INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

PROJECT REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

A PROJECT REPORT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University,Dhanore, Rajouri,
Jammu and Kashmir,185234

Submitted by
Bilal Ahmad Wani[25-CE-2021]
Mohd Imtiaz [26-CE-2021]
Submitted to
Department of Civil Engineering

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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE............................................................................ .......................................................................................PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT.......................................................................... .................................................. ......................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................. .................. . ................................... ..4

.CERTIFICATE 5
OVERVIEW P.W.D.............................................................. .............................................................. 7
1. Introduction to the Project.............................................................. .......................................... 10
1.1. Location.............................................................. ............................................................. 10
1.2. Plan.............................................................. .............................................................. ......12.........
2. Types of Building.............................................................. ............................................................14..
3. Components of Building.............................................................. ................................................19.............
3.1. Sub-structure.............................................................. .....................................................19.........
3.2. Super structure.............................................................. ............................................ .....25...........
4. Materials used for construction.............................................................. ....................................28.............
4.1. Cement.............................................................. ..............................................................28
4.2. Aggregates.............................................................. ....................................................... .31.....
4.3. Reinforcement.............................................................. ................................................. .34.........
4.4. Water.............................................................. .............................................................. 34
4.5. Reinforcement concrete.............................................................. ....................................35.........
5. Equipments Used.............................................................. ................................................ ..........36....
5.1. Batching machine.............................................................. ..............................................36...............
5.2. Concrete mixer.............................................................. ................................................. .36............
5.3. Transportation machine.............................................................. ....................................37.....
5.4. Compactors.............................................................. ...................................................... 39........
6. Brick Masonry.............................................................. ........................................................... .. 41
7. Temporary structures.............................................................. ........................................... ........45.........
7.1. Scaffolding.............................................................. .........................................................45.....
7.2. Formwork.............................................................. ..........................................................46...
8. Conclusion .............................................................. .............................................................. 54
9. Reference .............................................................. ...........................................................55...

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ABSTRACT
Industrial training offered by public works department
Jammu was fortunate opportunity for us during our third year
of under graduation it helped us to apply our theoretical
knowledge gained during the university academic
programme into real world industrial based execution and
experience professional construction process it helped us to
enhance our skills and to enrich our industrial knowledge by
keeping us update with the latest technologies,this
opportunity extremely helped us to expose into and
environment where we could think as a civil engineer.
We had our training experience from 02th June to 21 th
August 2023 at P.W.D. (R&B) Sub-Division Gandhi
Nagar,Jammu.

This report documents contains the knowledge and

experience we have gained through our industrial training at
PWD Jammu.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to extent our gratitude to PUBLIC

WORK DEPARMENT, JAMMU for having provided us with an
unbelievable practical learning experience during industrial
training it was indeed a pleasure to be a part of such
organization.
First and foremost, We would like to thank Mr. Tahir
Saleem(JE,PwD,DIV-1), for providing us opportunity to work
under their guidance and close supervision.
The Secondly, We are also grateful to other employees and
member of the department for their kind Co-operation and
spontaneous response.
Last but not the least; We express Our gratitude toward
Dr.Parvez Alam, HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Civil Engineering,
BGSBU and Mr. Ameer Ullah Ganai,Co-ordinator of Industrial
training,Department of civil engineering to give us the
chance to work with this prestigious organization.
Submitted by
Mohd Imtiaz Bilal Ahmad Wani

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CERTIFICATE

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CERTIFICATE

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OVERVIEW P.W.D.

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The Public Works Department is the functional arm of the UT of Jammu
and Kashmir for overall development by way of construction and
maintenance of roads, buildings, bridges and other infrastructural works,
The department has in house resources for planning, design, execution,
monitoring and maintenance of these assets. The department generally
gets projects funded by the State Government and Government of India
under various developmental schemes viz.,PMGSY, NABARD, besides
schemes funded by multi-lateral agencies viz., World Bank, Asian
Development Bank, etc. Works are executed under various contractual set
ups like EPC, PPP, etc, which make project execution and its funding easier
and time bound.
The Administrative Secretary PW(R&B) Department is the overall
administrative head of the department. He is assisted by the Development.
Commissioner Works as technical secretary in the department All Chief
Engineers and other head of the engineering departments report to the
Administrative Secretary. The Administrative Secretary is assisted by
Director Finance. Director planning and Special Secretary Additional
Secretary HRM besides other supporting staff. The department has various
wings viz, Roads & Buildings, DIOC, PMGSY. MED, Project organizations
(Mughal Road Project) who are all headed by respective Chief Engineers
while as JKPCC is headed by Managing Director being a public sector under
taking
All Chief Engineers are assisted by Superintending Engineers at circle level
who are further having a network of Executive Engineers at divisional level.
The office of the Executive Engineer is the main office responsible for
execution of the works in the field although they have to work under close
guidance and technical control of the SE and the Chief Engineer of the
department. The Executive Engineer is supported by Assistant Executive
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Engineers who hold a sub divisional office at their level. Subdivisions are
further having a number of sections controlled by Assistant
Engineer/Junior Engineers. The A.Es are deputed as technical officers to the
AEEs for supporting AEES in technical matters besides. Undertaking various
quality control measures in the division

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1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

THE PROJECT WAS TO CONSTRUCT 3 CLASSROOM ROOMS AND 1
EXAMINATION HALL AN1 SCIENCE LAB. AT CHANNI RAMA,JAMMU FOR
INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSE.

1. CLIENT:- PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, JAMMU.

2. SITE LOCATION: - GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL CHANNI RAMA,JAMMU.

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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2.TYPES OF BUILDINGS
BUILDING:- Permanent or temporary structure enclosed within
exterior walls and a roof, and including all attached apparatus,
equipment, and fixtures that cannot be removed without cutting
into ceiling, floors, or walls.
Buildings are divided as following types by international building
code-
1. Assembly Buildings
2. Business Buildings
3. Educational Buildings
4. Factory Buildings
5. Hazardous Buildings
6. Institutional Buildings
7. Mercantile Buildings
8. Residential Buildings
9. Storage Buildings
10. Utility & Miscellaneous

1.Assembly Buildings
In this type of buildings people gather for some reason. These
reasons can be any types. Such as social purpose, religious purpose,
patriotic purpose or simply recreation purpose. This type of
buildings is-
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➢ Restaurant
➢ Cinema hall
➢ Theatre
➢ Gymnasium
➢ Swimming pool
➢ Prayer hall, etc.

2.Business Building
This type of buildings is used for providing various types of services.
Below are this type of Buildings –
➢ Bank
➢ Dispensaries and clinic
➢ Libraries
➢ Insurance agencies
➢ Police station, etc.

3.Educational Buildings
This type of buildings constructed for various activities in primary,
secondary or college level educational system. Example of this type
of buildings are –

➢ School
➢ College
➢ Training institute,
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➢ Day care centre, etc.

4.Factory Buildings
In this type of buildings, products are assembled or processed or
fabricated or repaired. For Example –

➢ Gas plant
➢ Power plant
➢ Refineries
➢ Dairies
➢ Laundries ete.

5.Hazardous Buildings
This type of buildings is used to produce or storage highly
flammable or toxic materials (Don’t be confused with factory
building). Such as fireworks, hydrogen peroxide, cyanide, etc.

6.Institutional Buildings
Although this type of buildings provide facility of sleeping
accommodation these are not included in residential
buildings. Institutional buildings are those where people are
physically unable to leave without assistance.
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Followings are the institutional buildings-

➢Hospitals
➢Infants care homes
➢Old homes
➢Prisons, etc.

7.Mercantile Buildings
In this type of buildings goods or materials are displayed or
sold.
Following are this type of buildings-
➢Shopping mall
➢Grocery Store
➢Departmental store

8.Residential buildings
All those buildings with sleeping accommodation facility are
called residential buildings.
Following are example of residential buildings –
➢Apartments
➢Flats

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➢Hotels
➢Private Houses

9.Storage Buildings
This type of buildings are used for storing goods, animals or
vehicles. The storage materials should not be hazardous.
Such types of buildings are
➢Garage
➢Warehouse
➢Cold storage
➢Perking, etc

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3.COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
Construction of the building is done in at least two steps.
Which are following:
• Sub Structure
• Super Structure

3.1 SUB STRUCTURE

Foundation is a part of the sub structure. Sub structure is
constructed according to soil quality at that site. If soil have
good bearing capacity than we use shallow foundation in
construction. And if the bearing capacity of the soil is not
good or suitable than we use deep foundation at that site.
Sub structure is a load bearing structure and it is designed for
load bearing.

3.1.1 FOUNDATION
A foundation is the element of any structure which connects
it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the
ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow
or deep.

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The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits

the load of the structure to the ground is called foundation.
Foundation is a load bearing structure which bears all loads
coming on the building or any structure. Foundation is
generally of two types:
➢Shallow Foundation.
➢Deep Foundation.
Generally, foundation in building construction is Shallow
foundation (Raft Foundation). And in our building shallow
foundation is used.

3.1.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION:

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open
footings. The ‘open’ refers to the fact that the foundations
are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of
the footing, and then constructing the footing. During the
early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to the eye,
and is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that
each footing takes the concentrated load of the column and
spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual weight on
the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
It includes some types of shallow foundation such as:
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3.1.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:

Individual footings are one of the most simple and common
types of foundations. These are used when the load of the
building is carried by columns. Usually, each column will have
its own footing. The footing is just a square or rectangular pad
of concrete on which the column sits. To get a very rough idea
of the size of the footing, the engineer will take the total load
on the column and divide it by the safe bearing capacity (SBC)
of the soil. For example, if a column has a vertical load of 10T,
and the SBC of the soil is 10T/m2, then the area of the footing
will be 1m2. In practice, the designer will look at many other
factors before preparing a construction design for the
footing.
Individual footings are usually connected by a plinth beam, a
horizontal beam that is built at ground or below ground level.

3.1.1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS:

Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry
construction, and act as a long strip that supports the weight
of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are

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carried by entire walls rather than isolated columns, such as

in older buildings made of masonry.

3.1.1.3 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:

Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most
often used when basements are to be constructed. In a raft,
the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the
weight of the building is spread evenly over the entire
footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the
building is like a vessel that ‘floats’ in a sea of soil.
Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and
therefore building loads have to be spread over a large area,
or where columns are closely spaced, which means that if
individual footings were used, they would touch each other.

3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers
building loads to the earth farther down from the surface
than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a
range of depths.

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3.1.2.1 PILE FOUNDATION:

A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as
concrete that is pushed into the ground so that structures can
be supported on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
➢When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer
cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of
the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to
the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak
layer.
➢When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such
as in a high rise structure. Pile foundations are capable of
taking higher loads than spread footings.
There are two types of pile foundations, each of which
works in its own way.

End Bearing Piles:

In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a
layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building
is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a
sense. This pile acts like a column. The key principle is that
the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection
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of a weak and strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the

weak layer and is safely transferred to the strong layer.

Friction Piles:
Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfers
the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the
pile, by friction. In other words, the entire surface of the pile.
Which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to
the soil.
To visualise how this works, imagine you are pushing a solid
metal rod of say 4mm diameter into a tub of frozen ice cream.
Once you have pushed it in, it is strong enough to support
some load. The greater the embedment depth in the ice
cream, the more load it can support. This is very similar to
how a friction pile works. In a friction pile, the amount of load
a pile can support is directly proportionate to its length.

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3.2 SUPER STRUCTURE:

Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level
(P.L). Generally, columns and walls are constructed in super
structure. Following are the important parts of super-
structure.
➢Floor
➢Roof
➢Lintel
➢Parapet
➢Sun Shade
➢Doors & Windows

FLOOR:
Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, household,
commercial, industrial or any
Other type of items are stored. Floor is used for walking
around.
Floor separates the different levels of a building. Building is
also named with reference to floor. Like Ground floor, first
floor, or a floor that is below ground level like basement floor,

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ROOF:
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types
of roofs are used in building depending on the location and
weather. Sloping roofs are generally considered better in
mountain areas. While, in plan areas flat roofs are preferred.

LINTEL:
Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. To support
load of wall on openings. Lintel beam is generally made as
reinforced cement concrete member. While, in residential
houses sometime lintel is made by using concrete and bricks.
Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth of wall. In
case of metric unit, it is normally equals to 10cm, 15cm, 20cm
etc. While, in case of FPS system it is consider as 6”, 9”, 12”
etc.
Thickness of lintel should not be less than 10cm (4.5”) and
maximum thickness of lintel should not be more than its
breadth.

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SUN SHADE:
Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors and
windows. Sun shade protects doors and windows from sun
and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with the lintel.

DOORS AND WINDOWS:

A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow
access to, an entrance to or within an enclosed space, such
as a building or vehicle. Doors normally consist of a panel that
swings on hinges on the edge, but there are also doors that
slide or spin inside of a space. A window is an opening in a
wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and,
if not closed or sealed, air and sound.

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4.MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

They also tell us about the material used in construction of
first floor of our building like w/c ratio in concrete, grade of
concrete which was used for construction work, types of
bricks etc as following.

4.1 CEMENT:
Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named
Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He called it Portland cement for the
reason that the cement he discovered resembled the
limestone found in Portland. There are many other types of
cement. The approximate composition of Portland cement is
given below

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form

cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and
then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration,
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between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the

cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard
mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to
the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement.
There are different types of Grade which use in construction
work. These are given below.
➢33 Grade OPC is used for general construction works like
plastering and finishing works in normal environmental
conditions. However, its use is virtually phased out today.
➢Coming to the 43 Grade OPC, it is the most commonly
used grade for home construction. It has its applications
in plastering, finishing works, precast items,foundations,
brick work, and compound wall and so on. It has more
strength development than the 33 Grade cement.
➢ 53 Grade OPC develops strength very fast. High rise
building constructions use 53 grade cement. This is
applicable for use in structures where high-Grade
concrete is required.

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4.2 AGGREGATE:
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size
and shapes. Neat cement is very rarely used in construction
works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks
on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in
construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some
inert strong & durable hard materials. They also reduce the
cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement. There are two types of aggregates
➢Fine Aggregate
➢Coarse Aggregate
4.2.1 FINE AGGREGATE (SAND):
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and
entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as
fine aggregate.
FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE:The function of using fine
aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in
the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong
concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.

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4.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and
entirely retain on 4.75 1.S. sieve is known as coarse
aggregates.

FUNCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:The coarse

aggregates are used in mixing of concrete. It is mixed cement,
sand with water. These aggregates increase the strength of
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bonding in aggregates. Coarse aggregates are used in

construction of plan cement concrete (PCC), foundation,
beams and columns etc.
At the site contractor used coarse aggregate of size 10mm &
20mm which was graded and checked their strength and
flackiness index etc, and many tests performed on aggregates
for size, shape, texture, strength, and many other tests like
los angeles, impact value test, specific gravity etc. were
performed.

GRADING OF CONCRETE:
Concrete for construction work is defined by different grades
as the ratio of cement: sand: coarse aggregate.
The principle of grading is that the smaller particles will fill up
the voids between large particles. This results in the most
economical use of cement paste for filling the voids & binding
together the aggregate in the preparation of concrete.
Thus proper grading of fine & coarse aggregate in concrete
mix produces a dense concrete with less quantity of cement.
At our construction site the grade of concrete which was used
in R.C.C slab, Column, Beams was M20. Ratio for cement :
sand: coarse aggregate was 1:1.5:3
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REINFORCEMENT:
The material which is used to develops a good bond with
concrete in order to increase its tensile strength is known as
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment, torsion. So steel bars are used as
reinforcement.
FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement works as a tension member because concrete
is strong in compression and week in tension so
reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete
members.
At the site contractor was using the high strength steel bars
and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8
mm, 10 mm, 12mm, 16 mm, & 25 mm as per requirement of
design in column, beams, slabs.

4.3 WATER:
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines
with cement and forms a binding paste. The paste thus
formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse aggregate
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bringing them into close adhesion. We should check pH value

of water, TDS, sodium potassium carbonate and
bicarbonates, chloride content, calcium chloride, sodium
sulphide, sodium hydroxide and should be perform various
tests before using it in construction work. In our project
source of water is a tube well which is already there in
construction site. The quality of water is good for purpose of
construction work and can be used for drinking purpose also.

4.4 R.C.C.
Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength
and its tensile strength is relatively low. Normally, the tensile
strength of a concrete is about 10% to 15% of its compressive
strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain cement
concrete, it has a very low load carrying capacity. So there is
need to use reinforced concrete which have more tensile
strength than plain concrete. And plain concrete’s behaviour
is brittle but reinforced concrete is ductile in behaviour so its
serviceability is good. So R.C.C is preferred for construction
work. In our project we also used reinforced concrete than
plain concrete in construction of beams, columns, and slabs.

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5. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

After telling us about the material and their ratio used in
construction work we get information about the equipment
used their uses. Detail about the equipment mostly used in
construction work is given following.
5.1 BATCHING MACHINE:
The measurement of materials for making concrete is known
as batching. The machines which used for batching is known
as batching machine.
5.2 CONCRETE MIXER:
This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used
to mix the concrete. It consists a hollow cylindrical part with

inner side wings. In which cement, sand, aggregates and

water is mix properly.
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5.3 TRANSPORTATION:
The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of it's
mixing to final position of deposition is termed as
transportation of concrete. There are many methods of
transportation as mentioned below-
➢Transport of concrete by pans
➢Transport of concrete by wheel barrows
➢Transport of concrete by tipping Lorries
➢Transport of concrete by pumps
➢Transport of concrete by belt conveyors.

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5.4 COMPACTORS:
When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose
structure. We used dense concrete for construction work,
because it have more strength than loose concrete so
compaction after placing of concrete is necessary. Hence, it
must be compacted to remove the air bubbles and voids so
as to make it dense and solid concrete to obtain a high
strength. There are two method- of compaction.
➢Manual compaction
➢Mechanical compaction

There are four types of mechanical vibrators which are used

in concrete compaction
Types of Concrete Vibrators
1. Immersion or needle vibrator
2. Extended or shutter vibrator
3. Surface Vibrator

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4. Vibrating table

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6.BRICK MASONRY
MORTAR: -
It’s a plastic building material (such as a mixture of cement,
lime, or gypsum plaster with sand and water) that hardens
and is used in masonry or plastering.
Types of Mortar as binding material:
Mortars are classified into the following five categories:
➢Cement Mortar
➢Lime Mortar
➢Surkhi Mortar
➢Gauged Mortar
➢Mud Mortar
At work site cement mortar is used and 1:6 ratios are used to
prepare cement mortar.

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CLASS OF BRICKS: -
On the basis of quality and performance of brick is classified
in three parts-
➢CLASS A
➢CLASS B
➢CLASS C
➢Class A bricks were used at site for wall masonry work.
Types of bond in brick masonry: -
There are four types bond which are used in wall masonry
work
➢Stretcher bond
➢Header bond
➢English bond
➢Flemish bond

In our project stretcher bond is used in single brick wall and

Flemish bond is used in double brick wall which are described
below.
➢Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown
in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond, also called
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as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only

their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the
courses of bricks below and above.
➢Flemish Bond
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying
alternate headers and stretchers in a single course. The next
course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of
the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers
of each course are centered on the stretcher of course below.
Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at
the corner.

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7.TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
7.1 SCAFFOLDING
The scaffolding is a temporary structure which is used in
building operations to support platforms for workmen,
structural material and appliances required during
construction at raised heights normally more than 1.5 meter
.This temporary form work is useful in building construction,
demolition, maintenance and repair works. Scaffolding is
erected either on one or both sides of the wall. For ordinary
work scaffolding may be erected on one side only but for all
superior quality works it must be provided on both sides of
wall. The height of the scaffolding can be adjusted with the
progress of the work. Mostly timber scaffolding is used due
to economy.
Types of scaffolding or scaffold-
➢Single scaffolding
➢Double scaffolding
➢Ladder scaffolding
➢Cantilever scaffolding
➢Steel scaffolding
➢Suspended scaffolding
➢Wooden gantries

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7.2. FORMWORK
Formwork is temporary or permanent moulds into which
concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of
concrete construction, the false work supports the shuttering
moulds.
Requirements of Good Formwork:
➢It should be carefully designed, so as to be strong enough
to resist the pressure of fresh concrete and the super-
imposed loads due to men, materials and Equipment etc.
➢It should be rigid enough to retain its original shape
without undue deformation which is normally restricted to
1/300 th of span in normal cases.
➢It should be tight enough so as not to allow cement and
other materials to leak through the joints.
➢The formwork should not warp, bulge, bend or sink and
should remain true to the designed size.
➢The inner surface of the formwork should be smooth so as
to give pleasing appearance to the finished surface. The
inner surface is also applied with mould oil to facilitate its
removal.

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SHUTTERING:
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary
timber, plywood, metal or other material used to provide
support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self
support. It provides supports to horizontal, vertical and
inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete
according to required shape and size. The form work also
produces desired finish concrete surface.
Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support
the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing
and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form
work/shuttering. It should be rigid to prevent any deflection
in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient
tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement
concrete. Shuttering should be easy in handling, erection at
site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient
hard.
Generally there are three types of shuttering.
➢Steel Shuttering
➢Wooden Planks Shuttering
Steel shuttering:Steel shuttering plate is the best type of
shuttering because this is water tight shuttering which can
bear the load of cement concrete placed on it. This shuttering
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can be used for horizontal, vertical or any other shape

required for the work. It gives levelled surface which has good
appearance. This shuttering gives good appearance and
pattern work according to architectural drawings. If the
plaster is required, the thickness of plaster will be less. Being
water tight shuttering, the strength of concrete with steel
shuttering is comparatively higher.

Wooden Plank Shuttering:Generally wooden planks

shuttering is used by contractors because this shuttering is
cheap and easily available. But this type of shuttering effects
the strength of concrete and have some disadvantages which
are given below.
Recommended Period for Removal of Shuttering
➢ 48 hours for sides of foundations, columns, beams and
walls.
➢7 days for underside of slab up to 4.5 meter span
➢14 days for underside of slab, beams, arches above 4.5
meter up to 6 meter span.
➢21 days for underside of beams arches above 6 meter
span and up to 9 meter span.

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➢28 days for underside of beams arches above 9 meter

span

CENTERING: is a type of falsework the temporary structure

upon which the stones of an arch or vault are laid during
construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch has no
strength and needs the centring to keep the voussoirs in their
correct relative positions. A simple centering without a truss
is called a common centering. The cross piece connecting
centering frames are called a lag.
The centring is normally made of wood timbers, which was a
relatively straightforward structure in a simple arch or vault,
but with more complex shapes, involving double curvature,
such as a small dome or the bottle-shaped flues of the
kitchens of some Norman- period houses; clay or sand bound
by a weak lime mortar mix could be used.

STAGING:
Materials such as wooden ballies, pipes, props, jacks which
support both shuttering & centering are known as Staging.

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8.CONCLUSION

We studied different things at training time. These are given

as following.
➢The general terms of construction are included in this
study.
➢Different components of buildings.
➢Different types of Bonds in brick masonry are also studied
in this report.
As per our training report we have conclude that, during last
60 days we are familiar with the construction of brick
masonry & mortar preparation and other works under a
Public works department’s project. Brick masonry is provided
to transfer the load of structure to foundation. All though
maximum load of building comes on columns and beams.
Various things which couldn’t have been possible
theoretically were possible to be learnt.
Interaction with workers was also a great experience.

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8.REFERENCES
➢RCC-IS(456)2000
➢BASIC INFORMATIONS- WIKIPEDIA
➢TYPE OF WALLS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DHANPAT
PUBLICATION RAI
➢BRICK MASONRY-WIKIPEDIA
➢IMAGES ARE FROM SITE

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