Consuming Ground water resource in ECSU

May/2024

ABSTRACT
Groundwater is an invisible natural resource. It is available in different proportions, in various
rock types and at various depths, on the surface layer of the earth. In the historical past, when
there is no visible flow of water along the rivers, people used to dig small pits, in the river
alluvium, wait and collect the groundwater coming through seepage and use it for their
drinking purposes and for meeting the domestic needs. Similarly, to the people of mountainous
regions, natural springs provided the sources of water supply. Springs are the outcome of
seepage from any groundwater system, in hilly terrains or in limestone regions. More than 60
percent of the global population thrives by using only the groundwater resources. The
groundwater which was existing at shallow depths in the open wells, has gone deep due to
over-exploitation. Exploring these water sources become a challenging task to geo-scientists.
Water scarcity is one of the major problems facing major cities of
country. This is one of the motivations to propose about this project, to deploy computing
techniques in boring out water for domestic use in the Ethiopian civil service university
university, especially for dormers use in order to not only provide more option to supply water,
financial gains and energy saving, but also helps to increase potential of municipality water
supply for the city societies. This project works by coordinate the stakeholders in the
university[the finance, head, from college of urban development and engineering grope of
different field, like hydrology engineer, designer, soil engineer, ……]. The system uses enough
diameters of pipe line and its own ground force to pump out the ground water to reservirer
tank. This project provides an improvement on supply of water demand of different section
{the office toilet and bath, teacher’s cafeteria, students cafeteria, private cafeteria, student
mealing house, student bath and washing purpose, the construction work…….etc.} In general
the the ground water helps not only for the above reason but also remove discontinuity supply
of water of the municipal.

Name YARED KUMA / UE . 4TH year

ID 2101 548
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 Consuming Ground water resource in ECSU
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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................I
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Significance of the project ........................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER TWO ..............................................................................................................................4

2 Literature Review..........................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................... 5

3. Methodology............................................................................................................................ 5

3.1. Proposed Block Diagram ......................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................7

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................9

Name YARED KUMA / UE . 4TH year

ID 2101 548
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1. Background
In the past years Ethiopian Civil Service University were give its training in two different places.
The one is here the place where now are presented, the other compound was in the compound
of Ethiopian electricity power corporation around cotobe steel production company as the
other branch campus. These branch campus works for long time and was giving library service,
class for training and dormitory, and different offices for the departments work.
Because of the compound is the legal property of Ethiopian electricity Power Corporation, since
the last two years, this branch campus terminates and gives its training, library service, class for
training and dormitory, and different offices for the departments work in the main compound.
This condition engaged the university to crowdedness of the library, dormitory, cafeteria,
student meal house, bath and toilet, and so on. In a single dorm usually was serving to six
students but after included of the branch campus in the main compound it is obliged to use a
single dorm for twelve /12/ students which is the main case for the occurrence of shortage of
water due to crowdedness of bath and toilet.
The university tries to solve the problem by using commercial water which is supplied and
transporting by bout truck rather than designing to increase the size of tanker and else. In
addition to this with the inconsistent supply of municipal service the major problem of shortage
of water specially starts at this time.
At present time the university tries to do another solution by designing and build big reservoir,
but I recommend as using ground water resource is best.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In the context of most our country’s university, campus societies have high water demand for
different uses. One of the institutions in the big problem of water is our institution Ethiopian
civil service university. The problem occurs not only comes from the shortage and poor

potential of the municipal to supply but also the poor management to control water linkage by
employing well skilled manpower and supply spare parts of plumbing accessories. These engage
the university to pay high cost because of high linkeage of water day and night. That is why the
university tries to solve this problem and in addition by budgeting tens of million birr for the

Name YARED KUMA / UE . 4TH year

ID 2101 548
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building of big water reservoir. Because the management should design to produce and fulfill
their demand to prevent themselves from problem of water occurs when the city government
falls in the shortage of water and annually pay high cost. Of course the location of the
institution determines the ability to consume ground water.

The type of location where ground water is rich is the place at low level when compared to the
surrounding landscape and is surrounded by mountain. This proposal is not proposed to those
universities and institutions that cannot able to consume GW.

According to Ethiopian Civil Service University, the location is beneath of northern Addis Ababa
chainy mountain. This helps the university, the ground water table to be nearby to the ground
level especially in the back yard of female dorm building, the ground has a sign as the GW is
near to the ground level. Our university stays till now by ordering commercial water from
Ethiopian water and Sewerage Company and transported by heavy bout truck. Due to these the
institution were exposed for corruptions.

1.3 Significance of the project

Ground water is quality for drinking and does not need additional treatment

 Its cost is at first phase when investigate and construction time then after it is free
from any payment

Hence! There will no shortage of water.

The bad smell comes from toilet that disturbs students dorm will solve forever.

1.4 Research Objective

General Objective; the general objective of this project is design, construction and
implementation of Ground Water with sustainable service.

Specific objectives; sustainable delivery enough amount of water for; cafeteria purpose
student mea student officer toilet and bath student bath & washing purposethe institute
cleaning & greenery use…etc.

To save money of monthly pay.

To deliver for the institution construction project.

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CHAPTER TWO
Literature review

 GROUNDWATER IN URBAN WATER SECURITY

During the 20th century, there was an enormous boom in waterwell construction for urban
water supply, as well as for agricultural irrigation and industrial processing. Major advances in
waterwell drilling, pumping technology, energy access and geological knowledge allowed deep
boreholes to be drilled relatively quickly and extract large volumes. Shallow waterwells using
affordable technology were developed for private users and community supplies. Groundwater
thus became a key natural resource supporting human well-being and economic development –
but still all too widely a resource misunderstood, undervalued, poorly managed and
inadequately protected

 Municipal water-supply provision

Groundwater exhibits numerous benefits for water-supply development by public utilities. Its
normally excellent natural quality, requiring only precautionary disinfection before supply into
main distribution systems, has long made groundwater the preferred source. Urban centres
underlain and/or surrounded by high-yielding aquifers usually have better water mains service
levels and lower water prices because of the potential to expand water-supply production
incrementally in response to rising demand at modest cost.
Most urban areas located in favorable hydrogeological settings will initially have a significant
dependence on groundwater for their water supply . Indirectly, groundwater contributes to
urban poverty reduction by allowing water utilities to operate social ‘pro-poor’ tariffs. However,
most urban poor live in peri-urban settlements, which are unplanned and lack legal status, and
city planners often impede the provision of public infrastructure services to such areas because
of anticipated high capital costs and low revenue collection

 Benefits of groundwater sources to water service utilities

 Widespread distribution, with direct access in many outlying districts

 Generally excellent natural quality, requiring minimal treatment (except where affected
by anthropogenic pollution or by natural contamination)
 Huge natural reservoirs that can be used for long-term water storage
 Buffered against rainfall variability unlike surface-water sources

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 Benefits of groundwater sources for Ethiopian Civil Service
University

To save money of monthly pay.

Ground water is quality for drinking and does not need additional treatment

 Its cost is at first phase when investigate and construction time then after it is free
from any payment

Hence! There will no shortage of water.

The bad smell comes from toilet that disturbs students dorm will solve forever.

2.1 Private and community self-supply

The term ‘self-supply’ refers to water-supply investments that are financed by users
themselves. In developing economies, most self-suppliers use groundwater and share their
supply with neighbors. Self-supply from groundwater provides a rapid solution in areas where it
is technically feasible and affordable. The proximity to the home of a private waterwell,
combined with low recurrent costs and, in some cases, low initial investment costs, makes
private water wells an attractive option. Such investments unlock significant finance for water-
supply access and are a fast-growing phenomenon Nevertheless, private groundwater use
tends to pass under the radar of official national water-supply statistics or the phenomenon is
not recognised at all by the government.
The use of private waterwells for urban self-supply has ‘mushroomed’ in recent years,
especially in South Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa For example, some 125 million
people in sub-Saharan Africa and 340 million in India depend primarily on this type of source.
The practice usually commences as a ‘coping strategy’ for irregular or inadequate piped water
supplies but then continues in perpetuity as a ‘cost-reduction strategy’ to avoid paying higher
water tariffs.
Private waterwell construction costs in most hydrogeological settings will be in the range of
US$2,000–20,000 but are considerably higher (US$30,000–45,000) where deep boreholes (of
200–300 m) are required. Private waterwell ownership will thus remain mainly the preserve of
the wealthy, and it is not a ‘pro-poor’ phenomenon. While the practice reduces the pressure on
water utility supplies, it can also have serious impacts on their cash flows and investment cycles
There is obviously a clear need for some regulation of urban waterwell self-supply because,
without regular quality monitoring (and if necessary, water treatment), it will be a ‘risky
business’, especially from shallow aquifers as a result of the risk of their significant pollution.

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Replacing the municipality water supply system of Ethiopian Civil Service
University by ground water resource. These is the only solution to solve the inconsistent of
water supply problem. Four categories of aquifers occur in Addis Ababa: the very shallow
aquifer (below 30 meter), the shallow aquifer (30-100 meter), the deep aquifer (100-250 meter)
and the very deep aquifers (beyond 250|) Shallow bore water is not recommended
for use, particularly in urban areas where water sources are available due to
the high risk of chemical or microbial contamination. In deep or confined
aquifers, the microbiological quality of water is usually robust. If the bore is
adequately built, safe from surface water intrusion, and well maintained, the
water quality continues to be good. Although the water in these aquifers can
contain high levels of naturally occurring harmful chemicals, its
microbiological quality may be sufficient. Since the shallow bores are not
covered by dense soil or clay layers, shallow bores as a good source of
drinking water are not commonly recommended, particularly in urban areas.
Therefore; it is recommended deep or confined aquifers for Ethiopian Civil
Service University, which is the deep aquifer (100-250 meter).

The strategic framework process and report

The strategic framework for managed groundwater development in Ethiopian Civil
Service University prepared by a core team. The framework is set against the resource
context in the campus i.e. its relatively complex hydrogeology, the ongoing accelerated
assessment, yet also the remaining uncertainties and the concerns on natural groundwater
quality – especially fluoride levels but also hardness, nitrate levels, salinity and iodine
deficiency. The report provides a brief overview of the current level of groundwater exploration
and development in a campus. Capacity and management arrangements and a comparison with
international practice in groundwater development and management. The strategic
management framework for the campus addresses the overall objectives to be set for
groundwater management and use.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Methodology
Conserving groundwater is crucial for sustainable water management. Here are
some methodologies that can help protect and manage groundwater supply for a
single institution. This groundwater exploration method includes Test Drilling & Borehole
Geophysical Logging techniques.

Test drilling is an easy and direct method to reach the groundwater source. However, it is not
feasible for every individual due to the high cost.

Exploring groundwater

Groundwater exploration is a typical task of a hydro geologist or an engineer. Identifying the

location of its availability is a challenging task. Exploration of groundwater requires a basic
understanding of its position in the subsurface geological setup. Groundwater Exploration is
attempted through either by direct or indirect methods. Test drilling is the direct approach to
find out the resource. This is an expensive affair. Every individual cannot go for test drilling.
During the last two centuries, more and more techniques have been developed to explore the
groundwater. They are classified into surface and sub-surface methods.

 Surface methods
The surface methods are easy to operate and implement. These require
minimum facilities like
topo-sheets, maps, reports, some field measurements and
interpretations of data in the
laboratories. The surface methods of groundwater exploration include the
following:

– Esoteric Methods
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– Geomorphologic
methods
– Geological &
structural Methods
– Soil and Micro-
Biological Methods
– Remote Sensing
Techniques
– Surface Geophysical
Methods
– Esoteric Methods

– Geomorphologic methods

– Geological & structural Methods

– Soil and Micro-Biological Methods

– Remote Sensing Techniques

– Surface Geophysical Methods

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 Sub-surface methods
1.1Classification of Subsurface Exploration Methods

Subsurface exploration methods may be classed as direct methods and indirect methods (Hunt 1984).
Direct methods, such as test borings and the excavation of test pits, allow the examination of materials,
usually with the removal of samples. Indirect methods, such as geophysical surveys and use of the cone
penetrometer, provide a measure of material properties that, by correlation with other data, allows the
estimation of material type. Exploration methods may be further classified into the following key
categories:

Reconnaissance methods,

Surface-based geophysical methods,

Test and core borings,

Borehole logging, and

Field testing, including specialized sampling from test pits, adits, and shafts.

1.2 Definition of Appropriate Exploration Program

Decisions regarding the type and location of subsurface explorations are dependent on the information
needed to quantify the various working

Hypotheses. Some rules of thumb that may be helpful in deciding on a reasonable approach to a
subsurface exploration program are as follows:

 Reconnaissance methods involve low-cost techniques requiring a minimum of equipment. They

provide both direct and indirect data. Surface geophysical explorations provide only indirect data
but are relatively inexpensive and can cover a large area in a very short time.
 Borings constitute the most common subsurface explorations. They include a wide variety of
techniques and can vary from relatively routine and low-cost approaches to highly specialized and
expensive methods. Because borings generally are used to provide samples, they provide direct
data. Samples obtained by different techniques vary considerably in their utility; in many cases
samples obtained from borings produce inaccurate values for material properties because of their
relatively small volumes.

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 Field tests range from relatively inexpensive penetration tests that can be performed as part of
exploratory boring programs to expensive specialized test pits. Results obtained from field tests
provide confirmation of strength property estimates obtained in laboratory tests. Test pits provide
direct data and the potential for collecting large samples or performing in situ field tests to obtain
landslide information not available from other sources. These pits can usually reach only shallow
depths; they become extremely costly as the depth increases.
 Geophysical or other methods for logging test borings often provide valuable information at a
modest additional cost. Specialized sampling and investigations requiring the construction of adits
and shafts are extremely expensive and time consuming. Adits and shafts may be hazardous in
landslide areas however Ethiopian Civil Service University geographic formation or condition is
not vulnerable for such kinds of barrier.

Chosen methodology
The subsurface methods are very accurate methods as the help in direct observations of
features in the form of bore-hole lithology as core samples and also geophysical measurements
of formation properties.

Esoteric Methods
– Geomorphologic
methods
– Geological &
structural Methods

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– Soil and Micro-

Biological Methods
– Remote Sensing
Techniques
– Surface Geophysical
Methods
Esoteric Methods
– Geomorphologic
methods
– Geological &
structural Methods
– Soil and Micro-
Biological Methods

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– Remote Sensing
Techniques
– Surface Geophysical
Methods
Esoteric Methods
– Geomorphologic
methods
– Geological &
structural Methods
– Soil and Micro-
Biological Methods
– Remote Sensing
Techniques
– Surface Geophysical
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 Test drilling

Test drilling is an easy and direct method to reach the groundwater source. However, it is not
feasible for every individual due to the high cost. That is why these sub-surface methods are
comparatively more expensive than the surface method

Test Hole Drilling

Drill-Well LLC drills test holes for all types of wells. This involves drilling a small diameter
hole and logging the geologic formations encountered. This is done to determine the best
location and depth of the well and to find out if the well has the potential to produce the
desired amount of water. Test holes are normally drilled using the mud rotary method
unless the circumstances and the geologic conditions are better suited for air rotary drilling

 Borehole Logging

Geophysical borehole logging can provide accurate data of the physical properties of geologic
units and groundwater within the borehole environment. Borehole logging is a time and
money-saving approach to gaining detailed information which is otherwise only obtainable
from performing and analyzing numerous cores. Borehole logging data is typically used to
characterize geology, fracture patterns, fluid flow, and geologic structural properties.

Common borehole logging techniques such as video, resistivity, natural gamma,

electromagnetic induction, 3-arm caliper, spontaneous potential, borehole deviation, and
temperature can be deployed and interpreted quickly and cost effectively. These applications
are commonly used to maximize the information obtained from geotechnical borings. While a
variety of other tools such as heat pulse flow meter, optical and acoustic televiewing, downhole
seismics and ground penetrating radar (GPR) are available, they usually are reserved for more
detailed subsurface analyses.

Borehole Logging Applications

 Geologic Strata Mapping

 Well Inspection and Construction Identification
 Soil Layer Identification
 Fracture Location Mapping
 Void Mapping
 Calculated Porosity Measurements
 Fracture Size and Orientation Data
 Layer Property Determinations

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Using this, which is prepared as it is simple proposal for assignment, I hope

the original ideas will develop a project research proposal for the
Ethiopian Civil Service University.

Discussion and conclusions

The purpose of this paper was to propose and introduce a new concept to describe
groundwater systems in Ethiopian Civil Service University primarily by making use of
differences and similarities in groundwater dynamics. It is proposed that different types of
dynamics, exhibited through variability of groundwater head time series, can be related to
different features (controls, descriptors, properties) of groundwater systems. Those
relationships can be used to learn more about groundwater systems’ responses to change. With
this knowledge it could be possible to make predictions of groundwater systems responses in
Ethiopian Civil Service University where no observations are available, using the idea that
similar systems will respond similarly to similar inputs.

The paper summarizes the work done so far with respect to establishing some of the
major steps simple proposal in consuming of “groundwater systems” in
Ethiopian Civil Service University if someone wants to develop a
project research proposal.

.References

Ethiopia: Practical Framework for Managed Groundwater Development In the Greater Addis
Ababa Area.

Reference of the upper book

{Tamiru Alemayehu, Dagnachew Legess, Tenalem Ayenew, Yirga Tadesse, Solomon Waltenigus
and Nuri Mohammed (2005), Hydrogeology, water quality and the degree if groundwater
vulnerability to pollution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. UNEP, UNESCO Girma Hailu, 2011
Assessment of the Status of Nitrate Pollution in Selected Water Sources in Addis Ababa, Addis
Ababa University, School of Graduate Studies Girma Tadesse, Don Peden, Peter McCornick (200
5) Extent and significant use of low quality water in agriculture: The case of Addis Ababa

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Catchments the upland of the Awash Basin. Population Census Commission, 2007Summary and
Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census, Addis Ababa Ethiopia United
Nations Human Settlements Programmed(UN-HABITAT),2008 ETHIOPIA: ADDIS ABABA URBAN
PROFILE.} Report

Management for Addis

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