable
d) The gain is infinite
Answer: a) The numerator of the transfer function is zero
17. A system is stable if all poles are located in the:
a) Left half of the s-plane
b) Right half of the s-plane
c) Imaginary axis
d) Positive real axis
Answer: a) Left half of the s-plane
18. If a system has poles in the right half of the s-plane, it is:
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Marginally stable
d) Critically damped
Answer: b) Unstable

19. Feedback in a control system:

a) Always increases gain
b) Always reduces stability
c) Can improve or reduce stability depending on type
d) Has no effect on system performance
Answer: c) Can improve or reduce stability depending on type
20. Negative feedback in a control system generally:
a) Increases system sensitivity
b) Improves stability and reduces error
c) Reduces gain to zero
d) Converts the system into an open-loop system
Answer: b) Improves stability and reduces error
 21. The sensitivity of a system with feedback is:
a) Higher than an open-loop system
b) Lower than an open-loop system
c) The same as an open-loop system
d) Independent of feedback
Answer: b) Lower than an open-loop system

1. What is a control system?

A) A system that requires no input
B) A system that manages, commands, or regulates itself or other systems
C) A system without feedback
D) A system that only works in open-loop mode
Answer: B) A system that manages, commands, or regulates itself or other systems

2. What is the main difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems?
A) Open-loop systems have feedback, while closed-loop systems do not
B) Closed-loop systems use feedback, while open-loop systems do not
C) Open-loop systems are always more accurate than closed-loop systems
D) Closed-loop systems do not require input
Answer: B) Closed-loop systems use feedback, while open-loop systems do not

3. Which of the following is an example of an open-loop system?

A) Air conditioner with a thermostat
B) Washing machine with a timer
C) Cruise control in a car
D) Automatic room heating system
Answer: B) Washing machine with a timer

4. The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of:

A) Output to input in the time domain
B) Input to output in the Laplace domain
C) Output to input in the Laplace domain
D) None of the above
Answer: C) Output to input in the Laplace domain

5. Which of the following is an industrial control system example?

A) Home lighting system
B) Speed control of a DC motor
C) Manual water filling system
D) Cooking stove temperature control
Answer: B) Speed control of a DC motor

6. In an electrical system, the transfer function relates:

A) Voltage and current
B) Resistance and capacitance
C) Input power and output power
D) None of the above
Answer: A) Voltage and current

7. Which of the following systems best represents a mechanical control system?

A) An electrical motor
B) A pendulum clock
C) An audio amplifier
D) A thermostat
Answer: B) A pendulum clock

8. The electrical analogous system of a mechanical spring is:

A) Inductor
B) Resistor
C) Capacitor
D) Transformer
Answer: C) Capacitor

9. What is the primary effect of feedback in a control system?

A) Increases error
B) Reduces stability
C) Improves accuracy and reduces error
D) Has no significant effect
Answer: C) Improves accuracy and reduces error

10. The block diagram representation of a control system is used to:

A) Represent the mathematical model of the system
B) Solve the system equations
C) Reduce the order of the system
D) None of the above
Answer: A) Represent the mathematical model of the system

Despite the presence of negative feedback, control systems still have problems of instability because
the
(A) components used have nonlinearities
(B) dynamics equations of the systems are not known exactly
(C) mathematical analysis involves approximations
(D) system has large negative phase angle at high frequencies
Ans: d

Negative feedback in a closed loop control system DOES NOT

(A) reduce the overall gain
(B) reduce bandwidth
(C) improve disturbance rejection
(D) reduce sensitivity to parameter varation
Ans: b

Signal flow graph is used to find the

Ans= Transfer function of the system

In an open loop control system

(A) Output is independent of control input
(B) Output is dependent on control input
(C) Only system parameters have effect on the control output
(D) None of the above
Ans: a

Regenerative feedback implies feedback with

(A) oscillations
(B) step input
(C) negative sign
(D) positive sign
Ans: d

By performing cascading and/or summing/differencing operations using transfer function blocks

G1(s) and G2(s), one CANNOT realize a transfer function of the form
(A) G1(s) G2(s)
(B) G1(s)/G2(s)
(C) G1(s) [1/ {G1(s)} + G2(s)]
(D) G1(s) [1/ {G1(s)} – G2(s)]
Ans: b

In continuous data systems:

a) Data may be continuous function of time at all points in the system
b) Data is necessarily a continuous function of time at all points in the system
c) Data is continuous at the inputs and output parts of the system but not necessarily during
intermediate processing of the data
d) Only the reference signal is continuous function of time
Answer: b
Which of the following is not the feature of modern control system?
a) Quick response
b) Accuracy
c) Correct power level
d) No oscillation
Answer: d

A negative feedback system provides

(A) improve the sensitivity to parameter variation ratio
(B) reduce frequency
(C) reduce the disturbance rejection
(D) reduce the overall gain
Ans: d

The output of the feedback control system must be a function of:

a) Reference input
b) Reference output
c) feedback signal
d) Input and feedback signal
Answer: d
If the two blocks G1(s) and G2(s) is connected in parallel fashion, so what is the overall gain of the
system
(A) G1(s) G2(s)
(B) G1(s)/G2(s)
(C) G1(s) - G2(s)
(D) G1(s) + G2(s)
Ans: d

Which among the following is not an advantage of an open loop system?

a. Simplicity in construction & design
b. Easy maintenance
c. Requirement of system recalibration from time to time
d. Rare problems of stability

ANS: (c) Requirement of system recalibration from time to time

1. What is the main purpose of a control system?

A) To reduce system complexity
B) To manage, regulate, and control the behavior of a system
C) To eliminate all disturbances in a system
D) To amplify the input signal
Answer: B) To manage, regulate, and control the behavior of a system

2. In a closed-loop control system, the output is dependent on:

A) The input only
B) The feedback signal
C) The gain of the system
D) None of the above
Answer: B) The feedback signal

3. Which of the following is an example of an open-loop system?

A) Traffic light control system
B) Room heater with a thermostat
C) Cruise control in a car
D) Automatic water level controller
Answer: A) Traffic light control system

4. The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of:

A) Output to input in the time domain
B) Input to output in the frequency domain
C) Output to input in the Laplace domain
D) Input to output in the time domain
Answer: C) Output to input in the Laplace domain
5. Which of the following is an example of an industrial control system?
A) Washing machine
B) Speed control of a DC motor
C) Traffic control system
D) Home lighting system
Answer: B) Speed control of a DC motor

6. What is the electrical analogous element for a mechanical spring?

A) Inductor
B) Resistor
C) Capacitor
D) Transformer
Answer: C) Capacitor

7. Which of the following is true about the effect of feedback in a control system?
A) It increases system error
B) It reduces system accuracy
C) It improves system stability and reduces error
D) It has no effect on the system
Answer: C) It improves system stability and reduces error

8. What is the function of a transfer function in a control system?

A) To define the input-output relationship of the system
B) To analyze the physical construction of the system
C) To measure the system's efficiency
D) To increase the system gain
Answer: A) To define the input-output relationship of the system

9. Which of the following components is typically found in a mechanical control system?

A) Resistor
B) Spring
C) Capacitor
D) Inductor
Answer: B) Spring

10. Which of the following best describes an electrical analogous system?

A) A system where mechanical components are replaced with electrical components
B) A system that only uses electrical signals
C) A system where electrical and mechanical elements are independent
D) A system without feedback
Answer: A) A system where mechanical components are replaced with electrical components

1. A linear control system follows the principle of:

a) Superposition
b) Non-linearity
c) Hysteresis
d) Uncertainty
Answer: a) Superposition
 2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a linear system?
a) Additivity
b) Homogeneity
c) Time-variance
d) Proportionality
Answer: c) Time-variance

2. Concept of Feedback

3. The purpose of feedback in a control system is to:

a) Reduce sensitivity to parameter variations
b) Increase disturbances
c) Eliminate the need for controllers
d) Make the system unstable
Answer: a) Reduce sensitivity to parameter variations

4. Which type of feedback improves stability in a system?

a) Positive feedback
b) Negative feedback
c) Open-loop feedback
d) Random feedback
Answer: b) Negative feedback

3. Open-loop and Closed-loop Systems

5. An open-loop control system:

a) Uses feedback to control output
b) Has no feedback mechanism
c) Is always more stable than closed-loop systems
d) Is always nonlinear
Answer: b) Has no feedback mechanism
6. A washing machine that runs for a fixed time is an example of:
a) Open-loop control system
b) Closed-loop control system
c) Adaptive control system
d) Nonlinear control system
Answer: a) Open-loop control system
7. Which of the following is an example of a closed-loop system?
a) Traffic light system
b) Manual hand pump
c) Air conditioner with thermostat
 d) Light switch
Answer: c) Air conditioner with thermostat

4. Transfer Functions

8. The transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of:

a) Input to output
b) Output to input in Laplace domain
c) State variables
d) Time-domain response
Answer: b) Output to input in Laplace domain
9. The transfer function of a system depends on:
a) Initial conditions
b) System parameters
c) Type of input applied
d) Noise in the system
Answer: b) System parameters

5. Industrial Control Examples

10. Which of the following is an example of an industrial control system?

a) PID controller in chemical plants
b) Manual fan operation
c) Ordinary bicycle brake system
d) Pen and paper calculations
Answer: a) PID controller in chemical plants
11. A robotic arm controlled by a feedback loop is an example of:
a) Open-loop system
b) Closed-loop system
c) Random system
d) Uncontrolled system
Answer: b) Closed-loop system

6. Transfer Function of Electrical Systems

12. The transfer function of an RLC circuit is derived using:

a) Kirchhoff’s Laws
b) Newton’s Laws
c) Ohm’s Law only
d) Lagrange’s Theorem
Answer: a) Kirchhoff’s Laws
13. The transfer function of a first-order RC circuit has:
a) One pole
b) Two poles
 c) No poles
d) Infinite poles
Answer: a) One pole

7. Transfer Function of Mechanical Systems

14. Which mechanical parameter is analogous to electrical resistance?

a) Mass
b) Friction coefficient
c) Displacement
d) Stiffness
Answer: b) Friction coefficient
15. In a mechanical system, force is analogous to:
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Resistance
d) Inductance
Answer: a) Voltage

8. Electrical Analogous Systems

16. Which type of analogy relates mechanical and electrical systems using force and
voltage?
a) Force-voltage analogy
b) Force-current analogy
c) Energy analogy
d) Hybrid analogy
Answer: a) Force-voltage analogy
17. In an electrical analogy of a mechanical system, capacitance represents:
a) Mass
b) Damping
c) Stiffness
d) Displacement
Answer: c) Stiffness

9. Effect of Feedback

18. What is the primary effect of negative feedback in control systems?

a) Increases gain
b) Improves stability
c) Increases distortion
d) Makes the system unstable
Answer: b) Improves stability
 19. Feedback in a system reduces:
a) System stability
b) Sensitivity to disturbances
c) Accuracy
d) Control
Answer: b) Sensitivity to disturbances
20. The sensitivity of a system with negative feedback is:
a) More than open-loop
b) Less than open-loop
c) Equal to open-loop
d) Unpredictable
Answer: b) Less than open-loop

The signal flow graph shown, The value of C(s)/R(s)

G1 G2 G3 G4
1+ G1 G2 H 1+G3 G4 H 2 +G2 G3 H 3 +G1 G2 G3 G 4 H 1 H 2