Chemical Reaction- A reaction in which there is a chemical change and a new

substance is formed is called a chemical reaction.

The characteristics of a chemical reaction

●​ Evolution of gas
●​ Change in temperature
●​ Change in state of matter
●​ Change in colour
●​ Formation of a precipitate
●​ Effervescence

1.​ What is a Chemical equation?

A Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction is called a chemical equation.

2. What are the rules to be followed while writing a chemical equation?

●​ Write the reactants on the LHS with a plus sign between them. Write the products on
the RHS with a + sign between them.
●​ Put an arrow mark (pointing towards the products) between the reactants and
products.
●​ Write the special conditions necessary for an equation above or below the arrow
mark.
●​ Write the state of matter as Solid(s), Liquid (l), gas(g), Aqueous (aq),
Precipitate(ppt)↓
●​ Balance the equation.

3. Why should we balance an equation?

To obey the Law of conservation of mass - which states that mass can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. That is the number of atoms of each
element remains the same before and after a chemical reaction.

Different types of Chemical Reaction

Combination reaction-A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a

single compound.

C + O2--------------> CO2

2H2 + O2 -------------> 2H2O

Decomposition Reaction - A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to form

two or more products.

Thermal Decomposition: Decomposition reaction brought about by heat is called

thermal decomposition or Thermolysis.
 heat

2Pb(NO3)2-------> 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

CaCO₃--------------> CaO + CO2

Decomposition brought by light is called photolytic decomposition or photolysis.

2AgCl​​ -----> ​2Ag​ +​ Cl2

silver chloride(white)​ ( grey)

2AgBr​​ ------> ​2Ag​ +​ Br2

Decomposition reaction brought about by electricity is called electrolytic decomposition or

electrolysis.

2H2O----------> 2H2 + O2

Reactivity Series

Displacement Reactions

Chemical reactions that take place when a more active element displaces a less
reactive element from its compound.

Fe​ +​ CuSO4 --->​ FeSO4 ​ +​ Cu

​ Copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate

​ ​ (blue colour) ( light green colour)

Double displacement Reactions

Two reacting compounds exchange their corresponding ions and form two new
compounds

BaCl2 + Na2SO4--->​ BaSO4 ​ + 2NaCl

​ ​ ​ (White ppt)​ ​

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ​ -----> PbI2​ +​ 2KNO3

​ ​ ​ ( Yellow ppt)

Precipitation reaction: A reaction in which an insoluble substance is formed is

called a precipitation reaction.

Exothermic Reaction: Reactions that are accompanied by rise in temperature are

called exothermic reactions

CaO + H2O-------------> Ca(OH)2

CH4 + 2O2-----------> CO2+ 2H2O + heat energy

Endothermic reaction:Reactions that are accompanied by a fall in temperature are

called endothermic reactions.

Barium hydroxide ammonium chloride​ Barium chloride Ammonia

Oxidation reaction - It is a reaction in which there is a gain of oxygen or loss of

hydrogen.

Reduction reaction: It is a reaction in which there is a loss of oxygen or gain of

hydrogen.

Redox reaction: A reaction in which oxidation and reduction takes place

simultaneously is called redox reaction.

CuO + H2-------------> Cu + H2O

In this reaction CuO has lost oxygen and so is reduced and Hydrogen has gained
oxygen so it is oxidised.

Corrosion: When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acid

etc., it is said to corrode and this process is called corrosion.

●​ When iron is exposed to moisture it gets rusted (reddish brown in colour)

 ●​ When copper is exposed to moist CO2 it forms basic copper carbonate (green
colour)
●​ When silver is exposed to hydrogen sulphide it forms silver sulphide (black
colour)

Rancidity: The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oil in foods
marked by unpleasant smell and taste is called rancidity.

Methods to prevent rancidity:

●​ by adding anti-oxidants
●​ replacing air by nitrogen
●​ refrigeration
●​ vacuum packing
●​ air-tight containers
●​
1.​ Chemical Reactions and Equations

1.​ A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in
colour. Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.

A.​ The element ‘X’ is copper and the black coloured compound formed is copper
oxide.

2Cu + O2 ----- 2CuO

Copper Oxygen Copperoxide

2.​ Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

A.​ By coating paint over iron articles, the contact of iron with moist air is cut off.
So, moist air cannot attack the surface of the iron article and there is no risk of
rusting. Thus iron can be protected from damage for many years.

3.​ Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?

A.​ In the presence of oxygen in the air, the fats present in food are oxidized to
compounds which have a bad smell i.e. the food becomes rancid. Flushing
with nitrogen cuts off the contact of food with oxygen and protects the
food from rancidity.

4.​ Give one example of a reaction which is a double displacement reaction as

well as precipitation reaction.

A.​ AgNO3 + 2NaCl --------→ AgCl + NaNO3

silver nitrate Sodium chloride Silver chloride Sodium nitrate

​ ​ ​ ppt.
5.​ Zinc liberates hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid,
whereas copper does not. Why?

A.​ Zinc is above hydrogen whereas copper is below hydrogen in the activity
series of metals. That is why zinc displaces hydrogen from dilute
hydrochloric acid, while copper does not.

6.​ Identify the substance oxidised, substance reduced, oxidising agent and
reducing agent

MnO2 + 4HCl ---→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Substance oxidised - HCl

Substance reduced - MnO2

Oxidising agent - MnO2

Reducing agent - HCl