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A Global History of
Architecture
Third Edition
Francis D.K. Ching
Mark Jarzombek
Vikramditya Prakash
Cover image: © Jorg Hackemann/Shutterstock.com
Cover design: Wiley

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Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Ching, Francis D. K., 1943- author. | Jarzombek, Mark, author. |

Prakash, Vikramaditya, author.
Title: A global history of architecture / Francis D.K. Ching, Mark Jarzombek,
Vikramaditya Prakash.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017004046 (print) | LCCN 2017005382 (ebook) | ISBN
9781118981337 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118981610 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN
9781118981603 (ePub)
Subjects: LCSH: Architecture--History. | BISAC: ARCHITECTURE / History /
General.
Classification: LCC NA200 .C493 2017 (print) | LCC NA200 (ebook) | DDC
720.9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004046

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
3500 BCE
Ritual Centers
Beginnings of China’s Civilizations
Niuheliang Ritual Center
Mehrgarh and Early Indus Settlements
The Village Networks of Mesopotamia and the Balkans
Catal Hüyük
Tell es-Sawwan
Eridu and Uruk
Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt
European Developments
Newgrange
Carnac
2500 BCE
The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization
Mohenjo-Daro
Margiana
Early Empires of Mesopotamia
Ziggurat at Ur
Egypt: The Old Kingdom
Pyramids at Giza
Valley Temple of Khafre
Architecture and Food
Stonehenge
Megalithic Temples of Malta
 The First Civilizations of South America
Caral
1500 BCE
The Minoans and Knossos
Egypt: The New Kingdom
Waset (Thebes)
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Luxor
Abu Simbel
Egyptian Columns
Egyptian Design Methods
Hittite Empire
Hattusas
Mycenaean Civilization
Treasury of Atreus
Poverty Point
Shang Dynasty, China
Civilization of the High Andes
800 BCE
The Olmecs
San Lorenzo and La Venta
Chavín de Huántar
The Iron Age
The Etruscans
Etruscan Religion
Etruscan Temples
Greece: The Geometric Period
Emergence of the Greek Temple Form
Temple of Poseidon
Kingdom of Kush
 Saba/Sa’abia
Temple of Solomon
Zhou Dynasty, China
The Ritual Complex
The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Babylon
400 BCE
The Achaemenid Empire
Pasargadae and Persepolis
Greece and the Mediterranean
The Greek Temple
Athens
The Parthenon
Erechtheum
Ionic Order
Telesterion at Eleusis
Delphi
Temple of Apollo at Delphi
The Hellenistic Age
Delos
Priene
Pergamon
Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos
Temple of Apollo at Didyma
Ptolemies
Temple of Horus
Mauryan Dynasty and Early Buddhism
Barabar Hills Caves
China: The Warring States Period
 Xianyang Palace
Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi
0
The Founding of Rome
Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste
The Roman Urban Villa
Republican Tombs
Bibracte
Augustan Rome
Forum of Augustus
Tholoi Tombs
Vitruvius
Corinthian Capitals
Post-Augustan Rome
Palace of Domitian
The Colosseum
The Imperial Forums
Rock-Cut Tombs
Petra
Northern Palace at Masada
Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis
Qin Dynasty, China
Tomb of the First Emperor
Great Wall of China
Development of Mahayana Buddhism
Sanchi Complex
Abhayagiri Vihara
Junnar Caves
The Maya
Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán
 Nakbe
El Mirador
200 CE
Roman Empire
Ephesus
Miletus
The Roman Theater
The Pantheon
Hadrian’s Villa
Roman Vertical Surface
Roman Baths
Diocletian’s Palace
Baalbek
The Parthian Empire
Aksum
Amaravati Stupa
Caitya Hall at Karli
Anuradhapura
Han Dynasty China
Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex
Teotihuacán
Temple of the Feathered Serpent
Moche and Nazca Civilizations
Nazca Lines
North Amazon Societies
Ohio’s Hopewell Mounds
400 CE
Ajanta Caves
Establishment of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism
Mogao Caves
 Yungang Caves
Kushans of Bamiyan
The Sassanian Empire
Zoroastrian Fire Temples
Hindu Renaissance
Mahabodhi Temple
Sigiriya
The Pyu, Mon, and Funan
Emergence of Christianity
Martyria
St. Peter’s in Rome
First Baptisteries
Post-Constantinian Age
Tomb of Theodoric the Great
Kofun Period: Japan
Zapotecs of Oaxaca
Monte Albán
600 CE
Age of Justinian
Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Capitals
Armenian Architecture
St. Hripsime
Zvartnots Cathedral
Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta
The Five Rathas
Shore Temple at Mamallapuram
Southeast Asia
My Son
Sui and T’ang Dynasties
 Daxing (Chang’an)
Daming Palace
Songyue Temple Ta
Nara Period: Japan
Ise Jingu
Horyu-ji
800 CE
Rise of Islam
Umayyad Mosque
Baghdad
Great Mosque of Samarra
Great Mosque of Córdoba
Dome of the Rock
Mahaviharas at Nalanda
Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples
Kailasnath at Ellora
Samye, Tibet
Indonesia at a Crossroads
Borobudur
Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia
Hariharalaya
Mahendraparvata (Mt. Meru)
Siem Reap (Ganges River)
Indratataka (Sea of Indra)
Bakong
Korean Buddhism
Foguang Monastery
Europe and the Carolingians
Plan of St. Gall
St. Riquier
 Palatine Chapel
Tikal
Mayan City-States
Copán
Tiwanaku
Quirigua
Guayabo
1000 CE
Mayan Uxmal
Cahokia
Serpent Mound
Pueblo Bonito
Seljuk Turks
Sultan Han
Great Mosque of Isfahan
First Madrasas
Muqarnas
The Fatimids
Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms
Rani-ni-Vav at Patan
Sun Temple at Modhera
Chandellas
Khandariya Mahadeva Temple
Tantrism
Vastu-Shastras
Orissa and Lingaraja Temple
Jains
Jain Temples at Mt. Abu
Cholamandalam
Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple)
 Polonnaruwa
Song Dynasty China
Sage Mother Hall
The Iron Pagoda
Liao Dynasty
Mu-ta
Dulesi Monastery
Pure Land Buddhism
Byzantine Revival
Kievan Russia
Armenia
Sanahin Complex
Ottonian Germany
Speyer Cathedral
The Normans
Durham Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral
Cefalù Cathedral
Pilgrimage Churches
Tuscany
Cathedral of Pisa
Baptistery of Parma
1200 CE
Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat)
Angkor Thom and Preah Khan
Kingdom of Pagan
Sanju-sangen-do
Itsukushima Shrine
Southern Song Dynasty
Yingzhao Fashi
 Mongol Empire
Yuan Dynasty China
Delhi
Tughlaqabad
Quwwat-ul-Islam
Africa
Mamluk Sultanate
Lalibela
Great Zimbabwe
Mosques of Mali
Fontenay Abbey
Medieval Scandinavia
Europe: The High Middle Ages
Cathedral Design
Amiens and Bourges Cathedrals
Notre-Dame of Reims
Exeter Cathedral
Italian Town Halls
Siena
Mendicant Orders
Nasrid Sultanate and the Alhambra
Toltec Empire
Chichén Itzá
1400 CE
The Americas
Hopis
New England Societies
Tenochtitlán
Incas
Machu Picchu
Republic of Venice
Ottoman Empire
Beyazit Medical Complex
Topkapi Palace
Italian Renaissance
Cathedral of Florence
Florentine Loggias
San Lorenzo
Medici Palace
Rucellai Palace
Sant’Andrea at Mantua
Villa Medici
Tempietto of San Pietro
French Châteaux
Mamluk Sultanate
Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay
Timurid Dynasty
Deccan Sultanates
Pandua
Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
Friday Mosque of Gulbarga
Ming Dynasty China
Forbidden City
Mt. Wudang
Temple of Heaven
Dabao-en Temple, or the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
Joseon Dynasty
Muromachi Japan
Kinkakuji
Ginkakuji
 Ayutthaya
1600 CE
Architecture of the Eurasian Power Bloc
Tokugawa Shogunate
Nikko Toshogu
Nijo-jo
Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa)
Ming Tombs
Potala Palace
Voyages of Zheng He
Mughals
Humayun’s Tomb
Fatehpur Sikri
Buland Darwaza
Diwan-i-Khas
Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Mahal)
Vijaynagara
Bijapur
Isfahan
Suleymaniye Complex
Kremlin’s New Churches
Church of the Ascension
Dogon of Mali
Palladio
Villa Rotonda
Baroque Italy
Campidoglio
St. Peter’s Basilica
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale
Il Gesù
 Spanish Invasion of America
Atrios
Colonial Forts
Amsterdam
Amsterdam Town Hall
Place Royale
Elizabethan England
Banqueting House
Church of Santo Domingo
Ryoanji
1700 CE
Colonialism
Haciendas
New European Colonial Urban Culture
The Louvre and the Hôtel
Château de Versailles
St. Petersburg
Rationalization and the Age of Reason
Observatoire de Paris
Hôtel des Invalides
Johann Balthasar Neumann and the New Neresheim
China and the European Enlightenment
The Gongyuan and the Jinshi
Stowe Gardens and The Temple of British Worthies
Sans Souci
Qing Beijing
Beihai
Yuanmingyuan
Joseon Dynasty of Korea
Mallas of Nepal
 Kyoto’s Odoi and Shimabara
Edo (Tokyo)
Nayaks of Madurai
Jaipur
Nurosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul
The Anglican Church
St. Mary Woolnoth
Whigs and the Palladian Revival
Touro Synagogue, Newport
Shirley Plantation, Virginia
1800 CE
Tash-Khovli
Jaipur and the End of the Mughal Empire
Darbar Sahib
Wat Pra Kaew
Neoclassicim vs. Romanticism
Laugier, Rousseau, and the Noble Savage
St. Geneviève
Ledoux and Boullée
Napoleonic Cemeteries
Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand
Jeffersonian Neoclassicism
Monticello
Washington, DC
Nationalism
Altes Museum
Colonial Calcutta:The Esplanade
Writers’ Building
St. John’s Church
Government House
 Greek Revival
Tennessee State Capitol
Metcalfe Hall
Industrial Revolution
Albert Dock
Panoptic Prisons
Workhouses
Shakers
August Welby Pugin and the English Parliament Building
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc
Architectural Preservation
Bibliothèque Ste.-Geneviève
Kanamaru-za
Qianlong’s Universal Vision
Chengde
Qingyi Garden
Synagogues
1900 CE
Public Sector Architecture
London Law Courts
Railroad Stations
The Athenaeum
National Museums
World’s Fairs
Global Arts and Crafts Movement
Arts and Crafts in India: Indo-Saracenic Style
Arts and Crafts in California
Central Park
Paris and Haussmann
The Passage
École des Beaux-Arts
Chettinad Mansions
Colonial Modernism
Henry Hobson Richardson
The Global Bungalow
Shingle Style
Campus Architecture in the United States
Art Nouveau’s Maison Tassel
Rise of Professionalism
International City Beautiful Plans
Walter Burley Griffin
The Garden City Movement
International Beaux-Arts
Skyscrapers
Wrigley Building
Casa Batlló
Frank Lloyd Wright
Taliesin
African Land Grab
Kyoto National Museum
Myongdong Cathedral
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Building
Concrete
Adolf Loos
The Factory Aesthetic
Deutsche Werkbund
German Concrete
Expressionism
New Delhi
Mombasa
 Asplund and Lewerentz
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Mayan Revival Style
Dutch Kampung
De Stijl Movement
Friedrichstrasse Office Building
Russian Constructivism
Tatlin’s Tower
Soviet Pavilion
The Bauhaus
Le Corbusier and Vers une Architecture
Villa Savoye
Lovell House
1950 CE
Modernism
Weissenhof Siedlung
Usonian Houses
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne
Pavilion Suisse
Barcelona Pavilion
Palace of the Soviets Competition
Rockefeller Center
Czechoslovakia
Touba
National Modernism, Ankara
National Modernism, Tel Aviv
Japanese Pavilion
Villa Mairea
Fallingwater
Brazilian Modernism
Fascist Modernism, Italy
 Säynätsalo Town Hall
Illinois Institute of Technology Library Building
Farnsworth House
Eames House
Yale University Art Gallery
National Modernism, Brasília
National Modernism, Chandigarh
Chapel At Ronchamp
Guggenheim Museum
Ekistics
Sydney Opera House
Eero Saarinen
Steel and Glass Skyscraper
Latin-American Modernism
National Modernism, Cuba
Salk Institute
National Modernism, Bangladesh
Metabolism
Brutalism
Archigram
Buckminster Fuller
Counterculture Architecture
National Modernism, Nigeria
South Asian Modernism
Postmodernism
Magney House
Globalization Today
Glossary
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
 Index

List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
1.1 !Kung hut
1.2 Haida settlement, Canada
1.3 Village scene
1.4 Pottery making
1.5 Herding
1.6 Plan: Nabta Playa, Egypt
1.7 Göbekli Tepe, near Urfa, Turkey
1.8 Elam, a typical Mesopotamian city with walls and towers,
as depicted in this bas-relief commemorating Assyrian king
Ashurbanipal’s conquest and destruction of the city in 647
BCE.
1.9 China’s early agriculture
1.10 Plan: Cairn with stone tomb, Niuheliang Ritual Center,
tomb site II
1.11 Reconstruction of Banpo village, China
1.12 Reconstruction of circular dwelling at Banpo
1.13 Reconstruction of meeting hall at Banpo
1.14 Dragon, human, and tiger figures found in tomb at
Xisuipo, Henan Province, China
1.15 Walled city of Shijiahe, China
1.16 Location of the Indus civilizations of Mehrgarh and
Harappa
1.17 Site plan of Mehrgarh, Pakistan
1.18 Plan: Mud-brick granaries, Mehrgarh II
1.19 Fertile Crescent: An early, dense network of cities and
villages
1.20 Typical Iranian mountain village
1.21 Site plan: Catal Hüyük, near Konya, Turkey
1.22 Housing pattern at Catal Hüyük
1.23 Bull design on a shrine wall at Catal Hüyük
1.24 Reconstructed shrine at Catal Hüyük
1.25 Typical house in Catal Hüyük
1.26 Terra-cotta figurine of seated goddess from Catal Hüyük
1.27 Vinca statuette
1.28 Location of Eridu and Uruk
1.29 Iraqi marsh
1.30 Temple atop the stone-faced platform at Eridu, near Abu
Shahrain, Iran
1.31 Plan: Temple at Eridu
1.32 Temple XVI–XVIII at Eridu
1.33 Statue of King Gudea at Eridu, with a temple plan carved
on a lap tablet
1.34 A size comparison of Eridu, Susa, and Uruk
1.35 Mosaics from the Stone-Cone Temple in the Eanna
District of Uruk, near Samawa, Iraq
1.36 Plan: White Temple at Uruk
1.37 Early dynastic Egypt
1.38 Site of royal tombs at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt
1.39 Royal tombs at Umm el-Qaab
1.40 Tomb of King Djed at Saqqâra
1.41 Bull horns at the base of Tomb 3504, Saqqara, Egypt
1.42 Megalithic cultures, 4800–1200 BCE
 1.43 Passage grave on Île Longue, South Brittany, France,
ca. 4100 BCE
1.44 Newgrange, Ireland
1.45 Newgrange, Ireland
1.46 Site plan at different scales: Carnac, France
1.47 Stone alignment, Carnac, France
1.48 Crucuno Dolmen, Carnac, France
Chapter 2
2.1 Central Asia, emerging contacts, ca. 2500 BCE
2.2 Zoser Pyramid, Saqqâra, Egypt
2.3 Mnajdra Temple, Malta
2.4 Neolithic sites and the Indus Civilization
2.5 Site plan: Dholavira, Blachau, India
2.6 Reconstruction view of Dholavira
2.7 An entrance gate to Harappa, near Sahiwal, Pakistan
2.8 Urban fabric of Mohenjo-Daro, in Sindh Province,
Pakistan
2.9 Plan: The upper town of Mohenjo-Daro
2.10 Axonometric of the Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
2.11 Site plan: Gonur, near Mary, Turkmenistan
2.12 Plan: The Citadel at Gonur
2.13 Early Lower Mesopotamia
2.14 Statue of the head of an Akkadian ruler
2.15 Plan: The Palace of Naram-Sin
2.16 Group of statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq
2.17 Plan of Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq
2.18 The Ziggurat at Ur within the temple complex of Nanna
2.19 Massing of the Ziggurat at Ur
2.20 Pictorial view from the northwest: Ziggurat at Ur
2.21 Egypt, ca. 3rd century BCE
2.22 Mortuary Complex of Zozer, Saqqâra, Egypt
2.23 Plan: Mortuary Complex of Zoser
2.24 Section through entrance hall, Mortuary Complex of
Zoser
2.25 Entrance hall to the Mortuary Complex of Zoser
2.26 Section through step pyramid and tomb of Zoser
2.27 Ka statue of Zoser
2.28 A scalar comparison of Egyptian pyramids
2.29 Site plan: The Pyramids at Giza, Egypt
2.30 Section: Great Pyramid of Khufu
2.31 Plan: Mortuary and valley temples of Khafre at Giza
2.32 Section through the king’s chamber, Great Pyramid of
Khufu
2.33 Plan: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.34 Overview: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.35 Interior: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.36 Egyptian slab stela
2.37 Statuette of a woman bearing offerings
2.38 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 2500 BCE
2.39 Reorientation of Stonehenge by the Beaker People
2.40 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 2200 BCE
2.41 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 1800 BCE
2.42 Temple sites on the island of Malta
2.43 Sleeping Goddess from the subterranean temple of Hal
Saflieni
 2.44 Plans of temple complexes on Malta drawn at the same
scale and orientation: Ggantija (above left) and Tarxien
(above right)
2.45 Section through a typical Malta temple
2.46 Temple complex at Mnajdra, Malta
2.47 Early Peruvian Settlements
2.48 Volumetric reconstruction: Galgada Step Pyramid, Peru
2.49 Galgada ruins today
2.50 Circular sunken plaza, Caral, Peru
2.51 Central zone of Caral
2.52 Caral and its environment
Chapter 3
3.1 Reconstruction of the city of Mari, Syria
3.2 Plan: Palace at Mari, Syria
3.3 Inner Asia camel and horse diffusion areas to around 1300
BCE
3.4 Statue of a water goddess found in the palace at Mari
3.5 Camel caravan in Mongolia
3.6 Reconstruction of the town of Arkaim, Russia
3.7 Ramesses on his chariot, relief in Abu Simbel, near Philae,
Egypt, ca. 1260 BCE
3.8 A Western Zhou chariot burial pit unearthed at
Zhangjiapo, Chang’an County, China
3.9 Vitthala Temple chariot, Vijayanagar, India, ca. 1500 BCE
3.10 Wooden substructure with tombs for the chief, his wife,
and their horses, Arzhan, Russia
3.11 Helios the Sun God
3.12 Trade diagram, ca. 1600 BCE
3.13 Minoan sites on Crete
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Sources.—(a) Clarendon's History, xvi. 240, 246;
(b) The Public Mercury, May, 1660.
(a) The city of London had too great a hand in driving the King
from thence not to appear equally zealous for his return thither.
And therefore they did at the same time send fourteen of their
most substantial citizens to assure his Majesty of their fidelity
and most cheerful submission, and that they placed all their
felicity and hope of future prosperity in the assurance of his
Majesty's grace and protection, for the meriting whereof their
lives and fortunes should be always at his Majesty's disposal;
and they presented to him from the city the sum of ten thousand
pounds. The King told them he had always had a particular
affection for the city of London, the place of his birth, and was
very glad that they had now so good a part in his restoration, of
which he was informed, and how much he was beholding to
every one of them; for which he thanked them very graciously,
and knighted them all; an honour no man in the city had
received in near twenty years, and with which they were much
delighted....
On Monday he went to Rochester, and the next day, being the
29th of May and his birthday, he entered London, all the ways
from Dover thither being so full of people and exclamations as if
the whole kingdom had been gathered. About or above
Greenwich the Lord Mayor and aldermen met him, with all those
protestations of joy which can hardly be imagined; and the
concourse so great that the King rode in a crowd from the bridge
to Temple Bar. All the companies of the city stood in order on
both sides, giving loud thanks for his Majesty's presence. And he
no sooner came to Whitehall but the two Houses of Parliament
solemnly cast themselves at his feet, with all the vows of
affection and fidelity to the world's end. In a word, the joy was
so unexpressible and so universal, that his Majesty said smilingly
to some about him, that he doubted it had been his own fault
that he had been absent so long, for he saw nobody that did not
protest he had ever wished for his return.
(b) At Blackheath the army was drawn up, where his Majesty
viewed them, giving out many expressions of his gracious favour
to the army, which were received by loud shoutings and
rejoicings; several bonfires were made as his Majesty came
along, and one more remarkable than the rest for its bigness,
where the States arms were burned.
Thence the army being placed according to his Excellencies
order, his Majesty marched towards London: and now because
God himself, when he would set a mark of observance upon his
own magnalia, hath taken notice of the circumstance of time, it
is very considerable here that it was his Majesties birth-day. He
was heir-apparent when first born, but had jus in re now when
entering the metropolis of his kingdom, he took possession. All
lets and hinderances, which have interven'd since his Majesties
just right, are now so many arguments of his future fix'd and
peaceable enjoyment. This the ancients intimate, when they tell
us, Jupiter himself was not quiet in heaven till after a long war
with the giants; may that God, by whom kings reign, long
preserve him and the nation, a mutual blessing to each other!
When his Majesty came to St. George's field, the Lord Mayor and
the Aldermen were in a tent ready to receive him: there the Lord
Mayor delivered unto his Majesty his sword upon his knees,
which his Majesty gave back to him. After a repast taken there,
his Majesty came to Whitehall in this manner: all the streets
being richly hang'd with tapestry, and a lane made by the militia
forces to London-bridge, from London-bridge to Temple-bar by
the trained bands on one side, and the several companies in
their liveries, and the streamers of each company, of the other
side, by the rails; from Temple-bar to Westminster by the militia
forces, regiments of the army, and several gentlemen formerly
officers of the king's army, led by sir John Stawell; first marched
a troop of gentlemen, led by major-general Brown, brandishing
their swords, in clothes of silver doublet, in all about 300,
besides their servants; then another troop, of about 200, in
velvet coats, the footmen and liveries in purple; then another
troop, led by alderman Robinson, with buff coats, silver sleeves,
and green scarfs; after this, a troop with blue liveries, and silver
lace, colours red, fringed with silver, about 130; after that, a
troop, 6 trumpets, 7 footmen in sea-green and silver, their
colours pink, fringed with silver; then a troop, with their liveries
gray and blue, with silk and silver laces, 30 footmen, 4 trumpets,
consisting of about 220, their colours sky, fringed with silver;
another of gray liveries, 6 trumpets, colours sky and silver, of
about 105 gentlemen; another troop of 70 gentlemen, 5
trumpets, colours sky and silver; another troop, led by the lord
Clevland, of about 200 noblemen and gentlemen, colours blue,
fringed with gold; another troop of about 100, black colours,
fringed with gold; another troop of about 300.
After these came two trumpets, with his Majesties arms, the
sheriffs men in red cloaks and silver lace, with half pikes, 79 in
number; then followed the several companies of London, with
their several streamers, all in black velvet coats with gold chains,
every company having their footmen of their several liveries,
some red and white, some pink and white, some blue and
yellow, etc.; three trumpets in liveries richly laced and cloth of
silver sleeves, went before the company of the Mercers. After all
these, came a kettle-drum, five trumpets, and three streamers,
and very rich red liveries, with silver lace. The number of the
citizens were about 600. After these, 12 ministers, another
kettle-drum, four trumpets, then his Majesties life-guard, led by
the lord Gerrard; another party, led by sir Gilbert Gerrard, and
major Rosecarron, and the third division by colonel Pragues;
then three trumpeters in rich coats and satin doublets; the city
marshal, with 8 footmen, in French green, trimmed with crimson
and white; the city waits, the city officers in order, Dr. Warmstry,
the 2 Sheriffs, and all the Aldermen of London, in their scarlet
gowns, and rich trappings, with footmen in liveries, red coats,
laced with silver, and cloth of gold; the heralds and maces in
their rich coats; the Lord Mayor, bare, carrying the sword; his
Excellency and the duke of Buckingham bare; and then, the
glory of all, his sacred Majesty rode between the dukes of York
and Gloucester; afterwards followed a troop bare, with white
colours, then the generals lifeguard; after which, another
company of gentry, sky, fringed with gold; after which, five
regiments of the army horse, led by colonel Knight, viz. his
Excellencies regiment, colonel Knight's, colonel Cloberrie's, lord
Fauconberg's, lord Howard's; after whom, came two troops of
nobility and gentlemen, red colours, fringed with gold. There was
never such a sight of noblemen and gentlemen that marched
then, brandishing their swords all along. Soon after his Majesty
was passed, all the musketeers that lined the streets gave many
volleys of shot.
Thus was his Majesty conducted to his royal palace at Whitehall;
where after the lord mayor had took his leave, his Majesty went
to the Lords, where was a speech made to his Majesty, and
another in the Banqueting-house by the Speaker of the House of
Commons, which is printed at large by the printers of the said
house: which done, his Majesty retired himself, and supped with
the two dukes in the Chast chamber. This day his Majesty dined
in the Presence chamber.
The solemnity of this day was concluded by an infinite number of
bonfires; it being observable, that, as if all the houses had
turned out their chimneys into the streets (the weather being
very warm) there were almost as many fires in the streets, as
houses, throughout London and Westminster; and among the
rest in Westminster, a very costly one was made, where the
effigy of the old Oliver Cromwell was set up upon a high post,
with the arms of the Commonwealth; which having been
exposed there a while to the public view, with torches lighted,
that everyone might take better notice of them, were burnt
together.
The foreign ambassadors and public ministers here did likewise
highly express their joy for his Majesties happy arrival here on
Tuesday last, by their bonfires and other public demonstrations;
specially the ambassadors of France and Portugal, and the
plenipotentiaries of the king of Sweden; in particular, his
plenipotentiary lying at Charing-cross, besides his bonfires,
giving of wine and throwing of money among the people, made
very gallant emblems upon the business of the day.
 STATE OF LONDON BEFORE THE PLAGUE
(1661).

Besides the insanitary conditions which rendered the City so liable to

outbreaks of infectious disease, there were other nuisances which
afflicted the inhabitants of the City. It is rather difficult to imagine
what John Evelyn would have said about a Black Country town of
the present day, where the effects of smoke must be much more
noticeable than in the London of 1661. But his indictment, although
severe, is in the main true; the smoke nuisance has not decreased
since the seventeenth century, and probably we tolerate it only
because we are accustomed to it. It must be remembered that in
Evelyn's day the use of coal for fuel, although not great, was rapidly
increasing; and a tax on coal was often a source of considerable
revenue.
 Source.—John Evelyn, Fumifugium.
That this glorious and ancient city, which from wood might be
rendered brick, and (like another Rome) from brick made stone
and marble; which commands the proud ocean to the Indies,
and reaches the farthest Antipodes, should wrap her stately
head in clouds of smoke and sulphur, so full of stink and
darkness, I deplore with just indignation. That the buildings
should be composed of such a congestion of misshapen and
extravagant houses; that the streets should be so narrow and
incommodious in the very centre, and busiest places of
intercourse; that there should be so ill and uneasy a form of
paving under foot, so troublesome and malicious a disposure of
the spouts and gutters overhead, are particulars worthy of
reproof and reformation; because it is hereby rendered a
labyrinth in its principal passages, and a continual wet day after
the storm is over.
The immoderate use of, and indulgence to seacoal alone in the
city of London, exposes it to one of the foulest inconveniences
and reproaches, that can possibly befall so noble, and otherwise
incomparable a city: and that, not from the culinary fires, which
for being weak, and less often fed below, is with such ease
dispelled and scattered above, as it is hardly at all discernible,
but from some few particular tunnells and issues, belonging only
to brewers, dyers, lime-burners, salt, and soap-boilers, and some
other private trades, one of whose spiracles alone, does
manifestly infect the air, more than all the chimneys of London
put together besides. And that this is not the least hyperbole, let
the best of judges decide it, which I take to be our senses:
whilst these are belching forth from their sooty jaws, the city of
London resembles the face rather of mount Ætna, the court of
Vulcan, Stromboli, or the suburbs of hell, than an assembly of
rational creatures, and the imperial seat of our incomparable
monarch. For when in all other places the air is most serene and
pure, it is here eclipsed with such a cloud of sulphur, as the sun
itself, which gives daily to all the world besides, is hardly able to
penetrate and impart it here; and the weary traveller, at many
miles distance, sooner smells, than sees the city to which he
repairs.
This is that pernicious smoke which sullies all her glory,
superinducing a sooty crust or furr upon all that it lights, spoiling
the moveables, tarnishing the plate, gildings, and furniture, and
corroding the very iron bars and hardest stones with those
piercing and acrimonious spirits which accompany its sulphur;
and executing more in one year, than exposed to the pure air of
the country it could effect in some hundreds. It is this horrid
smoke, which obscures our churches, and makes our palaces
look old, which fouls our clothes, and corrupts the waters, so as
the very rain and refreshing dews which fall in the several
seasons, precipitate this impure vapour, which with its black and
tenacious quality, spots and contaminates whatever is exposed
to it.
 THE PLAGUE (1665).

Pepys and Evelyn give descriptions of the scenes in London during

the terrible visitation of 1665; and Defoe's narrative is extremely
vivid and circumstantial, although he was only four years old at the
time and must have derived much of his information from other
sources. The following account by Vincent is contemporary:
Source.—Rev. T. Vincent, God's Terrible Voice in the
City.
Now the citizens of London are put to a stop in the career of
their trade; they begin to fear whom they converse withal, and
deal withal, lest they should have come out of infected places.
Now roses and other sweet flowers wither in the gardens, are
disregarded in the markets, and people dare not offer them to
their noses lest with their sweet savour, that which is infectious
should be attracted: rue and wormwood are taken into the hand;
myrrh and zedoary into the mouth; and without some antidote
few stir abroad in the morning. Now many houses are shut up
where the plague comes, and the inhabitants shut in, lest
coming abroad they should spread infection. It was very dismal
to behold the red crosses, and read in great letters, LORD HAVE
MERCY UPON US, on the doors, and watchmen standing before them
with halberts; and such a solitude about those places, and
people passing by them so gingerly, and with such fearful looks
as if they had been lined with enemies in ambush, that waited to
destroy them.
Now rich tradesmen provide themselves to depart; if they have
not country-houses they seek lodgings abroad for themselves
and families, and the poorer tradesmen, that they may imitate
the rich in their fear, stretch themselves to take a country
journey, though they have scarce wherewithal to bring them
back again. The ministers also (many of them) take occasion to
go to their country-places for the summer time; or (it may be) to
find out some few of their parishioners that were gone before
them, leaving the greatest part of their flock without food or
physic, in the time of their greatest need. (I don't speak of all
ministers, those which did stay out of choice and duty, deserve
true honour.) Possibly they might think God was now preaching
to the city, and what need their preaching? or rather did not the
thunder of God's voice affrighten their guilty consciences and
make them fly away, lest a bolt from heaven should fall upon
them, and spoil their preaching for the future; and therefore
they would reserve themselves till the people had less need of
them. I do not blame any citizens retiring, when there was so
little trading, and the presence of all might have helped forward
the increase and spreading of the infection; but how did guilt
drive many away, where duty would have engaged them to stay
in the place? Now the highways are thronged with passengers
and goods, and London doth empty itself into the country; great
are the stirs and hurries in London by the removal of so many
families; fear puts many thousands on the wing, and those think
themselves most safe, that can fly furthest off from the city.
In August how dreadful is the increase: from 2010, the number
amounts up to 2817 in one week; and thence to 3880 the next;
thence to 4237 the next; thence to 6102 the next; and all these
of the plague, besides other diseases.
Now the cloud is very black, and the storm comes down upon us
very sharp. Now Death rides triumphantly on his pale horse
through our streets; and breaks into every house almost, where
any inhabitants are to be found. Now people fall as thick as
leaves from the trees in autumn, when they are shaken by a
mighty wind. Now there is a dismal solitude in London's streets,
every day looks with the face of a Sabbath day, observed with
greater solemnity than it used to be in the city. Now shops are
shut in, people rare and very few that walk about, insomuch that
the grass begins to spring up in some places, and a deep silence
almost in every place, especially within the walls; no rattling
coaches, no prancing horses, no calling in customers, nor
offering wares; no London Cries sounding in the ears: if any
voice be heard, it is the groans of dying persons, breathing forth
their last: and the funeral knells of them that are ready to be
carried to their graves. Now shutting up of visited houses (there
being so many) is at an end, and most of the well are mingled
among the sick, which otherwise would have got no help. Now in
some places where the people did generally stay, not one house
in a hundred but is infected; and in many houses half the family
is swept away; in some the whole, from the eldest to the
youngest; few escape with the death of but one or two; never
did so many husbands and wives die together; never did so
many parents carry their children with them to the grave, and go
together into the same house under earth, who had lived
together in the same house upon it. Now the nights are too
short to bury the dead; the long summer days are spent from
morning unto the twilight in conveying the vast number of dead
bodies unto the bed of their graves.
 THE FIRE (1666).

By the terrible conflagration of 1666, the whole of the City was

destroyed, except a narrow circle round its boundaries. It is not at all
difficult to account for the outbreak: the closeness of the streets, the
wooden structure of the houses, the number of families occupying
the same house, the common use of wood for fuel—all these
circumstances were favourable to the origin and spread of the
flames. But obvious as these causes were, there was evidenced an
enormous anxiety to fix the blame upon some unpopular party, and
wildly improbable and grossly exaggerated accounts were given. The
republican party were first charged with the crime of setting fire to
the City; then the Dutch were believed to be the authors. In neither
case was there any shadow of reasonable proof. In the end it was
fixed upon the Papists, on the strength of a single confession of a
mad Frenchman, who told a ridiculous and contradictory story of a
Roman Catholic conspiracy; only the extraordinary temper of the
times can explain the credulity with which this story in common with
many others concerning Roman Catholics was received. Although the
slander could not stand examination, it was inscribed on the
Monument, and remained there during the whole of the eighteenth
century. (See 1681, Popish Panic.)
 Sources.—(a) Pepys' Diary;
(b) London Gazette, September 8, 1666.
(a) September 2, 1666.—Some of our mayds sitting up late last
night to get things ready against our feast to-day, Jane called us
up about three in the morning, to tell us of the great fire they
saw in the city. So I rose and slipped on my nightgowne, and
went to her window, and thought it to be on the back-side of
Marke-lane at the farthest; but, being unused to such fires as
followed, I thought it to be far enough off; and so went to bed
again and to sleep. About seven rose again to dress myself, and
there looked out of the window, and saw the fire not so much as
it was and further off. So to my closett to set things right after
yesterday's cleaning. By and by Jane comes and tells me that
she hears that above 300 houses have been burned down to
night by the fire we saw, and that it is now burning down all
Fish-Street by London Bridge. So I made myself ready presently,
and walked to the Tower; ... and there I did see the houses at
the end of the bridge all on fire, and an infinite great fire on this
and the other side the end of the bridge; which, among other
people, did trouble me for poor little Michell and our Sarah on
the bridge. So down, with my heart full of trouble, to the
Lieutenant of the Tower, who tells me it begun this morning in
the King's baker's house in Pudding Lane, and that it hath
burned St. Magnus's Church and most part of Fish-Street
already. So I down to the waterside, and there got a boat and
through bridge, and there saw a lamentable fire. Poor Michell's
house, as far as the Old Swan, already burned that way, and the
fire running further, that in a very little time it got as far as the
Steele-yard, while I was there. Everybody endeavouring to
remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them
into lighters that lay off; poor people staying in the houses as
long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into
boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water side to
another. And among other things, the poor pigeons, I perceive,
were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows
and balconys till they burned their wings, and fell down.
Having staid, and in an hour's time seen the fire rage every way,
and nobody, to my sight, endeavouring to quench it, but to
remove their goods, and leave all to the fire, and having seen it
get as far as Steele-yard; and the wind mighty high and driving it
into the City; and everything, after so long a drought, proving
combustible, even the very stones of the churches, and among
other things, the poor steeple by which pretty Mrs. ⸺ lives,
and whereof my old school-fellow Elborough is parson, taken fire
in the very top, and there burned till it fell down: to White Hall
... and there up to the King's closett in the Chappell, where
people come about me, and I did give them an account that
dismayed them all, and word was carried in to the King. So I was
called for, and did tell the King and the Duke of York what I saw,
and that unless his Majesty did command houses to be pulled
down nothing could stop the fire. They seemed much troubled,
and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him,
and commanded him to spare no houses, but to pull down
before the fire every way. The Duke of York bid me tell him that
if he would have any more soldiers he shall; and so did my Lord
Arlington afterwards, as a great secret. Here meeting with
Captain Cocke, I in his coach, which he lent me, and Creed with
me to Paul's, and there walked along Watling-street as well as I
could, every creature coming away loaden with goods to save,
and here and there sicke people carried away in beds.
Extraordinary good goods carried in carts or on backs. At last
met my Lord Major in Canning-street, like a man spent, with a
handkercher about his neck. To the King's message he cried, like
a fainting woman, "Lord, what can I do? I am spent; people will
not obey me. I have been pulling down houses; but the fire
overtakes us faster than we can do it." That he needed no more
soldiers; and that, for himself, he must go and refresh himself,
having been up all night. So he left me, and I him, and walked
home, seeing people all almost distracted, and no manner of
means used to quench the fire. The houses, too, so very thick
thereabouts, and full of matter for burning, as pitch and tar, in
Thames-street; and ware houses of oyle, and wines, and brandy,
and other things. Here I saw Mr. Isaake Houblon, the handsome
man, prettily dressed and dirty, at his door at Dow-gate,
receiving some of his brother's things, whose houses were on
fire; and, as he says, have been removed twice already; and he
doubts (as it soon proved) that they must be in a little time
removed from his house also, which was a sad consideration.
And to see the churches all filling with goods by people who
themselves should have been quietly there at this time. By this
time it was about twelve o'clock; and so home....
While at dinner Mrs. Batelier came to enquire after Mr Woolfe
and Stanes ... whose houses in Fish-Street are all burned, and
they in a sad condition. She would not stay in the fright. Soon as
dined, I and Moone away, and walked through the City, the
streets full of but people and horses and carts loaden with
goods, ready to run over one another, and removing goods from
one burned house to another. They now removing out of
Canning-Street (which received goods in the morning) into
Lumbard-Street, and further; and among others I now saw my
little gold-smith, Stokes, receiving some friends goods, whose
house itself was burned the day after.
We parted at Paul's; he home, and I to Paul's Wharf, where I
had appointed a boat to attend me, and took in Mr. Carcasse and
his brother, whom I met in the streete, and carried them below
and above bridge to ... see the fire, which was now got further,
both below and above, and no likelihood of stopping it. Met with
the King and Duke of York in their barge, and with them to
Queenhithe, and there called Sir Richard Browne to them. Their
order was only to pull down houses apace, and so below bridge
at the water side; but little was or could be done, the fire coming
upon them so fast. Good hopes there were of stopping it at the
Three Cranes above, and at Buttolph's Wharf below bridge, if
care be used; but the wind carries it into the City, so as we know
not by the water-side what it do there. River full of lighters and
boats taking in goods, and good goods swimming in the water,
and only I observed that hardly one lighter or boat in three that
had the goods of a house in, but there was a pair of Virginalls in
it.
Having seen as much as I could now, I away to Whitehall by
appointment and there walked to St. James's Parke, and there
met my wife and Creed and Wood and his wife and walked to my
boat; and there upon the water again, and to the fire up and
down, it still increasing, and the wind great. So near the fire as
we could for smoke; and all over the Thames, with one's face in
the wind, you were almost burned with a shower of fire-drops.
This is very true; so as houses were burned by these drops and
flakes of fire, three or four, nay, five or six houses, one from
another. When we could endure no more upon the water, we to
a little ale-house on the Bankside, over against the three Cranes,
and there staid till it was dark almost, and saw the fire grow;
and, as it grew darker, appeared more and more, and in corners
and upon steeples, and between churches and houses, as far as
we could see up the hill of the City, in a most horrid malicious
bloody flame, not like the fine flame of an ordinary fire.... We
staid till, it being darkish, we saw the fire as only one entire arch
of fire from this to the other side of the bridge, and in a bow up
the hill for an arch of above a mile long; it made me weep to see
it. The church, houses, and all on fire and flaming at once; and a
horrid noise the flames made, and the cracking of houses at
their ruine. So home with a sad heart, and there find everybody
discursing and lamenting the fire: and poor Tom Hater come
with some few of his goods saved out of his house, which is
burned upon Fish-Street Hill. I invited him to lie at my house,
and receive his goods, but was deceived in his lying there; so as
we were forced to begin to pack up our owne goods, and
prepare for their removal; and did by moonshine (it being brave
dry, and moonshine, and warm weather) carry much of my
goods into the garden, and Mr. Hater and I did remove my
money and iron chests into my cellar, as thinking that the safest
place. And got ready my bags of gold into my office, ready to
carry away, and my chief papers of accounts also there, and my
tallys into a box by themselves. So great was our fear, as Sir W.
Batten hath carts come out of the country to fetch away his
goods this night. We did put Mr. Hater, poor man, to bed a little;
but he got but very little rest, so much noise being in my house,
taking down of goods.
September 3rd.—About four o'clock in the morning, my Lady
Batten sent me a cart to carry away all my money, and plate,
and best things, to Sir W. Rider's at Bednall Green, which I did
riding myself in my night-gowne in the cart; and, Lord! to see
how the streets and highways are crowded with people running
and riding, and getting of carts at any rate to fetch away things.
I find Sir W. Rider tired with being called up all night, and
receiving things from several friends. His house full of goods,
and much of Sir W. Batten's and Sir W. Penn's. I am eased at my
heart to have my treasure so well secured. Then home, with
much ado to find a way, nor any sleep at all this night to me nor
my poor wife.
(b) On the second instant, at one of the clock of the morning,
there happened to break out, a sad and deplorable fire, in
Pudding-lane near Fish Street, which falling out at that hour of
the night, and in a quarter of the town so close built with
wooden pitched houses, spread itself so far before day, and with
such distraction to the inhabitants and neighbours, that care was
not taken for the timely preventing the further diffusion of it, by
pulling down houses, as ought to have been; so that this
lamentable fire in a short time became too big to be mastered by
any engines or working near it. It fell out most unhappily too,
that a violent easterly wind fomented, and kept it burning all
that day, and the night following, spreading itself up to
Gracechurch Street, and downwards from Cannon Street to the
water-side, as far as the Three Cranes in the Vintrey.
The people in all parts about it distracted by the vastness of it,
and their particular care to carry away their goods, many
attempts were made to prevent the spreading of it by pulling
down houses, and making great intervals, but all in vain, the fire
seizing upon the timber and rubbish and so continuing itself,
even through those spaces, and raging in a bright flame all
Monday and Tuesday, notwithstanding his majesties own, and his
royal highness's indefatigable and personal pains to apply all
possible remedies to prevent it, calling upon and helping the
people with their guards, and a great number of nobility and
gentry unwearied assisting therein, for which they were requited
with a thousand blessings from the poor distressed people. By
the favour of God, the wind slackened a little on Tuesday night
and the flames meeting with brick buildings at the Temple, by
little and little it was observed to lose its force on that side, so
that on Wednesday morning we began to hope well, and his
royal highness never despairing or slackening his personal care,
wrought so well that day, assisted in some parts by the lords of
the council before and behind it, that a stop was put to it at the
Temple-Church, near Holborn-Bridge, Pie-corner, Aldersgate,
Cripplegate, near the lower end of Coleman-Street, at the end of
Basinghall Street, by the Postern, at the upper end of
Bishopsgate street, and Leadenhall-street, at the standard in
Cornhill, at the church in Fenchurch street, near Clothworkers-
Hall in Mincing Lane, at the middle of Mark-lane, and at the
Tower-dock.
On Thursday by the blessing of God it was wholly beat down and
extinguished. But so as that evening it unhappily burst out again
afresh at the Temple, by the falling of some sparks (as is
supposed) upon a pile of wooden buildings; but his royal
highness, who watched there that whole night in person, by the
great labours and diligence used, and especially by applying
powder to blow up the houses about it, before day most happily
mastered it.
Divers strangers, Dutch and French were, during the fire,
apprehended, upon suspicion that they contributed
mischievously to it, who are all imprisoned, and informations
prepared to make a severe inquisition thereupon by my lord
chief justice Keeling, assisted by some of the lords of the privy-
council, and some principal members of the city, notwithstanding
which suspicions, the manner of the burning all along in a train,
and so blown forwards in all its way by strong winds, makes us
conclude the whole was an effect of an unhappy chance, or to
speak better, the heavy hand of God upon us for our sins,
shewing us the terror of his judgment in thus raising the fire,
and immediately after his miraculous and never enough to be
acknowledged mercy in putting a stop to it when we were in the
last despair, and that all attempts for the quenching it however
industriously pursued, seemed insufficient. His Majesty then sat
hourly in council, and ever since hath continued making rounds
about the city in all parts of it where the danger and mischief
was greatest, till this morning that he hath sent his grace the
duke of Albemarle, whom he hath called for to assist him in this
great occasion, to put his happy and successful hand to the
finishing this memorable deliverance.
 A PROCLAMATION OF CHARLES II. (1666).

It seems clear from this proclamation that the King and his advisers
not only realised the faults and dangers of the recently destroyed
City, but entertained worthy and lofty ideals for its re-erection.
Ingenious schemes were not lacking, and only a strong and firm and
enthusiastic government was required to insure the building of a
beautiful, safe, and convenient city to replace the old picturesque,
but dangerous, unhealthy, and crowded buildings. However, royal
favour and public convenience could not prevail against "vested
interests"; and most of the pious hopes of Charles, and the plans of
enlightened architects and others, were not fulfilled.
Charles, R.—As no particular man hath sustained any loss or
damage by the late terrible and deplorable fire in his fortune or
estate, in any degree to be compared with the loss and damage
we ourself have sustained, so it is not possible for any man to
take the same more to heart, and to be more concerned and
solicitous for the rebuilding this famous city with as much
expedition as is possible; and since it hath pleased God to lay
this heavy judgment upon us all in this time, as an evidence of
his displeasure for our sins, we do comfort ourself with some
hope, that he will, upon our due humiliation before him, as a
new instance of his signal blessing upon us, give us life, not only
to see the foundations laid, but the buildings finished, of a much
more beautiful city than is at this time consumed.
In the first place, the woeful experience in this late heavy
visitation hath sufficiently convinced all men of the pernicious
consequences which have attended the building with timber, and
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