LAB WORKS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Unit 11
STOICHIOMETRY

OBJECTIVES
1. explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to chemical reactions
2. use balanced chemical equations to derive stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants
and products
3. perform stoichiometric calculations involving mass, moles, excess and limiting reagent, percent
yield, actual yield, and theoretical yield in a chemical reaction

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationship between the amount of reactants used and the
amount of products formed. This is primarily based on the law of conservation of mass, which requires equal
masses of the reactants and products.

Formula weight (FW), also known as molecular weight (MW), it is the sum of the atomic weights of all the
atoms in a chemical formula.

 It essentially tells us the mass of a single molecule or formula unit of a compound, providing a crucial
tool for calculating quantities in chemical reactions.
Distinction Between Molecular Weight and Formula Weight
While often used interchangeably, there's a subtle distinction between molecular weight and formula
weight:
 Molecular Weight (molecular mass): Refers specifically to the mass of a molecule, applicable to
covalent compounds expressed in g/mol.
 Formula Weight: Refers to the mass of a formula unit, applicable to both covalent and ionic
compounds expressed in atomic mass unit or amu.
Molar Mass is the mass in grams of one mole of representative particles of that substance. It is numerically
equivalent to its molecular mass but is expressed in grams.

 It represents the mass of one mole of a substance. It's essentially the weight of a specific number of
particles (Avogadro's number, 6.022 x 10²³) of a given element or compound.

A Mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are many elementary entities
(atoms, molecules , ions, etc.) as there atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

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 This number, known as Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³), is a constant that represents the number
of particles in one mole of any substance.
 The mole is the SI unit for the amount of substance.
1 mol = NA = 6.02 x 1023 atoms, ions, or molecules (NA stands for Avogadros number)
1 mol = 22.4 liters (if a gas is at STP)

Molar mass to mole conversion

 A substance’s molar mass can be used to convert between the mass of the substance and the
number of moles in that substance.

Using equation:

𝑀 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) 𝑀(𝑔)
𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) = =
𝑀𝑊 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑀𝑊( 𝑔 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Example:

How many moles of NaOH are present in 90 g of NaOH?

90𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 𝑔 = 2.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

where: molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol NaOH

Using dimensional analysis:

40 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH

OR
1 mol NaOH 40 g NaOH

90 g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH

= 2.25 mol NaOH
40 g NaOH

given mass of NaOH

Molar mass of 1 mol of NaOH,
Example 2:
How many grams are there in 0.58 mole of H 2SO4?
Solution:
𝑀 98𝑔
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑊 then 𝑀 = 𝑛𝑀𝑊 = 0.58 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H2SO4 = 56.84 𝑔 H2SO4

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Using dimensional analysis:

98 g H2SO4 OR 1 mol H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4 98 g H2SO4

0.58 mol H2SO4 x 98 g/mol H2SO4

=56.84 g H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4

Converting between Mass, Number of Moles, and Number of Atoms

How many moles and how many atoms are contained in 10.0 g of nickel?

Solution: Same as above, use dimensional analysis

 To determine number of moles
10g Ni x 1 mol Ni
= 0.170 mol Ni
59 g Ni

 To determine number of atoms, convert moles to atoms using Avogadro’s number

0.170 mol Ni x 6.02 x 1023 atoms Ni
1 mol Ni = 1.02 x 1023 atoms Ni

STOICHIOMETRIC OR MOLAR RATIO

Stoichiometric ratio (Molar ratios) are conversion factors used to identify the number of moles of each
reactant needed to form a certain number of moles of each product.

Consider the combustion of methane:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

 mole ratio between CH4 and O2 is 1:2.

2 moles of O2 1 mole of CH4
or
1 mole of CH4 2 moles of O2
 mole ratio between CO2 and H2O is 1:2:
1 mole of CO2 2 moles of H2O
or
2 moles of H2O 1 mole of CO2
 mole ratio between CH4 and CO2 is 1:1.
1 mole of CO2 are formed 1 mole of CH4
or
1 mole of CH4 1 mole of CO2 are formed

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 mole ratio between CH4 and H2O is 1:2.

1 mole of CH4 2 moles of H2O are formed
or
2 moles of H2O are formed. 1 mole of CH4

Calculating mole and mass using stoichiometric ratios

a. Mole-to-mole conversions can be facilitated by using stoichiometric ratio as conversion factors found
in the balanced equation for the reaction of interest.

Example
Determine the number of moles of N2O4 needed to react completely with 3.62 mol of N2H4. For the
reaction:
2 N2H4 + N2O4 → 3 N2 + 4 H2O
Solution:
 Conversion factor derived from the given chemical equation
1 mol N2O4 2 mol N2H4
or
2 mol N2H4 2 mol N2H4
therefore:
3.62 mol N2H4 x 1 mol N2O4
= 1.81 moles N2O4
2 mol N2H4:
Example2
Determine the number of moles of N2 produced for the above reaction, when the reaction begins
with 1.24 moles of N2H4.:
2 N2H4 + N2O4 → 3 N2 + 4 H2O
Solution
So from the equation above, we have:
3 mol N2 2 mol N2H4
2 mol N2H4 3 mol N2

1.24 mol N2H4 x 3 mol N2

= 1.86 moles N2
2 mol N2H4:

b. Mass-to-mass conversions cannot be done directly; instead, mole values must serve as
intermediaries in these conversions.

Example
Calculates the mass of oxygen needed to burn 54.0 grams of butane (C4H10). The balanced equation
is:
2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O

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Steps:
1. Convert mass of butane to moles of butane
54.0 g C4H10 x 1mol C4H10
= 0.929 mole C4H10
58g C4H10

2. Get the molar ratio of O2 to C4H10 is 13:2 to calculate moles of O2 that react in the chemical
reaction from the number of moles of C4H10
0.929 mole C4H10 x 13 moles O2
= 6.05 moles O2
2 moles C4H10

3. Now, convert moles of O2 to grams (molar mass)

6.05 moles O2 x 32 g O2
= 193 g O2
1 mole O2

LIMTING AND EXCESS REACTANTS

 Limiting Reactant is the one that is completely consumed in the reaction and prevents any further
reaction to occur. It also determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

 Excess Reactant is the one that is NOT consumed in the reaction or more than enough to react with
the limiting reactant.
How to calculate limiting reactants?
1. Reactants amount used comparison using mole ratio (good for two reactants only)
2. Products amount that can be formed comparison from each reactant using mole ratio (good for more than
two reactants)
A. Reactants amount used comparison
What would be the limiting reagent if 95.0 grams of C2H3Br3 reacted with 45.0 grams of O2 in the following
reaction:
4C2H3Br3 + 11 O2 8CO2 + 6H2O + Br2

Step 1. Check if the chemical equation is balance, in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Mass

4C2H3Br3 + 11 O2 8CO2 + 6H2O + Br2

Step 2. Convert all given information (typically masses) into moles, then, compare the mole ratio of the
amount of reactants used

95.0g C2H3Br3 x 1 mol C2H3Br3 = 0.36 mol C2H3Br3

267g C2H3Br3

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45.0 g O2 x 1 mol O2
= 1.41 mol O2
32g O2

Step 3. Calculate how much of C2H3Br3 is needed if all of the O2 is consumed (see the equation)

1.41 mol O2 x 4 mol C2H3Br3

= 0. 513 moles C2H3Br3
11 mol O2
Note: It shows that 0.513 moles C2H3Br3 is needed to react with O2, since only 0.36 mol C2H3Br3
present, therefore C2H3Br3 is the limiting reactants.
Tips:

o The smallest value represents the limiting reactants and the larger value represent excess
reagent.

THEORETICAL YIELD AND PERCENT YIELD

 Theoretical Yield of the reaction Is dependent on the limiting reactants. amount of product that could
possibly be produced in a given reaction, calculated according to the starting amount of the limiting
reagent.
 Actual yield is the actual yield, will NEVER be 100% due to limiting reactants (product obtained in
a chemical reaction).

Percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction’s efficiency. It is the ratio between the actual yield and
the theoretical yield. In equation:

actual yield
Percent yield = X 100
Theoretical yield
Example:
Methyl alcohol can be produced in a high-pressure reaction:
CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

If 61 grams of alcohol is obtained from 12 grams of hydrogen reacting with excess amount of carbon
monoxide, estimate the theoretical and percentage yield.

Solution:

Calculate theoretical yield from 1.2 metric tons of CH3OH

12 g H2 x 2 mol H2 x 1 mole CH3OH x 32g CH3OH

= 96 g CH3OH.
4 g H2 2 moles H2 1 moles CH3OH

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Thus, percent yield will be:

Actual yield
Percent yield (%) =. X 100
Theoretical yield

61 g CH3OH
=
.
96 g CH3OH X 100

= 63.54%
REFERENCES
 Chang, R. (2022) Chemistry, 14th Edition, McGraw – Hill Inc
 Wacowich-Sgarbi, Shirley; licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike
4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRVUNCw9fOY&t=1s - Moles to Moles Conversion– YouTube
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bltnuzbs2JA – Mass To Mass Conversion - YouTube

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LAB ACTIVITY 10: STOICHIOMETRY

Name of student: Course & Section:

Course Code/Title: I-1 General Chemistry Name of Faculty:

Date:

I. Calculate the molar mass of the following molecules. Use your periodic table, round the atomic mass to
the nearest tens, and show results to two decimal places only.
1. KOH 6. Cu2SO4

2. N2O2 7. Ca(OH)2

3. CU2SO4 8. Ga2 (SO4)3

4. Sr3(PO4)2 9. AlCl3

5. CaCO3 10. HNO3

II. Convert grams to moles in each of the following:

1. 15.0 g C2H6

2. 140.0 g NaOH

3. 27.2 g H2O

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III. Convert moles to grams in each of the following:

1. 1.5 moles NH3

2. 0.65 moles H2SO4

3. 2.3 moles MgCl

IV. Perform the following mole-particle conversions

1. How many moles of magnesium are there in 3.01 x 10 22 atoms of magnesium?

2. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles glucose (C 6H12O6)?

How many atoms of carbon?

How many atoms of hydrogen?

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3. How many moles are in 1.20 x 10 25 atoms of phosphorous?

4. How many atoms are in 0.750 moles of Zinc?

5. How many molecules are in 0.400 moles of N 2O5?

How many atoms of nitrogen?

How many atoms of oxygen?

V. Perform the following mole-mass conversions

1. How many moles in 28 grams of CO2?

2. What is the mass of 5 moles Fe2O3?

3. Find the number of moles of argon in 452 g argon.

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4. Find the grams in 1.26 x 10 −4 mol of HC2H3O2?

VI. Perform the following mole-volume conversions

1. Determine the volume in liters occupied by 0.030 moles of a gas at STP.

2. How many moles of argon atoms are present in 11.2 L of argon gas at STP?

3. What is the volume of 0.05 mol of neon gas at STP?

4. What is the volume of 0.05 mol of water vapor at STP?

VII. Perform the following stoichiometric problems

1. Ammonia is made industrially by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure, at high temperature, and in
the presence of a catalyst. The equation is N2  H2 NH3. If 4.0 moles of H2 react, how many
moles of NH3 will be produced?

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2. How many moles of sodium will react with water to produce 4.0 mol of hydrogen in the following reaction?

3. How many moles of lithium chloride will be formed by the reaction of chlorine with 0.046 mol of lithium bromide
in the following reaction?

4. Aluminum will react with sulfuric acid in the following reaction:

a. How many moles of H2SO4 will react with 18 mol Al?

b. How many moles of each product will be produced?

5. Potassium chlorate is sometimes decomposed in the laboratory to generate oxygen. The reaction is:
What mass of KClO3 do you need to produce 0.50 mol O2?

6. Phosphorus burn in air to produce phosphorus oxide in the following reaction.

a. What mass of phosphorus will be needed to produce 3.25 mol of P4O10?

b. If 0.489 mol phosphorus burns, what mass of oxygen is used? What mass of P 4O10 is produced?

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7. How many moles of aluminum will be produced from 30.0 kg Al2O3 in the following reaction?

8. Sodium carbonate reacts with nitric acid according to the following equation. How many moles of Na 2CO3 are
required to produce 100.0g of NaNO3?

9. Methane burns in the air by the following reaction. What mass of water is produced by burning 500.0 g of
methane?

10. Calculate the mass of silver bromide from 2.25 g of silver nitrate in the following reaction.

VIII. Determine the limiting & excess reagent, percent yield, theoretical, and actual yield in a chemical reaction.
1. Balance the given reaction to calculate the limiting and the amount of the excess reagent.

___Al2O3  ___Fe ___Fe3O4 ___Al

a. If 25.4 g of Al2O3 is reacted with 10.2 g of Fe, determine the limiting reagent.

b. Determine the number of moles of Al produced.

c. Determine the number of grams of Fe3O4 produced

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d. Determine the number of grams of excess reagent left over in the reaction

2. For the given equation:

a. If 36 g of tin (IV) phosphate is mixed with an excess of sodium carbonate, how many grams of tin
(IV) carbonate will form?

b. If 29.8 g of tin (IV) carbonate is formed when this reaction goes to completion, what is the percent
yield?

c. If 7.3 g of sodium carbonate is used in the reaction and has a 74% yield, how many grams of
sodium phosphate will be formed?

3. Given the reaction:

a. If you began with 20g of lithium hydroxide, what is the theoretical yield of lithium chloride?

b. If you actually produced 6 g of lithium chloride, what is the percent yield?

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