THE HOPED CO-ORDINATION N.

E SERIES
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
N.E ADVANCED BIOLOGY SERIES TANZANIA 2023/2024

ADVANCED CERTIFICATE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION

SERIES 4
TIME: 3:00HRS Wednesday, 18th September 2023.
INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper consists of total of six questions

2. Answer all questions
3. Each question carries twenty (20) marks
4. Except for diagrams that must be drawn in pencil, all writings should be in blueor
black ink
5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in
examination room
6. Write your names on every page of your answer sheet

PARTICIPANT SCHOOLS
Tabora boys ss,Nawenge ss, Ifakara girls ss, Malambo ss, Kimamba ss , Bugando ss Kashishi ss, Chief
Dodo ss, Samunge ss, Kijota Hull ss, Minziro ss, Dr. Olsen ss, , Golden Ridge ss, Lugufu girls ss, Tabora Girls,
St. Maurus Chemchemi ss, Bogwe Boys, Tongani ss, Meatu ss, Lupiro ss, , St. Home ss, , Mwandiga
ss,jenista Mhagama ss, Dakama ss, Nyehunge ss, Tura ss, Lugeye ss, , , Kwiro ss, Sadani ss,Tongani ss,
Nganza girls ss, Kwemaramba ss, Loreto girls ss, Ilongero ss, Temeke ss, Nakaguru ss, Makongoro ss,
Ngudu ss, Kibaigwa girls ss, Bugando ss, Nyampulukano ss, Rungwe boys ss, , Magu ss,Celina Kombani
ss, Bwiru Boys ss,Mudio ss,Mara boys ss,Wali Ul asr ss,Livingstone boys ss,Milambo ss,Kilakala girls ss,
Njombe ss, Kiteto ss, Kibaha boys ss, Ilboru ss, Kowak girls ss, Nuru ss, Abdulrahim busoka ss, Mbezi beach ss,
Nyampulukano ss, Kisutu girls ss, Kimambass, St. Joseph ss, Kizwite girls, cornerstone leadership ss, Catherine
ss, Monduli T.C, Meta ss, Same ss, Celina Kombani ss, Busokelo ss, Kigom Grand ss, Ahmes ss, Rosimin ss,
Africana ss, Idete ss, Tabata ss,Mwembeni academic ss, Anna Mkapa ss,Consolatha seminary ss,
Malagarasi ss, Nakaguru ss, Tura ss, Malambo sss, Loleto girls ss,Nyantakara ss,Premier girls ss,Tumaini senior
ss,Chang’ombe ss,Shanta mine girls ss,Ocean ss,Sengerema boys ss,Bwiru girls

THIS PAPER CONSISTS OF TWO PRINTED PAGES

pg. 1 N.E SERIES 2023/2024

 1. a. i. Explain the adaptations of Entamoeba hystolytica. Use six points
(06 marks)
ii. Viruses are considered to be non living entities. justify this statement
by using 5 points (05 marks)
b. Euglena is an ancestor of plants and animals. Explain in six points.
(09 marks)
2. a. i. Describe the mechanism of counter current multiplier system in the
Mammalian loop of Henle. (08 marks)
ii. What features make this counter current multiplier mechanism possible in
the loop of Henle. Use 4 points (04 marks)
b. Show the role of hypothalamus in temperature regulation.
(08 marks)
3. a. With examples describe allometric and isometric growth patterns.
(06 marks)
b. Describe the main features of the meristematic cells. Use 6 points
(06 marks)
c. It is normally believed growth of multicellular cells from individual cells of
organisms can be divided into five phases. Discuss. (08 marks)
4. a. If a pure strain of mice with a brown coloured fur are allowed to breed
with pure strain of mice with grey coloured fur they produce offspring
having brown coloured fur. If F1 mice are allowed to interbreed, they pro
duce an F2 generation with fur colour in proportion of three brown colo
ured to one grey.
i. Explain these results fully (08 marks)
ii. What would be the result of mating a brown coloured heterozygote from
the F2 generation with original grey-coloured parent? (04 marks)
b. Evaluate the merits and demerits of genetic engineering in real life. Use 2
points each. (08 marks)
5. a. Organic evolution is a real and actual natural process though some scho
lars are still debating on it. Justify this statement using any evidence from
comparative biochemistry, paleontology, comparative morphology and
anatomy. (06 marks)
b. The concept of use and disuse as invigased by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in
his theory of organic evolution may be true for an individual organism but
not from one generation to another. Explain this view using human being
as an example (04 marks)
c. Describe three observations and two deductions of Darwin’s theory of
natural selection (10 marks)
6. a. Describe six types of communities (Biomes) and their global distribution
(12marks)
b. Comment with examples, how the flow of energy through ecosystem and
nutrient cycle is much interfered with human activities on terrestrial eco
system. Use four points (08 marks)

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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
N.E ADVANCED BIOLOGY SERIES TANZANIA 2023/2024

ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY 2 MARKING SCHEME SERIES 4

1. Adaptations of Entamoeba hystolytica

 they can form cyst which resists digestive agents in the stomach
 they lack contractile vacuoles since they live in isotonic state with the
host’s gut fluid
 they live where there is plenty of food supply from their host
 they are physiologically tolerant to low oxygen concentration since they
live in areas with low oxygen supply in large intestine
 they can feed various foods ranging from bacteria to blood cells and
digest them with their enzymes
(6 points 6 marks, 1 mark per each point)
b. virus is a non-living entities due to the following reasons:
 they do not replicate on their own and lack cellular structures hence
unable to carry out any life process when outside the host cell
 they do not have any enzyme system such as respiratory enzymes, hence
they lack energy releasing process
 while outside the host cell, viruses are inert but retain their ability to
replicate if they invade a host cell. Viruses are therefore crystalline in
absence of a host cell. When they exist as individual particles outside a
host cell, they are called virions
 they are filterable, therefore they can pass through bacteria proof filter
paper
 they are resistant to very high temperature due to lack of enzymes
normally at high temperatures, enzymes are denatured and thus render
them useless
(5 points, 5 marks 1 marrk per each point)

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c. Euglena is an ancestor of plants and animals due to the fact that Euglena
possess both animal and plants characteristics as follows:
plant characteristics
 Presence of chloroplast containing chlorophyll
 Utilization of nitrites or ammonia as source of nitrogen
 Possession of contractile vacuole
(any 3 points 4.5 marks, 1.5 marks per each point)
Animal characteristics
 Possession of myonemes (muscle like strands)
 Possession of flagella for locomotion
 Utilization of amino acids or polypeptide as source of nitrogen
 Presence of gullet with sphincter and reservoir for ingestion of food
(any 3 points 4.5 marks, 1.5 marks per each point)

2. a. i. mechanism of counter-current in mammalian loop of Henle

The two parallel limbs of the loop of Henle have a very different
permeability characteristic
The thin descending limb is permeable to water but relatively
impermeable to solutes while thick ascending limb is permeable to solutes
and relatively impermeable to water as shown below

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As the sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thick ascending limb
and into a peritubular fluid of medulla, this pumping action raise osmotic
pressure in peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb
The result is an osmotic flow of water out of the thin descending limb into
the peritubular fluid to the lower osmotic pressure
This loss of water increases the solute concentration in the thin descending
limb
The arrival of highly concentrated solution in the thick ascending limb
speeds up the transport of the sodium and chloride ions into the
peritubular fluid of the medulla.
This process is a simple positive feedback loop. Solute pumping at the
ascending limb leads to the higher solute concentration in the
descending limb which is then bring about the increased solute pumping
in ascending limb
(any related explanations 6 marks diagram 2 marks total of 8 marks)
ii. features make countercurrent possible
 due to close proximity of ascending and descending limbs to water
 impermeability of descending limb to solute
 permeability of ascending limb to solute
 passive transport of solute in thin ascending limb and active transport
mechanism for thick ascending limb
(4 points each 1 mark total 4 marks)
b. The role of hypothalamus to the temperature regulation
The hypothalamus has three parts namely anterior region, the middle
region and the posterior region. These parts help in secretion of various
endocrine hormones. The anterior and posterior region plays an essential
function to maintain.
The hypothalamus has temperature sensitive neurons in it that can detect
the temperature of blood. Also there are thermo-receptors in the skin.
When the outside temperature is hot, the thermo-receptors in the skin
send the message that stimulates the anterior hypothalamus which then
shows a thermos-lytic response thereby resulting in decrease in the body
temperature.
When the outside temperature is cold, the body temperature is raised due
to the thermos-genic response of posterior hypothalamus stimulation. Thus,
the body temperature is regulated as per requirement of the body to
keep its other functions well
Our internal body temperature is regulated by a part of our brain called
hypothalamus. The hypothalamus checks our current temperature and
compares it with normal temperature of about 370C. If our temperature is
too low, the hypothalamus make sure that body generates and maintains
heat
(any correct explanations 8 marks)

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3. a. Isometric growth: This is the growth pattern that occur in some chordates
such as fish, frog and some insects such as grasshopper where a body
organ except wings and genitalia grow at the same mean rate as rest of
the body. This means that, shape of the body remains unchanged despite
its increase in size. For example of isometric growth is the when external.
structure of fish retain its shape as a result of proportional/equivalent
growth rate. 3 marks

while

Allometric growth: This is the pattern of growth where different parts of the
body grow at different rates with respect to each other. Animals such as
mammals exhibit such kind of growth whereby any change in size results
from growth causes a change in shape. This is because the growth of
body organs occur at different mean rates from the growth of rest body.
For example, in humans the proportions of various structures change as a
result of simultaneous changes in pattern of growth and development

3 marks

The graph below shows allometric growth

Relative growth (percentage of total postnatal growth)

Thymus gland

Final size of an organ

brain Relative growth curve of

human as whole

Reproductive organs
Time from birth (years)
b. Features of meristematic cells
 characterized by presence of numerous ribosomes
 characterized by presence of mitochondria
 high rate of metabolism
 they have thin extensible cell walls

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 they have small vacuoles and dense cytoplasm
 they have thin walled tightly packed living cells undergo frequent division
 meristematic cells undergo cell division and wall formation which is
followed by differential cell expansion
 (6 points 6 marks, 1 mark per each point)
c. The cell cycle has 5 phases which are as follows:
1st stage growth phase 1 (G1). The events which occur are:
 intensive cellular synthesis including new cell organelles
 cell metabolic rate is high
 cell growth occurs
2nd stage synthesis phase. The events which occur are:
 DNA replication occurs
 Protein molecules called histones are synthesized
 Each chromosome become chromatid
3rd stage growth phase 2 (G2). The events which occur are:
 Intensive cellular synthesis
 Mitochondria and chloroplast divide
4th stage mitotic phase (M). The event which occur is
 Nuclear division occur in four phases
5th stage Cytokinesis phase. The event which occur is
 Equal distribution of organelles and cytoplasm into each daughter cell
Any correct explanations 8 marks
4. a. i. let B represent brown fur(dominant) 1 mark
let b represent grey fur(recessive)
First cross
parental phen brown fur × grey fur
otypes (2n) 3 marks
parental geno
types (2n) BB × bb

Gametes (n) b
B B b
Random fertili
Zation
F1 genotype (2n) Bb Bb Bb Bb
F1 phenotype all are brown fur

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Second cross
F1 phenotypes brown for × brown fur
F1 genotypes (2n) Bb Bb 3 marks
Gametes (n)
B b B b
Random fertili
Zation

F2 genotypes BBBb Bbbb 1 mark

F2 phenotypes 3 brown fur 1 grey fur
ii. Experimental
phenotypes Brown fur × grey fur
Experimental
Genotypes (2n) Bb × bb 2 marks
Gametes (n)
B b b b
Random ferti
Lization
Offspring geno
type BbBb bbbb
offspring pheno 2 marks
type 1 brown fur 1 grey fur
nb: In case of monohybrid inheritance, the offspring from heterozygous
genotype cross with a homozygous recessive genotype producing equal
number of offspring showing each phenotype. In this case 50% will be bro
wn fur and 50% grey fur
c. merits of genetic engineering
 it is used to synthesize hormones such as human growth hormones and
insulin which is used to help diabetic patients to control sugar level in the
blood. Other hormone synthesized include erythropoietin which control
production of red blood cells and calcitonin which regulates levels of
calcium in the blood
 help in production of vaccines and antibiotics. For example Hepatitis B
vaccine and penicillin are produced by genetic engineering
 it improves plants resistance to pests and improves quality of food and
increase the yield of crops. Plants can be made resistant to herbicides
and tolerant to environmental stress such as drought. Animal products
such as milk, meat and eggs may have their qualities improved through
use of genetic engineering

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any 2 points 4 marks 2 per each point
demerits of genetic engineering
 it may make organisms more resistant to antibiotics. The vectors which are
used in transforming plant cells contain genes for antibiotic resistance.
These genes enter the transformed plant with desired genes. The concern
is that, when tomato is eaten, the gene may pass from tomato to
Escherichia coli-bacteria in the gut making them resistant to antibiotics
 it may compromise issues on ethics and molarity, particularly in religion.
This is because human beings now have the ability to influence the course
and this is against some people who believe that ability of influencing
anything on the earth is upon God only
 Modification of naturally selected food crops may disturb the delicate
balance of naturally existing biodiversity

 Genetic engineering lead to disappearance of local varieties of crops

because highly resistant genetically modified plants and animals have
potential of replacing local varieties. This will end to affect the economy
of the people depending on these valuable products
 It may be misused in producing Genetically Modified Organisms (G.M.O)
for use as biological weapons
 any 2 points 4 marks 2 per each point
5. a. Comparative biochemistry: Evidence to support organic evolution also
been generated by comparing chemical composition and physiological
process among groups of organisms. The occurrence of similar chemical
molecules in a complete range of organisms suggests the existence of
biochemical homology. Evidence is derived from sources such as basic
cellular components and basic physiology 2 marks
Paleontology: This is the study of remains of past life called fossils.
Paleontology links biology with geology and is supported by archaeology
which involves the digging up of the fossils down the rocks. They prove
that varieties of animals and plants existed in various geological ages of
the earth 2 marks
Comparative morphology and anatomy: This is also evident in similarities
and difference in basic structures of different organisms. Anatomy is the
study of anatomy of groups of animals and plants reveals a great similarity
in a certain structural feature. This is explained based on basic structures
and homologous structure and divergent evolution 2 marks
b. The theory of use and disuse states that, ‘The extensive use of body parts
as the structure would led to increase in the efficient while disuse would
led to degeneration of such parts’

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It is true the more the use of a certain body part make it become more
efficient while disused body part becomes weak. For instance, Vestigial
organs in humans such as appendix 2 marks
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
According to Lamarck ‘Characteristics that an individual acquires during
lifetime are handed down from one generation to another and becomes
part of heredity
It is not true that the acquired traits in humans can pass from one
generation to another since the passage of the traits is through gene that
pass from gametes of two parents where gene recombination occur to
produce a single character. Therefore acquired traits can never be
inherited 2 marks
c. Three observations and two deductions of Darwin’s theory of nat selection
observation 1: Organisms in a population tend to produce more offspring
than environment can support 2 marks
observation 2: The number of organisms in a given population tend to rem
ain fairly constant 2 marks
Deduction 1: Many organisms fail to reproduce or die before reaching the
reproductive age due to competition for the food and space (struggle for
existence) 2 marks
Observation 3: Variation exists within the population 2 marks
Deduction 2: In the struggle for the existence, organisms change to adapt
their environment. Those well adapted individuals survive and pass their
genes to the next generation (survival for the fittest) and those less adapt
ed individuals die or selected against nature such that natural selection
occur 2 marks
6. a. Biomes are distributed in specified climatic areas for particular vegetation
and has its own climatic condition. They include as follows as:
 Equatorial biome 2 marks
This is the community found between 0 and 5 north and south of the
0 0

equator. It is characterized by heavy or thick vegetation such as forests.

Also it receives rain season in the year. It is the warmth climate. For
example, in Ghana and Southern Uganda
 Tropical biome 2 marks
This is the community which is found between 50 and 150 north and south
of equator. It contains few large trees and long grasses. Most wild animals
are likely to be found in this climate. For example, Tanzania and South
America
 Desert biome 2 marks
This is the biome found between 15 and 37 north and south of the
0 0

equator. It has small vegetation or not at all. There is high windblown

which can be due to human activities. Also it is associated with ocean

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currents. For example, Saharan desert, Kalahari desert, Alakama desert
and Namib desert
 Oceanic biome 2 marks
This includes all living organisms found in the sea, lake or ocean which can
be fish, crustacea, crocodile, snails and also there is planktons or algae
and phytoplanktons and zooplanktons which support aquatic animals.For
example Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean, Pacific ocean and red sea
 Mediterranean biome 2 marks
This is the biome found in southern part of Africa. This biome has the
moderate temperature
 Coniferous rain forest biome
This is the biome in which there is thick conifers forest and also have high
amount of rainfall per annum. It is found in North America
 Temperate biome
This is the biome which is cool and have moderate temperature,
moderate rainfall. Also grasses are much found and few trees and animals
are found. This is mostly found in China and india
(any six points with explanations 12 marks 2 per point)
b. Points to show how energy flow through ecosystem is interfered by various
human activities:

i. Dynamite fishing or use of explosive in fishing

The explosion produced from these dynamites generates fumes of differ

ent types containing many compounds which are harmful to lives of living
organisms in the water, thus killing producers as well as consumers such as
fish found in water hence affecting energy flow

ii. Poaching

This is the act of man to kill animals especially in game reserves and nation
al parks for economic reasons. Mostly primary consumers (zebra, elephant
s, giraffes and antelopes) are victims and sometimes, secondary consume
rs such as lions and leopards. Extreme poaching removes almost all prim
ary consumers which may result to the breaking of the energy in the ecos
ystem from one trophic level to the next.

iii. Deforestation

This refers to the burning or cutting down of trees. The act removes primary
producers from the ecosystem leading to reduced fixed energy needed
for higher trophic levels

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iv. Use of pesticides in agriculture

These removes the primary consumers in the ecosystem thereby interfering

with the flow of energy in the ecosystem. Some pesticides such as DDT are
biologically non-biodegradable hence they are passed on from one trop
hic level to the next where they accumulate to toxic concentrations (Biolo
gical magnification) in the higher energy levels

(any four points 8 marks 2 marks per point)

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