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Unit-3 notes Part-1

The document discusses the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, highlighting their principles and limitations, particularly in energy conversion processes. It defines key concepts such as heat reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps, along with their characteristics and performance metrics. Additionally, it introduces perpetual-motion machines that violate these thermodynamic laws.

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Avdhesh Dadhich
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6 views5 pages

Unit-3 notes Part-1

The document discusses the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, highlighting their principles and limitations, particularly in energy conversion processes. It defines key concepts such as heat reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps, along with their characteristics and performance metrics. Additionally, it introduces perpetual-motion machines that violate these thermodynamic laws.

Uploaded by

Avdhesh Dadhich
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-3 :-Refrigeration And Air Conditioning and Aerodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics is based on law of conservation of energy. It states that


energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another. In mathematical terms, the First Law is expressed as:

ΔU=Q−W
Where:

 ΔU is the change in the internal energy of the system.


 Q is the heat added to the system.
 W is the work done by the system.

Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics: -


 First law does not help to predict whether the certain process is possible or not.
 A spontaneous process can proceed in a particular direction only, but first law
does not give information about direction.
 First law not provides sufficient condition for a certain process to take place.
 First law establishes equivalence between the amount of heat used and
mechanical work, but does not specify the conditions under which conversion of
heat into work is possible, neither the direction in which heat transfer can take
place.

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: - First law deals with conservation and


conversion of energy but fails to state the conditions under which energy conversion is
possible. The second law is directional law which would tell if a particular process
occurs or not and how much heat energy can be converted into work.

The Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics:-

Kelvin–Planck Statement: - It is impossible to construct a device that operates in


thermodynamic cycle produce no effect other than work output and exchange heat with
a single reservoir.
Clausius Statement: - It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature reservoir to
a higher-temperature reservoir.

Heat Reservoir:-
A thermal reservoir is a term used in thermodynamics to describe a system or object that
can supply or absorb heat energy without undergoing a significant change in
temperature. It serves as a source or sink of heat, allowing for the transfer of thermal
energy between systems. Example: - Ocean, Atmosphere.

Heat Source:-
It is defined as the thermal reservoir which is at high temperature and supplies heat is
called a heat source. i.e. boiler furnace, combustion chamber etc.

Heat Sink:-
It is defined as the thermal reservoir which is at low temperature and to which heat is
transferred is called heat sink. i.e. atmospheric air, ocean, rivers etc.

OR
A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a source, and one that
absorbs energy in the form of heat is called a sink.
Heat Engine:-
It is defined as thermodynamic device used for continuous production of work from
heat when operating in a cyclic process is called heat engine. Example:- Steam engine,
Steam turbine power plants, Petrol & Diesel engines, gas turbines etc.

Characteristics of Heat Engine:


 It receives heat from a high-temperature source at temperature T h (furnace,
nuclear reactor, solar energy etc.)
 It converts the part of this heat to work (mostly in the form of a rotating shaft).
 It rejects the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the atmosphere,
rivers etc.).
 It operates on complete thermodynamic cycle.

Thermal Efficiency:-
 It is defined as the ratio of the desired network output to the required heat input
is called thermal efficiency.
 Thus thermal efficiency of a heat engine can be expressed as,
Where Qh= Heat supplied to system, kJ
Qc= Heat rejected from system, kJ
W= Net work done by a system, kJ

Refrigerator:-
It is defined as the mechanical device that used for the transfer of heat from a low-
temperature medium to a high-temperature medium is called refrigerator.
The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at a low temperature
by absorbing heat from it and reject to higher-temperature medium.

Coefficient of Performance of Refrigerator


The COP of a refrigerator can be expressed as the ratio of refrigerating effect to the
work input.

Heat Pump:-
It is defined as the mechanical device that transfers heat from a low-temperature
medium to a high temperature is called heat pump.
The objective of heat pump is to maintain a heated space at a high temperature. This is
accomplished by absorbing heat from a low-temperature source and reject to higher
temperature source.

Coefficient of Performance of Heat Pump


The COP of a heat pump can be expressed as the ratio of heating effect to the work
input.
Mathematically,

Perpetual-Motion Machines (PMM):-


It is defined as the device that violates either law (first or second) is called a perpetual-
motion machine.
PMM1: A device that violates the first law of thermodynamics is called a perpetual-
motion machine of the first kind (PMM1).

PMM2: A device that violates the second law of thermodynamics is called a perpetual-
motion machine of the second kind (PMM2).

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