Lab 1: Investigate Kali Linux

Objectives
In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

• Familiarize yourself with the Kali Linux GUI.

• Familiarize yourself with the Kali Linux shell.
• Understand basic file and directory operations.
• Learn about file permissions and how to manipulate them.

Background / Scenario
Linux is an open-source operating system known for its speed, reliability, and efficiency.
It can run on minimal hardware resources and is highly customizable. Unlike proprietary
systems like Windows and Mac OS X, Linux is maintained by a community of developers,
making it adaptable for various applications, from embedded devices to
supercomputers.

Kali Linux is a specialized distribution designed for security auditing and penetration
testing. It includes numerous tools for these tasks, but it is not intended for everyday
use like gaming or general development. As a cybersecurity professional, it’s crucial to
be adept at navigating both the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command line in
Kali Linux.

Required Resources
• Kali Linux virtual machine (VM) customized for Internship Training course.
• Internet access.

Instructions
Part 1: Familiarize Yourself with the Kali Linux GUI

Step 1: Start the VM and learn about the Kali GUI

1. Log In: Start your Kali VM and log in with the username kali and the
password kali. You should see the Kali desktop.
 2. Explore the Desktop:
o The desktop contains icons like the trash, file explorer, and application
links.
o The top panel includes running application icons and allows you to switch
between different desktops, each of which can have unique configurations.
3. Customize the Panel:
o Right-click the panel, select Panel, then + Add New Items… to explore
options for adding frequently used items.
o Access Panel Preferences… to adjust the appearance and functionality of
the panel. Experiment with the settings and then close the windows.
4. Access Settings: The top-right corner displays settings and system information,
including network status and power options.

Step 2: Navigate the Applications Menu

1. Open the Applications Menu: Click the first icon on the left side of the panel to
access the Applications menu, similar to the Start menu in Windows.
2. Explore Applications: Browse through the categories, examining the various
tools available in Kali Linux, particularly those related to security.
3. Open a Terminal: Close any application windows and click the square black-and-
white icon in the panel to open a terminal for the next part of the lab.

Part 2: Familiarize Yourself with the Kali Linux Shell

The shell (or terminal) is a powerful interface for interacting with the Linux operating
system.

Step 1: Command Documentation

1. Learn About the Man Page:

o In the terminal, type:

man man
o This command displays documentation about the man command. Use q to
exit the man page.
o Question: Name a few sections included in a man page?
2. Basic Commands: The following table lists some basic Linux commands and their
functions:
 Command Description
mv Moves or renames files and directories.
chmod Modifies file permissions.
chown Changes the ownership of a file.
dd Copies data from an input to an output.
pwd Displays the name of the current directory.
ps Lists the processes currently running in the system.
su Simulates a login as another user or to become a superuser.
sudo Runs a command as a superuser or another named user.
grep Searches for specific strings of characters within a file.
ifconfig Displays or configures network card information (deprecated; use ip address).
apt-get Installs, configures, and removes packages on Debian-based systems.
iwconfig Displays or configures wireless network card information.
shutdown Shuts down the computer or performs related tasks.
passwd Changes the password for the current user.
cat Lists the contents of a file.

Step 2: Create and Change Directories

In this step, you will use the cd, mkdir, and ls commands.

1. Print the Current Working Directory:

pwd

Question: What is the current directory?

2. Navigate to the /home/kali Directory:

cd /home/kali

3. List Files in the Current Directory:

ls -l

4. Create a New Directory:

mkdir Test

5. Verify the Directory Creation:

ls

6. Remove the Directory:

 rmdir Test

7. Verify the Directory Removal:

ls

Part 3: Copying and Moving Files

1. Copy a File: To copy a file, use the cp command. For example, to

copy gvm_admin_passwd.txt to backup_gvm_passwd.txt:

cp gvm_admin_passwd.txt backup_gvm_passwd.txt

2. Verify the Copy:

ls

3. Move a File: To move gvm_admin_passwd.txt to the Documents directory:

mv gvm_admin_passwd.txt Documents/

4. Verify the Move:

ls Documents/

Part 4: Deleting Files

1. Delete a File: To delete backup_gvm_passwd.txt:

rm backup_gvm_passwd.txt

2. Verify Deletion:

ls

Part 5: Viewing File Content

1. View File Contents: To view the contents of a file:

cat gvm_admin_passwd.txt

2. Paginated Viewing: If the file is long, use less for paginated viewing:

less gvm_admin_passwd.txt
Conclusion
Navigating the Kali Linux file system is essential for effective system management. By
mastering basic commands such as cd, ls, mkdir, cp, mv, rm, and cat, you can efficiently
manage files and directories in your environment. Understanding the GUI and the shell
will enhance your ability to perform tasks in Kali Linux.
Lab 2: Installing Packages and
Applications
Objectives
In this lab, you will:

• Use the Advanced Package Tool (APT) to manage packages in Kali Linux.
• Install, upgrade, and remove applications using command-line tools.
• Search for packages and manage repositories.

Background / Scenario
Kali Linux, built on Debian, utilizes the APT package management system, which
simplifies the process of installing, upgrading, and managing software packages.
Understanding how to use APT is essential for maintaining a functional and secure
environment, particularly in cybersecurity roles.

Required Resources
• Kali Linux virtual machine (VM).
• Internet access.

Instructions
Part 1: Updating Package Lists

1. Open a Terminal:
o Log into your Kali Linux VM.
Open a terminal by clicking on the terminal icon in the taskbar.
o
2. Update the Package List:
o Run the following command to update the list of available packages and
their versions:

sudo apt update

o Explanation:
 ▪ The sudo command allows you to run programs with the security
privileges of another user (typically the superuser).
▪ apt is the command-line tool for managing packages.
▪ update fetches the latest package information from the repositories
configured on your system. This ensures you have the most current
information about the software available for installation.
o Example Output:
o Get:1 http://kali.download/kali kali-rolling InRelease [30.5 kB]
o ...
o Reading package lists... Done

Part 2: Installing Packages

1. Install curl:
o Use APT to install curl, a command-line tool for transferring data with
URLs:

sudo apt install curl

o Explanation:
▪ install tells APT to fetch the specified package and any required
dependencies from the repository and install them.
▪ curl is a useful tool for testing endpoints and downloading files.
o Example Output:
o The following NEW packages will be installed:
o curl
o ...
o Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
2. Verify the Installation:
o Check the version of curl to confirm the installation was successful:

curl --version

o Explanation: This command displays the installed version of curl. If

installed correctly, it will show version information.
o Example Output:
o curl 7.68.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.68.0 OpenSSL/1.1.1d

Part 3: Upgrading Packages

1. Upgrade All Installed Packages:

o Run the following command to upgrade all currently installed packages to
their latest versions:
 sudo apt upgrade

o Explanation: This command checks for updates to all installed packages

and upgrades them to the latest versions available in the repository.
o Example Output:
o The following packages will be upgraded:
o package1 package2 ...
o ...
o Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
2. Review Upgrade Messages:
o Observe the output, which lists packages that were upgraded. It may
prompt you to confirm the upgrades; simply press Y and then Enter to
proceed.

Part 4: Removing Packages

1. Remove curl:
o To uninstall curl, use the following command:

sudo apt remove curl

o Explanation: The remove command removes the specified package from

the system while leaving its configuration files intact. This is useful if you
want to reinstall the package later without losing its settings.
o Example Output:
o Removing curl (7.68.0-1) ...
2. Confirm Removal:
o Verify that curl is no longer installed by checking its version:

curl --version

o Explanation: If curl was successfully removed, this command should

return an error indicating that curl is not found.
o Example Output:
o curl: command not found

Part 5: Searching for Packages

1. Search for Networking Packages:

o Use the APT search functionality to find packages related to networking:

apt search networking

 o Explanation: This command searches the package database for any
packages that have "networking" in their name or description, displaying a
list of matching packages.
o Example Output:
o Sorting... Done
o Full Text Search... Done
o networking-tools/focal 1.0 all
o A collection of networking tools
o ...
2. Review Results:
o Take note of some of the networking tools available for installation, such
as net-tools, nmap, or traceroute.

Part 6: Managing Repositories

1. Edit Repositories:
o Open the sources.list file to view and manage your APT repositories:

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

o Explanation: This file contains a list of repositories that APT uses to fetch
packages. Using nano opens the file in a text editor.
2. Modify Repository Entries:
o Check for any commented-out entries (lines starting with #). Uncomment
(remove the #) any repositories you want to enable.
o Example: Change #deb http://kali.download/kali kali-rolling main
non-free contrib to deb http://kali.download/kali kali-rolling main
non-free contrib.
o Explanation: Enabling additional repositories allows you to access more
packages that are not available in the default repositories.
3. Save and Exit:
o After making your changes, press Ctrl + O to save and Ctrl + X to exit
the editor.

Part 7: Final Review

1. Update Package List Again:

o After modifying repositories, run:

sudo apt update

 o Explanation: This command updates the package list again to include any
new repositories you just enabled.
2. Explore Installed Packages:
o Use the following command to list all installed packages:

dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall

o Explanation: This command lists all installed packages, filtering out any
that have been marked for deinstallation.
o Example Output:
o curl
o vim
o nmap

Conclusion

In this lab, you have learned how to manage packages in Kali Linux using APT. You
should now be comfortable installing, upgrading, and removing applications, as well as
searching for and managing software repositories. Mastery of these skills is essential for
effective system administration and cybersecurity tasks.
Lab 3: Networking Commands
Objectives
In this lab, you will:

• Learn how to use basic and advanced networking commands.

• Understand how to configure network interfaces and diagnose network issues.
• Use tools to monitor and analyze network traffic.

Background / Scenario
Networking is a fundamental aspect of cybersecurity and system administration.
Familiarity with networking commands allows you to configure, manage, and
troubleshoot network connections effectively. Kali Linux includes a range of powerful
tools for networking, making it an essential skill for ethical hackers and security
professionals.

Required Resources
• Kali Linux virtual machine (VM).
• Internet access.

Instructions
Part 1: Displaying Network Configuration

1. Open a Terminal:
o Start your Kali Linux VM.
oOpen a terminal by clicking the terminal icon.
2. Check Network Interfaces:
o Use the following command to display the current network interfaces and
their configuration:

ip addr show
 o Explanation: The ip addr show command provides detailed information
about all network interfaces, including IP addresses, MAC addresses, and
status.
o Example Output:
o 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc
pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
o link/ether 08:00:27:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
o inet 192.168.1.10/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
o valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3. List Routing Table:
o To view the routing table, run:

ip route show

o Explanation: This command displays the routing table, which contains

information on how packets are routed through the network.
o Example Output:
o default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
o 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.10

Part 2: Testing Network Connectivity

1. Ping a Host:
o Use the ping command to test connectivity to a remote host, such as
Google:

ping -c 4 google.com

o Explanation: The -c 4 option sends 4 packets. The ping command checks

if the host is reachable and measures the round-trip time for messages
sent.
o Example Output:
o PING google.com (172.217.5.110) 56(84) bytes of data.
o 64 bytes from lhr25s10-in-f14.1e100.net: icmp_seq=1 ttl=118
time=10.4 ms
o ...
2. Trace Route to a Host:
o Use the traceroute command to see the path packets take to a
destination:

traceroute google.com

o Explanation: traceroute shows the sequence of hops between your

machine and the destination, helping diagnose where delays or failures
occur.
 o Example Output:
o traceroute to google.com (172.217.5.110), 30 hops max, 60 byte
packets
o 1 router.local (192.168.1.1) 1.234 ms 1.012 ms 1.003 ms
o 2 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 10.234 ms 10.012 ms 10.003 ms
o ...

Part 3: Configuring Network Interfaces

1. View Current Interface Configuration:

o Use the following command to see the current settings for your network
interfaces:

ifconfig

o Explanation: The ifconfig command displays the configuration of all

active network interfaces.
o Example Output:
o eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
o inet 192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast
192.168.1.255
o ...
2. Manually Configure an Interface:
o To assign a static IP address to an interface (for example, eth0), use:

sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.20/24 dev eth0

o Explanation: This command assigns the IP address 192.168.1.20 with a

subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 to the interface eth0.
3. Bring the Interface Up:
o Activate the configured interface with:

sudo ip link set eth0 up

o Explanation: This command enables the specified interface, making it

active.

Part 4: Monitoring Network Traffic

1. Install tcpdump:
o Use the following command to install tcpdump, a powerful packet analysis
tool:

sudo apt install tcpdump

 o Explanation: This command installs tcpdump, allowing you to capture and
analyze network traffic.
o Example Output:
o The following NEW packages will be installed:
o tcpdump
o ...
2. Capture Network Traffic:
o Use tcpdump to capture packets on eth0:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -c 10

o Explanation: The -i option specifies the interface, and -c 10 limits the

capture to 10 packets.
o Example Output:
o 10:30:01.123456 IP 192.168.1.10 > 192.168.1.1: ICMP echo request,
id 1234, seq 1, length 64
o 10:30:01.123457 IP 192.168.1.1 > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply,
id 1234, seq 1, length 64
o ...
3. Analyze Network Traffic:
o To see live traffic, run:

sudo tcpdump -i eth0

o Explanation: This command captures and displays all traffic on eth0 in

real-time. Use Ctrl + C to stop the capture.

Part 5: Final Review

1. Check Network Status:

o Use the following command to see the status of all interfaces:

nmcli device status

o Explanation: This command provides a summary of all network interfaces,

showing their connection status.
o Example Output:
o DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
o eth0 ethernet connected Wired connection 1
o wlan0 wifi disconnected --
2. Check Firewall Status:
o Check if the firewall is active and what rules are in place:

sudo ufw status verbose

 o Explanation: This command shows the status of the Uncomplicated
Firewall (UFW) and its rules.
o Example Output:
o Status: active
o To Action From
o -- ------ ----
o 22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere

Conclusion

In this lab, you have learned essential networking commands and tools available in Kali
Linux. Mastery of these commands allows you to effectively manage and troubleshoot
network connections, which is crucial in cybersecurity roles.