International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 47

Predicting Users’
Continuance Intention
Toward E-payment System:
An Extension of the Technology
Acceptance Model
Adeyinka Tella, Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Communication
and Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Gbola Olasina, Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Communication
and Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

ABSTRACT
This paper synthesized the technology acceptance model (TAM), to explain and predict the users’ intentions
to continue using e-payment system. The hypothesized model was validated empirically using a sample data
collected from a modified e-payment questionnaire. A simple random sample technique was used to select 250
academic and non academic staff at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The results reveal correlation among
perceived usefulness and attitude to use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, perceived ease of
use and attitude; perceived enjoyment and continuance intention to use, speed and actual use. Furthermore,
attitude, satisfaction and actual use were all associated with continuance intention. Moreover, all the nine
e-payment predictive factors together made 65% of e-payment continuance intention, and similarly; perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, enjoyment, speed; perceived benefits, user satisfaction, actual use and at-
titude are good predictors of e-payment continuance intention.

Keywords: Continuance Intention, Electronic Payment (e-Payment), Information Communication

Technology (ICT), Technology Acceptance, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

INTRODUCTION e-commerce, e-money, e-learning, e-library, e-

magazine, e-book, e-government, e-democracy,
There is no doubt about the fact that ICT has to mention but just few. E-payment system
revolutionised nearly all human activities has been prompted to various organisational
(Tella, 2011). With this situation, we can see levels, the intention to continue using such
the relevance of ICT in almost every activities systems is still very low, and the acceptance-
of human endeavour. We can now talk about discontinuance anomaly phenomenon (i.e.,
“e”- in everything including e-transaction, e- users discontinue using e-payment after initially
shopping, e-meeting, e-conference, e-banking, accepting it) is a common occurrence.

DOI: 10.4018/ijissc.2014010104

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48 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Larsen et al. (2009) divides the IS continu- Regarding the contribution of this paper,
ance research into three somewhat overlapping understanding the process toward continued
groups. The first group consists of studies em- use of an e-payment system in an organization
ploying IS adoption as an independent variable may be beneficial for taking decisions about
for explaining IS continuance (e.g., Chiu, et future improvements on the e-payment system
al., 2005; Lin, et al., 2005; Roca, et al., 2006). or even replacing the existing e-payment system
The second group tries to find the mechanisms with a new one. This study is one of the pioneer
explaining the evolvement of continued use over studies to understand continuance intention
time (e.g., Cheung & Limayem, 2005; Kim & to use e-payment by using the Technology
Malhotra, 2005). The third group tries to inte- Acceptance Model (TAM) incorporated with
grate complementary theoretical perspective to other four additional variables/factors two of
better understand the IS continuance intention which were derived from Information System
(e.g., Hsu & Chiu, 2004; Hsu et al., 2004; Mel- Success Model (ISSM) (Delone & Mclean,
larkod et al., 2005; Liao et al., 2007; Larsen, et 2003). As such, it is one of the first studies
al., 2009). The present research overlaps with that empirically confirm the excellence of
the first and third groups. This is because the the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in
research used e-payment continuance intention predicting e-payment continuance intention.
as an independent variable to replace (adoption) It also provides a theoretical foundation for
and then integrated complementary theories researching e-payment continuance in the
(technology acceptance model, TAM and future. To the practitioners (or governments
information system success model, ISSM) to in this context), this study provides a use-
better understand the e-payment continuance. ful guideline for achieving better e-payment
In the light of this, the paper has two primary and increasing users’ continuance intention
goals. First, to review prior literature so as to by identifying specific continuance intention
identify set of factors that may affect continuous factors which are simple, easy to understand,
use of IS. Second, to use the identified factors and can be manipulated through system design
to develop a research model that could be used and implementation. More importantly, limited
for empirical investigation. studies have incorporated ‘perceived speed’
The success of an information system (IS) into the TAM constructs. This is considered
depends on the continued usage (continuance) an innovation thereby adding new dimension
of the system. In this study, we extend the Tech- to TAM. It is expected that the findings of
nology Acceptance Model by (Davies, 1989). this study will assist various educational and
Technology acceptance model is chosen for this organisational institutions in terms of develop-
study considering the fact that it is one of the ment and evaluation of e-payment.
most widely applied IS model. Secondly, TAM
is regarded as the most prominent model because
it includes factors which are specific, simple, LITERATURE REVIEW
easy to understand, and can be manipulated
E-Payment
through system design and implementation
(Wangpipatwong, et al., 2008). Additionally, the E-Payment is an online billing solution offering
model has not yet been apparently validated in subscribed merchants’ customers the facility of
the context of e-payment continuance research. extending their payment options to online pay-
When applied in the context of ongoing use, ment. E payment is a subset of an e-commerce
continuing capability to overcome these ob- transaction to include electronic payment for
stacles is necessary for continuance intention. buying and selling goods or services offered
Therefore, the perceived speed, perceived through the Internet. In other words, it is a
enjoyment, perceived benefit, and satisfaction payment system in which monetary value is
variables are integrated into TAM. transferred electronically or digitally between

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 49

two entities as compensation or consideration of the electronic commerce technologies) that

for the receipt of goods or services. An entity allows the transfer of funds from the bank ac-
in this regard refers to a bank, business, gov- count of one person or organization to another.
ernment or even an individual customer (Tan, EFT is also used to refer to the action of using
2004:3). According to this author, any payment this technology (Cavarretta & de Silva, 1995).
not affected by paper-based instruments is
considered an e-payment transaction. It should Technology Acceptance
be noted that advances in technology in some Model (TAM) Davies 1989
parts of the world make it possible for cheques
to be treated as e-payment instruments. The success of an information system (IS)
E-payment users send out payment orders depends on the continue use intention (use
through electronic terminals by themselves or continuance) of the system. In this study, we
by authorizing other people, to realize money extend the Technology Acceptance Model
payment and capital transition. (TAM). The TAM (Davis, 1989) represents an
E-payment channels online payment, adaptation of the theory of reason action TRA,
telephone payment, mobile payment and self- tailored to users’ acceptance of information sys-
service terminal payment. E-payment users tems. It helps explain determinants of computer
refer to users who use e-payment channels acceptance and can explicate user behaviours
and tools to complete payment behaviour. across a broad range of computing technologies
Broadly, electronic payment systems can be and populations; it is also parsimonious and
classified into four (Anderson, 1998): Online theoretically justified (Davis et al., 1989). The
Credit Card Payment System, Online Electronic major determinants are perceived usefulness
Cash System, Electronic Cheque System, and and ease of use (Figure 1). Perceived useful-
Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System. ness significantly influences attitude (Agarwal
Each payment system has its advantages and & Prasad, 1999; Davis, 1989; Venkatesh &
disadvantages for the customers and mer- Davis, 2000), but evidence regarding perceived
chants. These payment systems have numbers ease of use remains inconsistent. Furthermore,
of requirements: e.g. security, acceptability, other researchers (e.g. Ma & Liu, 2004; van
convenience, cost, anonymity, control, and der Heijden, et al., 2003) indicate that ease of
traceability. Similarly, (Tan, 2004:3) categorised use has the greatest effect on acceptance. That
e-payment transactions into three segments: is, with more experience, the impact of ease of
retail e-payment, corporate e-payment and use on intention declines. Because this research
wholesale e-payment. He explained that the focuses on continuance intentions, it is assume
retail e-payment segment includes three types that all participants already have e-payment
of transactions: consumer-to-business (C2B), experience, which implies other factors may
business-to-consumer, and peer-to-peer (P2P) be more important than ease of use. Moreover,
(or consumer-to-consumer C2C). The B2C many studies simplify TAM by dropping at-
transaction covers the payment of wages or titude and studying just the effect of perceived
salaries from employers to employees or ETFs usefulness and ease of use on intention to use
such as refunds of monetary value from busi- (Gefen & Straub, 2000; Venkatesh et al., 2003).
ness to consumer. The B2C is the type focused As said earlier, this study extends the
in this study because the e-payment system Technology Acceptance Model by adding four
being used at the University of Ilorin Nigeria additional factors two of which were borrowed
falls into this category. A real revolution in the from Information System Success Model ISSM
meaning of electronic payment system came (Delone & Mclean, 2003). In the light of this,
with the development of EFT (Electronic Fund it is necessary to provide brief information on
Transfer) technology. EFT is a technology (one ISSM.

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50 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Figure 1. The original technology acceptance model TAM (Davis, 1989)

Background to Delone The categories of the updated model

and Mclean Information were system, information, and service quality,
System Success Model intention to use, use, user satisfaction, and net
benefits (Delone & Mclean, 2004). Based on
Delone and Mclean’s IS success model (Delone this adapted model, two important factors (user
& Mclean, 1992) has received much attention satisfaction and benefits) were borrowed to
among IS researchers, as it provides a founda- come up with a model for predicting e-payment
tion for research in the information system continuance intention. These two factors were
domain. This study, therefore; looks at Delone borrowed because researches have confirmed
and Mclean’s model to explain the borrowed that user satisfaction with a particular system
factors used to extend TAM, and validates its and the benefits derive from using such system
use in empirical surveys about e-payment. usually lead them to have continued intention
Because IS success is a multi-dimensional con- of using the system.
cept that can be assessed at various levels, the
measure for the success of IS has neither been IS Continuance
quite clear nor exactly defined (Wu & Wang,
2006). However, Delone and Mclean in 1992 As the exploration of IS acceptance is reaching
made a major breakthrough. They conducted maturation, the attentions have shifted to the
a comprehensive review of IS literature and post-acceptance or continue usage behaviours
proposed a model of IS success. (Lin & Ong, 2010). The IS continuance re-
This model identified six interrelated searches in the past have mainly been divided
dimensions of IS success. It suggested that the into two streams consisted of studies based on
success can be represented by the system quality, static-type models and process-type models.
the output of information quality, consumption Static-type researches (e.g., Karahanna 1999;
(use) of the output, the user’s response (user Roca & Gagne 2008) are derivation from
satisfaction), the effect of the IS on the behav- concepts such as theory of planned behaviour
iour of the user (individual impact), and the (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) or technology acceptance
effect of the IS on organizational performance model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989) that tried to
(organizational impact). This model provided explain user intention and behaviour based on
a scheme for classifying the multitude of IS forward-looking or prospective expectations
success measures and suggested the temporal about IT usage. Process-type researches (e.g.,
and causal interdependencies between the six Thong et al., 2006; Limayem et al., 2007;
dimensions. The original model was criticised Kang et al., 2009) are based on expectation-
on a number of ground. Based on a review of confirmation theory (ECT) (Oliver 1980) or
the literature, Delone and Mclean proposed ISC model (Bhattacherjee 2001) that takes
an updated model. This is shown in Figure 2. into account temporal element and a feedback-
correction mechanism. Varying from static

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 51

Figure 2. The updated Delone and Mclean model (2003:24)

model, process model explains user intention Perceived Usefulness

and behaviour based on their backward-looking
or retrospective perceptions grounded in actual According to Burke (1997), perceived useful-
usage experience. In addition to the mainstream ness is the primary prerequisite for technology
researches, there is a recent focus on using acceptance, which depends on users’ expecta-
habit to explore continuance (e.g., Kim et al., tions about how technology can improve and
2005; Limayem et al., 2007; Guinea & Markus, simplify their lives (Peterson et al., 1997).
2009). In contrast with static models like TAM E-payment is useful if it delivers services to a
or TPB, process model such as ECT and ISC customer but not if the customers’ delivery ex-
are developed especially for post-adoption pectations are not met (Barnes & Vidgen 2000).
behaviours (Lin & Ong, 2010). The usefulness and accuracy of the e-payment
also influence customer attitudes. Users may
Proposed Model continue using an e-payment service if they
consider it useful, even if they were dissatisfied
In the proposed model depicted in Figure 3 based with their prior use (Bhattacherjee, 2001a). In
on TAM and ISSM, it is assumed that perceived a robust TAM, perceived usefulness predicts
usefulness, perceive ease of use, enjoyment, IT use and intention to use (e.g., Agarwal &
and speed exerted an important direct effect Prasad, 1999; Gefen & Straub, 1997), including
on perceived benefits, attitude and satisfaction e-commerce adoption (Gefen & Straub, 2000).
which jointly with actual use are the most im- This provides the basis for hypothesis 1:
portant antecedents of e-payment continuance
intention. Looking at the continued e-payment
H1: Perceived Usefulness is positively related
usage decisions as similar to consumers’ repeat
to increasing attitude towards e-payment.
purchase decisions, the model predicts users’
intentions to continue using an e-payment sys-
tem. In the light of this, the additional factors Perceived Ease of Use
(enjoyment, speed) derived from literature,
This refers to “the degree to which a person
(perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,
believes that using a particular system would be
attitude and actual use) derived from TAM, and
free of effort” (Davis, 1989:320). In this study,
(perceived benefits, and satisfaction) derived
it’s refers to the belief that using e-payment
from ISSM are explained below.

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52 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Figure 3. Proposed e-payment continuance model

would be free of effort. Previous research has & Kim (2001) examined a conceptually simi-
shown that perceived ease of use has a significant lar but distinct intrinsic motivation construct,
effect on behavioural intention to use (Davis playfulness, as an antecedent of Web usage,
et al., 1989; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000). Ad- suggesting a significant effect of intrinsic mo-
ditionally, a number of studies have found that tivation in determining the use of web-based
perceived ease of use has significant effects on IS. Heijden (2003) researched the Web from
perceived usefulness and attitude towards use utilitarian and hedonic purpose frameworks
(Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989). Therefore, and found that perceived enjoyment as a he-
we hypothesize that: donic purpose strongly influenced Web use for
entertainment purposes. Enjoyment in using a
H2: Perceived ease of use has a positive effect Web site significantly affects intentions to use
on perceived usefulness. (Davis et al., 1992; Venkatesh et al., 2002).
H3: Perceive ease of use has a positive effect Thus we hypothesised that:
on attitude.
H4: Perceived Enjoyment is positively related
Perceived Enjoyment to attitude and eventually increasing users’
Continuance Intention to use e-payment
Although Davis et al. (1992) classified enjoy- system.
ment as a type of intrinsic motivation, and Speed: This refers to the speed at which salary
perceived usefulness as a type of extrinsic moti- is being processed and paid through e-
vation, they defined enjoyment as the extent to payment and the speed at which customer
which the activity of using a computer system receive alert that their salary has been paid
is perceived to be personally enjoyable in its to their account. Previous research (e.g.
own right, aside from the instrumental value of Bhatti et al., 2000, Krishnamurthy et al.,
the technology. In this study, it is refers to the 2000, Bouch et al., 2000) have showed that
extent to which the activity of using e-payment many parameters such as perceived speed,
system is perceived to be personally enjoyed. user’s tolerance for delay, and frequency of
On the other hand, Venkatesh (2000) concep- aborted connections are factors of user per-
tualised enjoyment as an antecedent of ease of ception of quality. Kobayashi and Takeda
use, whose effect increases over time as users (2000) considered that there is a relation-
gain more experience with the system. Moon ship between the speed (or the response

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 53

time), recall and precision. Larsen et al. Internet. The results of this study showed a
(2007) identified speed as one of the mixed strong correlation between perceived useful-
direction factors that determine informa- ness and attitude towards using, and a strong
tion system. According to the authors, the correlation between attitude toward using and
variable can act as measure of success but behavioural intention. In the light of this, we
can also be viewed as input to it. Similarly, propose that:
Skog (2008) reported terms, such as time,
speed, improvement in decision process H7: Attitude is positively associated with con-
and so on as determinants of DSS system tinue intention to use e-payment.
satisfaction. So also Iwaarden and Wiele
(2003) reported speed was one of the ef- E-Payment Satisfaction
fective measures of information system. In
addition, Salehi, Keramati and Didehkhani Satisfaction is affection that could be stated
(2010) included speed as one of the fac- as a positive, indifferent, or negative feeling.
tors to determine mobile web success. In Affect has been theorized and validated in
the light of these findings, it is expected TAM based studies as an important factor that
that speed should be able to lead to actual could predict IS use intention (e.g., Davis et
use and eventually increase continuance al., 1989; Karahanna et al., 1999). Individual’s
intention, hence; the hypothesis: feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting
H5: Speed of receiving e-payment will be as- from comparing their perceptions of IS to their
sociated with actual use. expectation level (Bhattacherjee, 2001). Several
studies proved this relationship as significant
Perceived Benefits in the ECT based IS continuance theory (Liao,
et al., 2007; Larsen, et al., 2009). Other stud-
It is the valuation of the benefits of e-payment ies such as TPB based theory of information
systems to the customers. Any use of resources, systems continuance also showed significant
including the time taken in receiving salary, relationship between satisfaction and IS con-
using e-payment system. To measure perceive tinuance intention (Hsu & Chiu, 2004). Thus,
benefits, one had to adopt some stakeholders’ we hypothesise that:
(customers) points of view about what is valu-
able and what is not about e-payment system as H8: Satisfaction is positively associated with
suggested by (Seddon, 1997). It is expected that the IS continuance intention.
perceived benefits will lead to continue use of
e-payment and this is expected to be associated
Actual Use
with actual use, hence we hypothesised that:
Actual usage refers to the amount of time a user
H6: Perceived usefulness will be associated spends using the technology. Mao (2002) studied
with actual use of e-payment information technology usage and adoption.
Mao’s suggested research model predicts that
Attitude Toward Use both perceived usefulness and attitude were re-
lated to actual usage. Research findings showed
Attitude toward use refers to the user’s feelings support for each of these hypotheses (Mao,
about using the information technology. Amo- 2002). Dasgupta et al. (2002) used the original
roso and Hunsinger’s model (2009) examined TAM and extended it to better fit the acceptance
the correlation between perceived usefulness of e-collaboration technology. This extended
of the Internet and the user’s attitude toward Technology Acceptance Model reported that
using the Internet. They hypothesized that at- perceived ease of use has a significant effect
titude toward using the Internet is positively on actual system usage. In the light of this, we
correlated to behavioural intention to use the propose that:

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54 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

H9: Actual use is positively associated with Population and Sample

continue intention to use e-payment.
The University of Ilorin, Nigeria; began the
E-Payment Continuance electronic payment of her worker salary since
2009. Therefore, the population of this study
Information system continuance refer to the comprised the entire non academic and aca-
intention to participate and continue using the demic staff of the university. Census of the whole
IS Bhattacherjee (2001). In the light of this twelve faculties that made up the university was
definition, we define e-payment continuance as taken. Out of the 12 faculties, six faculties were
the intention to participate and continue using purposively sampled. From the six faculties,
e-payment. Extant literature has revealed that simple random sampling technique was used
there are many factors predicting continuance to select 250 academic and non academic staff.
intention of information system. In the light of Table 1 provide the detail of sample distribution.
this, we propose that:
The Measurement
H10: Perceive usefulness, perceive ease of use, Model (Instrument)
perceive enjoyment, speed of receiving e-
A self-designed questionnaire with items
payment alert, perceive benefits, attitude
adapted from various scale used in previous
towards e-payment, satisfaction with e-
related studies was used. The various constructs
payment, actual use of e-payment will all
in the questionnaire were measured to examine
predict e-payment continuance.
the predicting factors of e-payment continuance
intention. Previous TAM and ISSM-related
research were used to derive the constructs
METHODOLOGY for the study. Five-point Likert format ranging
Design from strongly agree to strongly disagree was
adopted for the instrument. The instrument
A pure quantitative method using survey ap- (the questionnaire) consisted of nine sections
proach was adopted for the study. This approach to measure the constructs in our model and to
was chosen to allow the researcher drawn on capture demographic data.
large sample which is representative of the total
population (Babie, 2004). Moreover, survey Validity and Reliability
approach was chosen because it is the most
The criterion related validity was assessed by
prominent approach used in previous related
the correlation between the total scores on the
studies e.g. (Amroso & Hunsinger, 2009).
instrument (sum of the 36 items) and the mea-
sures of valid criterion (sum of the four criterion

Table 1. Sample Distribution (N = 250)

S/N Sample Academic staff Non-academic staff

1 Faculty of Art 20 15
2 Faculty of BSS 25 15
3 Faculty of CIS 30 22
4 Faculty of Education 30 20
5 Faculty of Engineering 18 12
6 Faculty of Science 25 18
Total 148 102

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 55

items). Usually, a positive relationship between of all the items on the single factor indicate
the total score and the valid criterion of the unidimensionality. It was observed that no
instrument implies the capability of the instru- cross-loading was found. This supports the
ment to measure the E-payment Continuance discriminant validity of the questionnaire.
Intention. A higher correlation (e. g., 0.65-0.99; The item total correlation was computed
at a significant level of 0.000) represents an for each item using items belonging only to the
acceptable criterion-related validity of the ques- same construct. The minimum acceptable value
tionnaire (Campbell & Fiske, 1959; Hussein et to keep a scale item with the latent construct was
al., 2007). In other words, a higher correlation 0.5 (Hair, et al., 2006). More stringent reliability
suggests a strong correspondence between the coefficients of 0.70 or higher have also been
constructs and the continuance intention dimen- recommended (Nunnally 1978). To ensure the
sion of the questionnaire (Gable et al., 2003; reliability of the questionnaire used in this study,
Kerlinger, 1988). In this study, the 36 items on a test re-tests reliability method of two weeks
the questionnaire had a criterion-related valid- interval using Cronbach alpha was adopted to
ity of 0.71 at significant level of 0.01, which determine both internal consistency reliability,
represents acceptable criterion validity. overall reliability and reliability of each of the
To achieve the construct validity of the factors or variables identified in the study. The
instrument used in this study, a factor analysis correlation co-efficient of 0.76 and above sug-
was performed using a principal component gests the questionnaire is highly reliable and
method of analysis. The researchers expect that can be recommended for future use (Marsh &
the results would be similar to those obtained by Hocevar, 1988). Before testing the reliability
the items of each similar construct of the original of the questionnaire used in this study, it was
instruments where the items were adapted. All assumed that if the reliability co-efficient falls
loading ranged from good to excellent (Comrey, below 0.76, this would still not stop its use in the
1971) thereby authenticates the suitability of study, only that recommendation for its future
the instrument for use in this study. use would not be made. The results demonstrate
An exploratory factor analysis was per- that all variables display similar results for
formed to examine the factor structure of the internal consistency reliability as the original
36-item questionnaire. Prior to identifying the form of the instruments where the items were
factor structure of the E-payment continuance adapted. Additionally, reliability in this study
construct using factor analysis, a chi-square was achieved by examining whether the same
value of 522.93 at significant level of 0.05 were patterns or thematic constructs are replicated
obtained. This suggests that the inter-correlation in different settings. The internal consistency
matrix contains sufficient common variance to of the items representing each factor using
make factor analysis worthwhile. The responses Cronbach Alpha was evaluated. The 36 items
were examined using the principal component questionnaire had overall reliability of 0.91,
factor analysis as the extraction technique. exceeding the minimum standard of 0.80 sug-
An iterative sequence of factor analysis was gested for basic research (Wang & Tang, 2003).
also conducted. At this stage none of the items The reliability of each factor are as follows:
were deleted. At the end of the factor analysis Perceived Usefulness, r = 89; Perceived Ease
procedure, 9 factors with 36 items on the ques- of Use, 0.79; Perceived Speed; r =0.88; Per-
tionnaire were obtained. The nine factors were ceived Enjoyment, r = 0.79; Attitude towards
interpreted as Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Use, r = 0.82; Satisfaction, r = 0.84; Actual
Ease of Use, Perceived Speed, Enjoyment, At- Use, 0.85; Perceived Benefits, r = 0.87 and
titude towards Use, Satisfaction, Actual Use, Continuance Intention, r = 0.90 (See Table
Perceived Benefits, and Continuance Intention 5). These indicate that all the sections of the
explaining 85% of the variance in the data set. items in the question/measure are reliable for
Table 2 summarises the factor loading for the use. Table 2 contains information about item
36 items questionnaire. The significant loading purification on the questionnaire.

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56 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Table 2. Summary of Factor Loading (N =250)

Notation Dimension/Items Reliability Factor loading of items Corrected

on dimension to which item-to-total
they belong correlation

PU 1 Perceived Usefulness 0.89 0.65 0.6111

PU 2 Using e-payment improves the quality of my plan for the 0.655 0.5923
PU 3 month 0.632 0.6002
PU 4 E-payment is the most useful means of salary payment 0.641 0.602
Receiving salary through e-payment gives me control over my
financial plan for the month
Overall, payment of my salary through e-payment system is
very useful

PEU 5 Perceived Ease of Use 0.79 0.72 0728

PEU 6 E-payment makes salary payment easier than before 0.69 .6117
PEU 7 E-payment system has reduced errors in the payment of 0.79 0.702
PEU 8 workers’ salary to a barest minimum. 0.90 0.891
E-payment is rigid and inflexible
Overall, e-payment system is an easy means of salary payment

PS 9 Perceived Speed 0.88 0.87 0.791

PS 10 E-payment facilitates timely workers’ salary payment 088 0.781
PS 11 Receiving monthly salary is now very fast. 0.85 0.812
PS 12 The speedy alert that salary has been paid is fantastic 0.82 0.801
Overall, I cherish receiving alert for early salary payment

PE 13 Perceived Enjoyment 0.79 0.71 0.70

PE 14 My heart usually filled with joy receiving alert of salary 0.77 0.71
PE 15 payment. 0.80 0.78
PE 16 I enjoy the payment of my salary through e-payment system 0.89 0.81
Using e-payment for the payment of my salary bores me.
I don’t enjoy this e-payment system

ATE 17 Attitude Towards E-payment 0.82 0.85 0,81

ATE 18 It is fun receiving e-payment alert 0.87 0.80
ATE 19 I like the e-payment system being adopted by our university 0.83 0.79
ATE 20 The e-payment system is appealing 0.80 0.69
Replacing traditional manual payment of our salary with
e-payment is welcome idea.

SAT 21 Satisfaction .084 0.79 0.75

SAT 22 The e-payment system is wonderful 0.87 0.81
SAT 23 The current e-payment system is stimulating 0.89 0.80
SAT 24 I am satisfied with this system because it’s free from error 0.86 0.79
Overall, I am extremely satisfied receiving salary through
e-payment system

AU 25 Actual Use 0.85 0.88 0.81

AU 26 Whether I like or not, e-payment is being used for the 0.87 0.79
AU 27 payment of workers salary in my university 0.90 0.84
AU 28 I receive e-payment alert every month 0.77 0.70
I use e-payment system everyday
E-payment system has come to stay for salary payment in this
university.

PB 29 Perceived Benefits 0.87 0.83 0.80

PB 30 E-payment system saves time and efforts 0.87 0.78
PB 31 E-payment provides great security for salary payment 0.88 0.81
PB 32 E-payment system enables me to plan ahead for the monthly 0.81 0.76
expenses
Receiving salary through e-payment has been a pleasant
experience

ECI 33 E-payment Continuance Intention 0.90 0.89 0.80

ECI 34 I expect that, the use of e-payment for my salary should 0.93 0.91
ECI 35 continue 0.92 0.87
ECI 36 I would advocate for e-payment system because it is 0.91 0.89
convenience
No matter what, I will support continued usage of e-payment
system
I plan on using the e-payment system on a regular basis in
the future.

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 57

Procedure for Data Collection (CFI), and Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI), were
expected to exceed 0.9 to indicate a good fit.
The questionnaire was administered personally The last index, the Root Mean Square Error of
by the researcher to the respondents. All the re- Approximation (RMSEA), should be less than
spondents were administered the questionnaire .08 for a model of ‘near fit’. An analysis of a
in their respective office. The administration more stringent standard presented by Hu and
exercise took three days. A total of 300 copies Bentler (1999) indicated that the NNFI and CFI
of the questionnaires were administered out should exceed a .95 criteria and the RMSEA
of which 250 copies were returned completely should not exceed .06 to be considered a ‘close
filled. This gave 100% return rate. fit’. Three of the four indices proposed by Hu
and Bentler (1999) should meet these standards
Statistical Procedure to indicate a close model fit. Additionally, SPSS
computed the frequencies, means, standard de-
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach viation, reliability coefficients and Cronbach’s
to the data analysis was taken using the LISREL Alphas for each construct.
software package version 8.80. A two-step ap-
proach was taken for validating the research Structural Model Technique
model. The initial step was construction of the
measurement model in which the hypothesized A structural model was then developed from
scale items were loaded onto the independent the resulting measurement model constructs.
constructs of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived LISREL version 8.80 was again used to test
Ease of Use, Perceived Enjoyment, Attitude the structural model and validate the proposed
towards Use, Satisfaction, Actual Use, and hypotheses. Model fit was assessed using the
Continuance Intention. Aside of confirma- same criteria as the measurement model. Ac-
tory factor analysis, Harmon one-factor test ceptance of the hypotheses was contingent
(Podsakoff et al., 2003) was also conducted to upon achieving a .05 level of significance on
mitigate the threat of common methods bias, in the appropriate path coefficients. Details of the
addition to using multiple informants. Harmon’s results are presented in the next section.
one-factor test was conducted by entering all Co-variance structural modelling technique
independent variables and dependent variables LISREL was used to be able to detect method
in an exploratory factor analysis. The data bias in a test validation study by examining the
would have a common methods bias problem sample correlation matrix for a set of tests of
if a single factor emerged that accounted for a several traits assessed by alternative methods in
large percentage of the variance in the resulting a crossed factorial design. Secondly, the tech-
factors. However, a single factor did not emerge nique was used because it enables rudimentary
in our analyses and the first factor accounted comparisons of variances and covariances typi-
for 17.2 percent of the total variance. All items fied, for example, by the suggestions offered by
retained in the factor analyses accounted for Campbell and Fiske (1959) for exploring their
77.9 percent of the total variance. This pro- ‘multitrait–multimethod’ matrix. It was also
vides additional assurance that our results are used on the basis of understanding the make-up
not due to common methods variance. Factor of the scale used in this study.
loadings were checked against the guidelines The structural model testing the research
provided by Comrey and Lee (1992). Modifi- model and hypotheses met the more stringent
cation indices were checked for cross loading standard of 0.95 for the NFI, NNFI, and CFI fit
and correlation of scale items. Four fit indices indices to indicate a model of close fit (Table 3).
were used to assess the goodness of fit for the The RMSEA resulted in a value of 0.074,
measurement model. The first three indices, which indicated a model of near fit. With three
Normed Fit Index (NFI), Comparative Fit Index of the four fit indices meeting the standard for

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58 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Table 3. Structural equation modelling fit (N=250)

N Chi Df RMSEA NFI CFI NNFI

Measurement 250 522. 93 8 0.073 0.98 0.98 0.98
Model 250 544.24 8 0.073 0.98 0.98 0.98
Structural Model

close fit, the model is deemed an adequate test This suggests that perceive ease of using e-
for the hypotheses. payment can actually determine its usefulness.
This confirms hypothesis 2.
Column 3 in Table 5 shows the correlation
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS between perceived ease of use and attitude to-
wards use of e-payment. The data suggest the
We used correlations to examine the relation-
absolute value which is considered positive.
ships between the constructs while regression
This indicates that there is a significant posi-
analysis was used to find out the predictors of
tive correlation between the two factors. From
e-payment among the constructs. The results
the table, r = 0.547, and P> 0.00, therefore the
of analyses are presented as follows.
finding is consistent with the stated hypothesis.
Table 4 shows the descriptive statistics
This suggests that perceived ease of using e-
for the constructs. A look at the means of the
payment can actually determine positive attitude
constructs shows high agreement with the
towards the use of e-payment. This confirms
items within Satisfaction (mean =5.65), Speed
hypothesis 3.
(mean=5.46), perceived benefits (mean =5.14),
Column 4 in Table 5 shows the correlation
perceived usefulness (5.04), and Perceived ease
between perceived enjoyment and continuance
of use (mean=5.02).
intention of using e-payment. The data suggest
The results of path coefficient in the struc-
the absolute value which is considered positive.
tural model and the inter-correlation matrix
This indicates that there is a significant posi-
above are explained as follows. Column 1 in
tive correlation between the two factors. From
Table 5 shows the correlation between perceived
the table, r = 0.699, and P> 0.00, therefore the
usefulness and attitude toward use of e-payment.
finding is consistent with the stated hypothesis.
The data suggest the absolute value near .000
This suggests that perceive enjoyment of using
which is considered positive. This indicates
e-payment can actually determine continuance
that there is a significant correlation between
intention to its use. This confirms hypothesis 4.
the two factors. From the table, r = 0.594, and
Column 5 in Table 5 shows the correlation
P> 0.00, therefore the finding is consistent
between perceived speed and actual use of e-
with the stated hypothesis. This suggests that
payment. The data suggest the absolute value
perceived usefulness of e-payment can actually
which is considered positive. This indicates
determine its attitude towards use. This confirms
that there is a significant positive correlation
hypothesis 1.
between the two factors. From the table, r =
Column 2 in Table 5 shows the correlation
0.782, and P> 0.00, therefore the finding is
between perceived ease of use and perceive
consistent with the stated hypothesis. This sug-
usefulness of e-payment. The data suggest the
gests that perceived speed of using e-payment
absolute value which is considered positive.
can actually determine its actual use. This
This indicates that there is a significant posi-
confirms hypothesis 5.
tive correlation between the two factors. From
Column 6 in Table 5 shows the correlation
the table, r = 0.667, and P> 0.00, therefore the
between perceived usefulness of e-payment and
finding is consistent with the stated hypothesis.

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 59

Table 4. Descriptive statistics (N = 250)

Constructs Mean Standard deviation

Perceived usefulness 5.0412 .67184
Perceived ease of use 5.0234 .65432
Perceived enjoyment 4.2136 .56712
Perceived speed 5.4623 .64512
Perceived benefits 5.1432 .56012
Attitude towards use 4.5341 .51211
Satisfaction 5.6451 .72541
Actual use 4.2213 .56124
Continuance intention 4.1617 .67821

Table 5. Correlational matrix

Variable No Mean SD R P Decision

1 Perceived
250 6.321 .412
Usefulness .594 .000 S***
74 3.342 .201
Attitude to use
2 Perceive ease 250 4.154 .456 .667 .000 S***
of use 250 .321
Perceive 4.312
usefulness
3 Perceive ease 250 3.412 .554 .545 .000 S***
of use 250 .371
Attitude toward 2.641
use
4 Perceive 250 5.513 .508 .699 S***
Enjoyment .289 .000
Continuance 250 3.624
intention
5 Perceive speed 250 4.582 .603 .782 .000 S***
Actual use 3.55
250 2.901
6 Perceive 250 3.417 .517 .431 .000 S***
usefulness 1.456
Actual use 250 .265
7 Attitude toward 250 4. 419 .499 .470 .000 S***
use 250
Continuance 2.122 .287
Intention
8 Satisfaction 250 4.567 3.542 .786 .000 S***
Cont. Intent.
250 1.453 1.234
9 Actual use 250 3.764 2.554 .422 .000 S***
Cont. Intent.
250 1.453 1.234
10 Perceived Ben 250 2.145 3.211 .779 .000 S***
Cont. Intent. 250 2.314 1.222

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60 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

actual use. The data suggest the absolute value determine continuance of using e-payment. This
which is considered positive. This indicates confirms hypothesis 8.
that there is a significant positive correlation Column 9 in Table 5 shows the correlation
between the two factors. From the table, r = between perceived ease of use and perceive
0.431, and P> 0.00, therefore the finding is usefulness of e-payment. The data suggest
consistent with the stated hypothesis. This sug- absolute value which is considered positive.
gests that perceived usefulness of e-payment This indicates that there is a significant posi-
can actually determine it’s actual. This confirms tive correlation between the two factors. From
hypothesis 6. the table, r = 0.422, and P> 0.00, therefore the
Column 7 in Table 5 shows the correlation finding is consistent with the stated hypothesis.
between attitude to use and continuance inten- This suggests that actual use can actually de-
tion of using e-payment. The data suggest the termine its continuance intention towards use.
absolute value which is considered positive. This confirms hypothesis 9. (See also Figure 4).
This indicates that there is a significant positive
correlation between the two factors. From the Regression Analysis
table, r = 0.470, and P> 0.00, therefore the find-
ing is consistent with the stated hypothesis. This Regression analysis was also performed to test
suggests that attitude towards using e-payment the hypotheses and allow further validation of
can actually determine its continuance intention. the instrument. The variance explained for e-
This confirms hypothesis 7. payment continuance intention was very strong
Column 8 in Table 5 shows the correlation (R2=.877) with all the following coefficients
between satisfaction and continuance inten- found to be significant at p = .000: perceived
tion of using e-payment. The data suggests usefulness, perceived ease of use, enjoyment,
absolute value which is considered positive. speed, benefits, attitude, satisfaction and actual
This indicates that there is a significant posi- use thereby providing support for hypotheses 10.
tive correlation between the two factors. From Table 6 suggests that the R square = 0.877,
the table, r = 0.786, and P> 0.00, therefore the R value adjusted =0.564, and the overall correla-
finding is consistent with the stated hypothesis. tion of all the e-payment predictors yielded an
This suggests that user satisfaction can actually R = 65, while the standard error of the estimate

Figure 4. Structural model

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 61

Table 6. Summary of multiple regression analysis on the combine causes/effect of E-payment

continuance intention (dependent variable) by the nine predictive factors (independent variables)
(N = 250)

Model Summary
Model R R. Square Adjusted Square Standard Error of the
Estimate
1 .653 0.877 .564 13.55684
ANOVA
Model Sums of Df Mean Square F.ratio Sig.
Squares
1 Regression 204154.744 9 1837.392 212.2 .000
Residual 133243.352 241 8.661
Total 337398.096 250

yielded 13.56. In the second step, the analysis DISCUSSION

of variance performed on multiple regression
yielded an F-ratio value of 212.2. This was This study has examined a prediction of e-
found to be significant at 0.00 levels. These payment continuance intention by extending
results suggest that all the nine e-payment pre- the technology acceptance model with nine
dictive factors together made 65% of e-payment modified variables or factors, two of which
continuance intention. This suggests that all were borrowed from information system success
nine factors jointly influence the e-payment model. Summarily, the outcomes have revealed
continuance intention. that there is correlation among perceived use-
Table 7 suggests that each of the inde- fulness and attitude to use, perceived ease of
pendent variables (factors) made a significant use and perceived usefulness, perceived ease
prediction of e-payment continuance intention. of use and attitude; perceived enjoyment and
In terms of the magnitude of the prediction, user continuance intention to use, speed and actual
satisfaction made the most significant predic- use. Similarly, attitude, satisfaction and actual
tion (Beta = 0. 224, t = 5.212) of e-payment use are all associated with continuance inten-
continuance intention. The next predicting tion. Moreover, all the nine predictive factors
value was exerted by enjoyment (Beta = 0.082, together significantly predict e-payment con-
t = 4.900. This is followed by speed (Beta = tinuance intention.
0.108, t = 4.308). The other factors made a As reflected in the results of this study,
significant prediction in the following order: perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness
perceive ease of use (Beta 0.128, t = 3.734); associated with each other. Looking at this
actual use (Beta = 0.155; t = 3.402); perceive finding with reference to the results of previous
usefulness (Beta = 0.84; t = 3.017); perceived related studies, it is discovered that the result is
benefits (Beta = 0.140; t = 3.014) while attitude consistent with the finding by Wangpipatwong,
made the least prediction with (Beta = 0.075; Chutimaskul and Papasratorn (2008) whose
t = 2.081). These results suggest that all the study revealed that perceived usefulness and
factors, perceived usefulness, perceive ease of perceived ease of use of e-Government websites
use, enjoyment, speed; perceive benefits, user and citizen’s computer self-efficacy directly
satisfaction, actual use and attitude are good enhanced citizen’s continuance intention to use
predictors of e-payment continuance intention. e-Government websites. Although, the current
This confirms hypothesis 11. study did not include computer self-efficacy
as one of the factors; yet the findings are still

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62 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014

Table 7. Contribution of the factors to the prediction of e-payment continuance-intention (N = 250)

Model Unstandardised Standardised T Sig.

Coefficients Coefficients
B Std Error Beta
1 (Constant) 14.081 5.045 5.809 .000
Perceived usefulness .689 .352 .084 3.017 .000
Perceived ease of use 1.195 .464 .128 3.734 .000
Enjoyment .587 .317 .082 4.900 .000
Speed 1.069 .466 .108 4.308 .000
Perceived benefits 1.261 .387 .140 3.014 .000
Attitude .776 360 .075 2.081 .000
User satisfaction 1.330 .294 .224 5.212 .000
Actual use .962 .275 .155 3.402 .000

similar. This is an indication that the result is determinants of online shopping continuance
not a co-incidence. also corroborates the finding on this study.
The report that relationship exist between That perceived speed associated with actual
perceived usefulness and attitude towards use is not an unexpected result. This is because
using e-payment and perceived ease of use literature has proved that users will engage in
and attitude towards use support a number of an information system that is fast and produc-
studies which had found that perceived ease of ing significant results and which eventually
use has significant effects on perceived useful- lead to or assists in instant decision making
ness and attitude towards use (Davis, 1989; to achieve a desired goal. The association be-
Davis et al., 1989; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) tween perceived usefulness and actual use is in
and similarly to Greenfield Fiona (2011) who consonant with the previous findings by (e.g.
reported that attitudes affected perceptions of Agarwal & Prasad, 1999; Gefen & Keil, 1998;
the use of and ease of technology. Moreover, Gefen & Straub, 1997), including e-commerce
the relationship between perceived enjoyment adoption (Gefen & Straub, 2000); all of who
and continuance intention revealed in this study reported that that perceived usefulness predicts
is not unexpected. This is because it has been IT use and intention to use.
stated earlier that enjoyment in using a Web The association between attitude towards
site which is an example of information system, use and continuance intention support Amoroso
just like e-payment significantly affects inten- and Hunsinger’s model (2009) who examined
tions to use (Davis et al., 1992; Venkatesh et the correlation between perceived usefulness of
al., 2002). Additionally, shopping enjoyment the Internet and the user’s attitude toward using
(Koufaris 2002), perceived entertainment value the Internet with the report that a strong cor-
of the Web site (O’Keefe et al., 1998), and relation exist between perceived usefulness and
perceived visual attractiveness have all been attitude towards using, and a strong correlation
reported having positive impacts on perceived between attitude toward use and behavioural
enjoyment and continuance intentions (van der intention. Lee (2009) results demonstrated
Heijden 2003). The similarity in all the results that satisfaction had the most significant effect
of the previous related studies and the results on users’ continuance intention, followed by
in this current study may be due to the use of perceived usefulness, attitude, concentration,
similar methodologies which include validated subjective norm, and perceived behaviour
and reliable scale for the collection of data. control as significant but weaker predictors.
Al-maghrabi and Halliday (2009) research This is in line with the results obtained in this
report which confirms that perceived useful- study. Users’ satisfaction was reported having
ness, enjoyment, and subjective norms are greater prediction of e-payment continuance

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 International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change, 5(1), 47-67, January-March 2014 63

intention than other factors. This confirms it factors from TAM and ISSM. These are the two
as a good determinant or predicting factor of theories that researches have mostly used and
any information system continuance intention modified. There are other theories that can be
evaluation. Similarly some previous researches considered. In this study, we deliberately left out
have shown that perceived ease of use has a demographic factors, such as gender, education,
significant effect on behavioural intention to income, and e-payment experience, etc; these
use (Davis et al., 1989; Venkatesh & Davis, might have effect on e-payment continuance.
2000). The report by Ong and Day (2010) which Moreover, we do not include some charac-
suggested that perceived enjoyment as one of teristics of the system service, such as control
the determinants of user satisfaction, while the and service quality, which can also influence
outcome of user satisfaction is enhanced con- continuance intention of e-payment. Therefore,
tinuance intention were all lend good credence it is suggested that additional applicable factors
to current findings on this study. including system control and service quality be
identified and included in future research for
better understanding of e-payment continuance
CONCLUSION intention. Finally, the measures for the construct
of e-payment continuance intention used in this
The study has revealed correlation among per-
study are self-reported. Although self-reported
ceived usefulness and attitude to use, perceived
measures are used in numerous studies, how-
ease of use and perceived usefulness, perceived
ever, this has remained a controversial point
ease of use and attitude; perceived enjoyment
in IS research (Straub et al., 1995; Venkatesh
and continuance intention to use, speed and
et al., 2000). In this regard, it is the hope that
actual use. So also, attitude, satisfaction and
future research can develop more objective and
actual use are all associated with continuance
accurate measures for e-payment continuance
intention. Moreover, all the nine e-payment pre-
intention.
dictive factors together made 65% of e-payment
continuance intention and similarly perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, enjoyment,
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Adeyinka Tella is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Library and Information Science,
Faculty of Communication and Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Tella fin-
ished his PhD in September 2009 through Commonwealth Scholarship, from the Department of
Library and Information Studies; University of Botswana where he was awarded small grant
for thesis writing for the PhD student’s category in 2007 by the Council for the Development of
Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). He has written and published articles mostly
in International reputable refereed journals together with chapters in books. He is one of the
contributors to an information science reference “Cases on Successful E-learning Practices in the
Developed and Developing World: Methods for the Global Information Economy”. He recently
edited a new Information Science reference: Library and Information Science in Developing
Countries: Contemporary Issues. This book is now rocking the international book market. Cur-
rently, he is the Associate Editor International Journal of Library and Information Science, and
Editor-in-Chief- International Journal of Information Processing and Communication. He is also
editorial board member, for Library Philosophy and Practice. Tella is an external examiner for
Library and Information Science PhD candidates at the Annamalai University and Bharathidasan
University, Trichy, both in India. His re-search areas include e-learning, information literacy,
information communication technology and management, information system evaluation and
psychology of information.
Gbola Olasina is a Lecturer in the Department of Library & Information Science, Faculty of
Communication & Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. He had worked as Systems
Librarian at the University Library of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH),
Ogbomoso, Nigeria. He presently teaches IT based courses at the library school and has his
research interests in e-parliaments, e-governance, systems librarianship and DLs. He is a member
of Nigerian Library Association (NLA) and an Associate of Chartered Institute of Library and
Information Professionals (CILIP), United Kingdom. Olasina has authored several works and
publications in local and international journals.

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