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Maths

The document outlines the properties and formulas for various geometrical bodies and shapes, including rectangular parallelepipeds, spheres, cylinders, cones, and polygons. It also covers mathematical concepts such as logarithms, trigonometry, differentiation, and integration, providing standard equations and rules for each topic. Additionally, it includes expansions for logarithmic and trigonometric functions as well as the quadratic equation solutions.

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Sunita Chaurasia
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8 views5 pages

Maths

The document outlines the properties and formulas for various geometrical bodies and shapes, including rectangular parallelepipeds, spheres, cylinders, cones, and polygons. It also covers mathematical concepts such as logarithms, trigonometry, differentiation, and integration, providing standard equations and rules for each topic. Additionally, it includes expansions for logarithmic and trigonometric functions as well as the quadratic equation solutions.

Uploaded by

Sunita Chaurasia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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t

r
Y
Properties of geometrical bodies and
shapes:
r
Rectangular parallelepiped:
Surface area=2(LB+BH+LH); 0
Volume=LBH

Sphere:
Surface area = 4r2=d2; h
Volume = 4/3r3= 1/6d3
r
Spherical shell:
Surface area= 4r2= d2;
Volume of sphere=4/3r3= 1/6d3;
Volume of shell = (4r2)t where t is thickness of shell

Cylinder: h
Lateral surface area= 2r h;
Total surface area=2rh+2 r2= 2r(h+r);
Volume of cylinder V= r2h 2a

Regular tetrahedron or Pyramid:


3 e
Volume=2  2 a /3;
2
Surface area= 4 3 a where 2a is the side of triangular base h

Wedge on rectangular base: b


Volume=bh/6(2a+e) ,
where a and b are the sides of base , a
e is the length of top edge and
h is the height of wedge.

Cone:
Lateral surface area = rr2+h2 h
where r= radius of base circle
and h= height of cone
Total surface area = r(r2+h2 + r) O
Volume of cone = 1/3r2h r

Circle: Y

Perimeter= 2r = d
where r and d are the radius and diameter of Circle; r
Area: r2= 1/4d2
Eq of circle x2+y2=a2 where a is the radius of circle with origin (0,0) 0
Ellipse: H
Area of ellipse = ab;
B Circumference
= L
2(a2+b2)/2
Eq of ellipse x2/a2+y2/b2= 1
see fig where f and f’ are focus with distance= 2s; Eccentricity e= s/a where s= a2-b2; OA= a=
major axis/2; OB= b= minor axis/2;
Parabola:
Eq of parabola y2= 4ax, where f is the focus with coordinate (a,o), a= distance of focus from
origin (o,o) or x2 = 4ay
Hyperbola:
Equation of hyperbola is x2/a2- y2/b2 =1; For rectangular hyperbola a=b and the eq x2-y2= a2
Parallelogram:
Area = bh = absin where b= base, h= height and = angle between sides of parallelogram
Trapezoid:
Area=1/2(a+b)h
Triangle:
Area = bh/2 =a b/2 sin = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
Polygon:
Area=Radius of inscribed circle{1/2(sum of all sides)}
Sum of interior angles=180(n-2)
Simpson rule:
Area=1/3d [ y +y +2(y +y +.....)+4(y +y +......)]
1 n 1 3 2 4

General Mathematics:
Logarithm
Base10
If 10n=x then log10x= n
Base e
If ex=y, then logey= x
loge x= 1/log10e log10x= 2.303 log10x
log1=0 for any base
log 0= -  for any positive base
Proprieties of logarithmic functions:
log (xy)=logx+logy
log(x/y)= logx-logy
logxy= ylogx
log(x)1/y= 1/y logx
Logarithmic expansion:
Log (1+x)= x2/2+x3/3—————(x<1)
Exponential expansion:
ex= 1+x+x2/2!+x3/3!+————-
(1x)n= 1nx + n(n-1)x2/2!
(1x)-n+1 nx +n(n+1)2!x2————
if x <<1;then
(1x)n = 1nx (neglecting higher terms)
(1x)-n = 1(-n)x = 1nx
(1) When n is a positive integer, then expansion will have (n+1) terms.
When n is a negative integer, expansive will have infinite terms
When n is a fraction, expansion will have infinite terms.
Quadratic equation:
ax2+bx=c=0
Solutions of the quad equation x=-bb2-4ac/2a
If b2-4ac>0,two real solutions; b2-4ac0, one real solution; b2-4ac<0, no real solutions
Trigonometry:
1 radian = 1800/= 57.300
Sin (2n+)= sin, n is positive integer
cos(2n+)= cos, n is positive integer
cosn= (-1)n , n= 0,1,2,3
sin = 0
sin2+cos2=1
cosec2=1+cot2
sec2= 1+tan2
sin (A+B)= sinA cosB  cosA sinB
cos(AB)= cosA cosB  sinA sinB
tan(A+B)= (tanAtanB)/(1  tanA tanB)
sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)= 2sinAcosB
sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)=2cosAsinB
cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)= 2cosAcosB
cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)= - 2sinA sinB
2 sinCcosD= sin(C+D)/2+sin(C-D)/2
2cos C sinD= sin(C+D)/2+sin(C-D)/2
2cosC cosD= cos (C+D)/2+cos(C-D)/2
2sinCsinD= cos(C-D)/2-cos(C+D)/2
sin2= 2sin cos
sin3= 3sin-4sin3
2 2 2 2
cos2= cos -sin =1-2sin = 2cos -1
3
cos3= 4cos -3cos
tan2= 2tan/(1-tan2)
Expansion of trigonometric functions:
sin=-3/3!+ 5/5!- 7/7!+........
cos= 1-2/2!+ 4/4!- 6/6!+.....
tan= +3/3+25/15+..........

Differential Calculus:
Let y= f(x), be a function of x then dy/dx denotes the slope of the tangent at any point of the
curve
and reckoned as the rate of change of y w.r.t. x

Differentiation of standard functions:


(i) d/dx ( C ) = 0,where Cis a constant
(ii) d/dx (xn)= nxn-1
(iii) d/dx (ex)=ex
(iv) d/dx(ax)=axloge a
(v) d/dx (loge x)=1/x
(vi) d/dx(loga x)= 1/xloga e
(vii) d/dx(sin x)= cosx
(viii) d/dx(cos x)= -sinx
(ix) d/dx (tan x)= sec2x
(x) d/dx (cot x)= - cosec2x
(xi) d/dx (sec x)= secxtanx
(xii) d/dx (cosec x)= - cosecx.cotx
(xiii) d/dx (sin-1x)=1/1-x2;1<x<1
(xiv) d/dx(cos-1x)= -1/1-x2;-1<x<1
(xv) d/dx(tan-1x)= 1/1+x2
(xvi) d/dx(cot-1x)= -1/1+x2
(xvii) d/dx(sec-1x)= 1/xx2-1 x>
(xviii) d/dx(cosec-1x)= -1/xx2-1x>

Integration:
If d/dx [f(x)]= G(x) then G(x) is called the integral of f (x). It is written as f(x)dx.

Integral of standard functions:


(i)xndx= xn+1/n+1+c(n-1)
(ii) 1/x2-a2 dx= 1/2a log(x-a/x+a)+c
(iii)exdx= ex +c
(iv)axdx= ax/log a
e

(v) sin x dx= - cos x + c


(vi)cos x dx= sin x+ c
(vii) tan x dx= log secx + c
(viii) sec x tan x dx= sec x + c
(ix)  cosec x cot x dx= - cosec x + c

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