THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

STRATEGIES IN ENHANCING CRIME RESOLUTION BY THE POLICE

COMMUNITY AFFAIRS AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP IN CABANATUAN

CITY

Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

The College of Criminal Justice Education

PHINMA Araullo University

Cabanatuan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Blancas, Erica F.

Esguerra, Joimari L.

Gregorio, Gleizelle L.

Mendoza, James Karl R.

Osias, Marvin C.

Vengazo, Gilberto E.

October, 2024
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

In Cabanatuan City, one of the busiest urban centers in Nueva Ecija, the

local police have understood lately that in order to solve crimes effectively, the

cooperation of community members must be essential.

The Police Community Affairs and Development Group is aware of the need to

establish proper relationships with the community in order to address these

challenges. The involvement of residents, community leaders, and other stakeholders

in anti-crime and crime-solving activities brings about trust, valuable intelligence, and

a sense of community responsibility in maintaining peace and order. Materials from a

vast list of resources also compromise powerful cases, interesting news, articles, and

related studies on the topic of discussion in shedding light on the roles of community

engagement in crime resolution by the PCADG in Cabanatuan City.

The Police Community Affairs and Development Group provides a strong

liaison body between the law enforcement and the community to participate in many

programs favorable to public safety and crime resolution. Understanding the

effectiveness of these community strategies is also of paramount importance because

it throws light on how collaborative efforts may affect the rates of crime and overall

community welfare. This research focuses particularly on the community of

Cabanatuan City's engagement in cooperation with PCADG, determining how

different activities and programs create collaborative efforts that eventually aid in

furthering the resolution of crimes. It evaluates particular initiatives that the PCADG

has undertaken and their impact on crime resolution rates, aiming to provide insights
on the mechanisms through which effective partnerships between communities and

the police are enabled. The scope of this study will encompass a diverse array of

community engagement strategies, ranging from neighborhood watch programs to

community policing initiatives, while considering the unique socio-cultural context of

Cabanatuan City.

Therefore, understanding the roles of community engagement in the resolution

of crime is imperative towards the creation of a safer and more secure environment

within Cabanatuan City.

This present research aims at examining the multifaceted role that community

engagement play in enhancing the crime-solving initiatives of the Police Community

Affairs and Development Group in the city of Cabanatuan.

This research will provide an in-depth examination of real-life cases where

community involvement has led to effective results in crime resolution, an analysis of

news reports that show how community engagement have made a difference in

preventing or deterring a crime, and synthesize findings from academic studies on

effective community engagement practices.

Hence, this paper is a comprehensive study of the community engagement

strategies of the Police community affairs and development group in Cabanatuan City

to find out the impact of the efforts on the crime-solving outcome. By initiating open

communication channels, carrying out outreach programs, and encouraging active

participation from the residents, the Police Community Affairs and Development

Group will create an environment through which community members are

empowered to help in solving crimes.

Furthermore, this study will evaluate how effective community engagement

programs can be at improving the general productivity and responsiveness of the

Police Community Affairs and Development Group in addressing crime activities in

Cabanatuan City. By analyzing the perceptions, experiences, and feedback from both

law enforcement officials and community members, valuable insights can be gained

for informing future strategies and initiatives aimed at strengthening the partnership

between the Police Community Affairs and Development Group and the local

community.

This research delves into how the dynamics of collaboration, communication,

and shared responsibility between the PCADG and community combined in a bid to

further assist the continuous efforts on the improvement of crime resolution outcomes

and instilling sustainable peace and security within the region.

With the above-mentioned reasons, the researchers were motivated to conduct

this study is to asses the effectiveness of community engagement, particularly through

operational plans executed by the Police Community Affairs and Development Group,

in enhancing crime resolution in Cabanatuan City.

This research aims to contribute valuable insights for improving crime

resolution strategies and focusing safer communities.

Setting of the Study

The province of Nueva Ecija is divided into four congressional districts, consist

of 27 municipalities and five cities. And having a total number of 849 barangays,

According to Gov. Ph., as of May 1, 2020 Nueva Ecija had a total population of

2,310,134 persons. province is nationally recognized as the rice granary of the

Philippines. Geographically, Nueva Ecija shares borders with the provinces of

Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora. Cabanatuan City

is a popular tourist destination renowned for its rich cultural heritage and natural

beauty. It is the largest city in Nueva Ecija. Having more than 30,000 registered
motorized tricycle making it the tricycle capital of the Philippines. Cabanatuan City is

a 1st class component city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The city has a

land area of 282.75 square kilometers or 109.17 square miles which constitute 4.97%

of Nueva Ecija’s total area. Its population as determined by the 2020 census was

327,325. people making it the most populous city in Nueva Ecija and the fifth-most

populous in Central Luzon. This represented 14.17% of total population of the Central

Luzon Region. Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 1,158

inhabitants per square kilometer or 2,998 inhabitants per square mile.

 Figure 1.

Map of the Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Conceptual Framework
 The study aims to assess the roles of community engagement in enhancing

crime resolution by the Police Community Affairs and Development Group in

Cabanatuan City. The PCADG in Cabanatuan City focuses on establishing and

nurturing strong community relations to enhance trust, foster cooperation, and

encourage active participation in crime resolution efforts.

The Police Community Affairs and Development Group utilizes various

communication channels to disseminate crime-related information, safety tips, and

updates to residents, promoting awareness, transparency, and community engagement

in crime resolution activities.

To further discuss the study’s conceptual framework, Figure 2 presents the

paradigm. It tackles the input, the process, and the output of the study. The input deals

with identifying the profile of the respondents, assessing the roles of community

engagement in enhancing the crime resolution by the Police Community Affairs

Development Group in Cabanatuan City, and assessing the developing solutions by

the respondents in order to address the roles of community engagement in crime

resolution. Furthermore, the process deals with the method that the researchers

employed in gathering data for study. It includes the distribution of questionnaire

checklist, collection of data, tabulation of data, statistical treatment of data, evaluation

of data, interpretation of data, and presentation of data. And lastly, the output is the

proposed action plan in order to optimize the enhancing crime resolution by the Police

Community Affairs Development Group in Cabanatuan City.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Identifying the profile of  Distribution  Proposed action
the respondents of plan in enhancing
 Assessing the questionnaire crime resolution by
effectives of the checklist the provincial
community  Collection of data community affairs
engagement strategies  Tabulation of data and development
in enhancing crime  Statistical treatment unit in Cabanatuan
resolution by the of data city.
provincial community
 Evaluation of data
affairs development  Interpretation of data
unit.  Presentation of data

Feedback

Figure 2.

Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the roles of community engagement in enhancing

crime resolution by the Police Community Affairs and Development Group in

Cabanatuan City.

The research is structured to address the following key inquiries:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Years in Service; and

1.6 Years of residency

2. What are the effectives of the community engagement strategies in enhancing

crime resolution by the provincial community affairs development unit?

3. Is there any significant difference on the assessment of the tow groups of

respondents in terms of the effectiveness of the community engagement

strategies in enhancing crime resolution by the police community affairs and

development unit in Cabanatuan city?

4. Base from the result what action plan can be proposed in enhancing crime

resolution by the provincial community affairs and development unit in

Cabanatuan city?
Hypothesis

The following null hypothesis was tested in this study:

Is there is no significant difference in the assessment of the two group of

respondents in the effectiveness of the community engagement strategies in enhancing

crime resolution by the provincial community affairs development group.

Significance of the Study

The study entitled “The Effectiveness of Community Engagement in

Enhancing Crime Resolution by the Police Community Affairs and Development

Group in Cabanatuan City.” Future results of this study could be highly significant

and beneficial to the following individuals, groups and organization:

The Community. By understanding the effectiveness if community engagement in

enhancing crime resolution, society can see the potential of these study for improved

development.

Philippine National Police. Provides insights into effective community engagement

in enhancing crime resolution.

Researchers. Serves as a valuable resource for understanding crime resolution

methodologies.

Criminology Students. Gain practical insights into how community engagement

strategies are implemented in crime resolution scenarios.

Future Researchers. The results of this research may be a basis of further studies and

can be used as related literature.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

 The study focuses on The Effectiveness of Community Engagement in

Enhancing Crime Resolution by the Police Community Affairs and Development

Group in Cabanatuan City. The respondents of the study were composed of ten (10)

respondents five (5) personnel Police Community Affairs and Developmental Group

Unit (PCADG) of the Philippine National Police in Cabanatuan City and five (5)

Individual Person in the community. The study will use a descriptive survey method

of research design and the questionnaire checklist is the main tool in gathering data

will be needed for the conducting the study. The study will be limited only to the

profile of the respondents.

The study will be conducted for a period of two (2) academic semesters, from

May 2024 to October 2024.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following are defined operationally:

Collaboration. Refers to the action of working with someone to produce or create

something.

Community. Refers to a group of people who share common interests, characteristics,

or goals and who interact each other within a specific geographic area.

Community Relations with the PNP. Refers to emphasize building positive

interactions, trust, and cooperation between the PNP and the Community.

Cooperation. Refers to the act of working together towards a common goal or

objective.

Enhancing. Refers to improve, augment, or make something better than it currently

is.
Programs. Refers to the organize sets of activities, initiatives, or procedures designed

to achieve specific goals.

Problem Solving. Refers to the PNP engages with the community to identify and

address specific crime and concerns.

Resolution. Refers to the act or process of resolving.

Resource. Refers to any personal talent or outside supply that can be tapped for help

or support.

Roles. Refers to the function or position that an individual or group plays in a

particular situation or organization.

Strategies. Refers to a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall

aim.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

This chapter presents the foreign and local literatures and studies that

are used to guide the researchers to expand their knowledge regarding the

present study.

Foreign Literatures

According to Myhill and Bradford (2018), perceptions of fair treatment by the

organization are a good indicator of attitudes favorable to serving the public.

Alignment with community policing, a process-based police approach that places an

emphasis on community engagement and partnership, mediates this link. This

demonstrates the need for law enforcement organizations to encourage community

involvement in order to enhance police community relations.

 According to Broom et al. (2020), public relations is viewed from a systems

approach. In order to clarify to students and professionals in public relations that

public relations are concerned with the interdependence of organizations and others in

their environments, academics adopted the term ecology from the field of life sciences

in 1952. A system is a group of inter connected components that persists over time

within a predetermined boundary by adapting and responding to changing

environmental constraints in order to attain and sustain target states, according to

Broom et al., (2020).

According to Baker (2023), community participation in combating crime is a

category of non-state or self-policing. It is characterized by reactive, ad hoc an often-

violent methods of crime control. Community participation is a group of committed

people at the micro level of the community set up to collate information on suspected

criminals in its area, for use by the police in the detection and prevention of crime. It

is often made-up community leaders, religious leaders, community associations and

leaders of the neighborhood, who keep watch over their area and report suspicious

people to the police (Albert, Awe, Heaullt, Omitoogun, 2019). Community

participation groups are largely informal and composed of volunteers and are largely

funded through communal contributions.

According to Kaiser (2019), crime prevention results from lowering the

likelihood of victimization while raising the likelihood of being detected. By doing

this, the potential for victimization is diminished and the potential for social

integration on a legal basis is increased. The desire to commit crimes must be

decreased, while the desire to contribute to the betterment of society must be

increased.
 According to Denzin and Lincoln (2019), community policing is a technique

that varies depending on the needs and potential solutions of the public and the police

involved in the partnership. During policing activities, many people’s major concerns

and cooperative efforts are straightforward.

According to Wilkinson and Rosenbaum (in Lab, 2017:195), community

policing represents a fundamental shift in the fundamental role of the police officer,

including adjustments to that officer’s abilities, motivations, and opportunities for

problem-solving and forging new relationships with influential members of the

community.

According to Skogan and Lyons (2018), community policing is considered a

popular contemporary policing approach in responding to the decline in public

confidence in police; and growing evidence that police forces could not fight crime by

themselves. It can be traced back to the introduction of community constables,

known as ‗bobbies’, by Sir Robert Peel, in the newly created Metropolitan

London Police District during the early 19th century (Brogden and Nijhar, 2005).

The police play a significant role in community policing and instead of being

separated, they should rather be joined in partnership with the community.

According to Bayley, (2017), community policing is a strategy for enlisting the

public as partners in controlling and preventing crime. It does this in four basic ways:

demonstrating that police give priority by responding to the needs of individuals and

communities; consulting with the public in developing local law enforcement and

crime prevention agendas; mobilizing the community to participate in crime

prevention activities; and adopting a proactive problem-solving approach to crime

prevention.
 Mentioned by Emeka (2020), reports that there have been more kidnapping in

his jurisdiction in the past few years. The UNODC and Nigeria's National Institute of

Security Studies States that since 2015, The rise of criminal gangs, known locally as

bandits, has been the driving force behind the conflict increasing ferocity the complex

security treat Is a concern for officers.

According to Manresa (2023) Building trust in the community you are

policing is essential to law enforcement's success. Regrettably, a lot of individuals

distrust law enforcement and have a dread of them protecting them. By fostering open

channels of communication and cooperation between law enforcement and the

community, community policing establishes the groundwork for fostering a strong

feeling of trust and security. Officers become well-known figures when they actively

interact with the community on a daily basis. In times of need, it is far more consoling

to see a familiar face than a stranger in a uniform who seems to be watching you with

suspicious eyes.

Local Literatures

According to Braga and Weisburd (2021) the COPS program is 'people-

powered' and utilizes the first projects to explain its pros. In 1986, the first initiative

BAC-UP was developed in Bacolod City modeled on the Japanese 'Koban' system. It

displayed decentralized community-based police stations at the local level. The

project developed solid police-community links at the local level, which has

continued to grow and been sustained over 18 years. The COPS system is built on the

same principles of utmost integrity, trust, participation, and civic-mindedness of both

officials and citizens

 According to Vicente & Vicente (2020) emphasizes that the backbone of

police station which will render the police officers nearer to its constituents in the

Philippines. This is aligned with the understanding of Zhao, He &Lovrich (2003) who

pointed out that the core functions of police in America include crime control,

maintenance of peace and order, and provision of other services.

According to Patoza (2018) The Philippine National Police said crime

prevention remains a top priority to ensure public security and safety but needs the

community's active support and cooperation. Cooperation stakeholders are the

primary key and should be done to maintain safety in the community. Citizens are

encouraged to report and become volunteers by informing the PNP about suspicious

movement of persons such as modus operandi in their area.

According to Galabin, N. D., Recapente, M. A., and Pallega (2021), there

was a strong correlation between the frequency of police operations and both index

and non-index crime rates. There is a need for more research. Mark Patalinghug M,

(2017). The PNP's crime prevention strategies and the index crime rate were

connected. D.P. Farrington (1997). suggests a strategy for assessing Communities that

Care, a local initiative to prevent crime. John Patalinghug, M. (2017).

According to DILG Chief Abalos (2024) pointed out that under the RPSB,

police personnel are immersed in the community so they will be able to learn

firsthand from the residents their primary concerns and help them find solutions to

their problems. "Ang pulis ay ibinababa sa barangay para doon mismo tumira,

aalamin ang problema at pangangailangan ng mga residente at tutulungan silang

lutasin ang mga ito," he said.

 According to Panatag (2024) The British Council brought community

policing, a novel strategy for law enforcement in the Philippines, to Bangsamoro. It

offers locals a say in maintaining peace and order in their neighborhood. Where there

was once mistrust of the police, relationships have improved, police visibility and

activity in the community has increased, and communication between the police and

the community has improved. There are also established duties for community

members, such as first responders and police contact points. The Community Policing

Project was carried out in collaboration with the Bantay Bayanihan network and the

Security Reform Initiative (SRI). The success of the project has largely been

attributed to the British Council's proficiency in fostering mutual respect and

understanding between disparate communities

Foreign Studies

In the study by crime and justice research alliance (2024) entitled Re-

analyzing the results of a community policing study leads to a more positive

conclusion about its effect, in this study, researchers took another look at data from

the Brooklyn Park ACT Experiment, which was a randomized controlled trial focused

on improving police-community relations in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, during 2015

and 2016. The results suggested that positive interactions with community policing

could change how residents view the police, leading to what the authors called "crime

reporting inflation." This means that community members might be more willing to

report problems in their neighborhoods to the police.

According to Hinkle et al. (2020) Entitled Problem-Oriented policing for

reducing crime and disorder an updated systemic review and meta-analysis stated that
the review provides strong and consistent evidence that POP is an effective strategy

for reducing crime and disorder. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in the

magnitude of effect sizes across factors such as study type, study rigor and crime type.

Despite this heterogeneity, 31 out of 34 studies (91.2%) have effect sizes in favor of a

treatment effect and the overall mean effect is positive and significant in all of our

models.

Further, in the study of McLaughlin (2023) entitled Community, policing and

accountability they concluded that there is an urgent need to confront the complexities

of constructing satisfactory police-community relations in Britain's inner cities. It

evaluates whether the reorganization of policing at the time would lead to a more

accountable police service. It was one of the first books in this country to argue for an

abolitionist position that is now central to BLM debates. Today it can be read against

the backdrop of ongoing debates of police accountability and police race relations

Furthermore, In the study of Blair et al (2021) entitled Community policing

does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global south they

concluded that although the police are central to reducing crime and violence, they are

also often perpetrators of unjust harm against citizens. We investigated the effects of

community policing, a set of practices designed to build trust between citizens and

police, increase the co-production of public safety, and reduce crime. Community

policing is meant to improve outcomes by increasing engagement between citizens

and police through increased foot patrols, community meetings, and the adoption of

problem-oriented policing strategies that address concerns raised by citizens. When

cooperation leads to effective police responses, this approach reinforces citizen trust

and facilitates further cooperation, creating a virtuous cycle.

 Moreover, in the article of Schaffer (2023) entitled Community Policing

mentioned that Community Policing is a view of the relationship between the police

and the community, written by Evelyn B. Schaffer, an outsider who had worked very

closely with the police. It covers many Forces and projects, particularly in Scotland

who pioneered community policing. It explores the various means that police forces

were using to get closer to the community at the time, including work with schools

and specialist work with juveniles and their families. It also includes a chapter on

police training and its effect on community policing.

Albrecht (2019) in the study entitled: Promoting Enchanted Public

Participation and Community Engagement in Policing stating that, many police

organizations in western democracies have experienced reductions in street and

violent crime rates over the last two decades. This enhanced effectiveness, which has

been observed in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom since the mid-

1990s, has been correlated with the increased use of technology and the employment

of proactive, arrest-oriented strategies.

Lockey (2019) The impact of a local community engagement intervention on

residents’ fear of crime and perceptions of the police. Policy-makers have called for

community engagement to be made central to police operations in England and

Wales, yet little empirical investigation has been undertaken in this context to support

its efficacy. This article uses a quasi-experimental research design to review a

community engagement intervention that aimed to develop citizens’ perceptions of

social capital in their community, improve their perceptions the police, and reduce

fear of crime and antisocial behavior (ASB) incidents. We also develop and test a

conceptual model that explores the mechanisms by which social capital may influence

citizens’ fear of crime and perceptions of the police, positing that local area potency;
the belief that a group can be effective in achieving its goals, may be an important

mediating mechanism. Results of independent samples t-tests indicate that the

intervention was successful in meeting its objectives in the area it was trialed. There

were significant increases in social capital, local area potency, confidence in the

police and perceptions of police community focus, and decreases in fear of crime and

ASB. These results were generally not evident in a control area. Structural equation

modelling results supported the hypothesized model, indicating that local area

potency mediates the relationships between social capital and the project outcomes.

These findings contribute to the limited empirical evidence in support of the positive

influence of community engagement in the United Kingdom, and indicate that social

capital and local area potency are important antecedents of citizens’ positive attitudes

toward crime and the police.

Mangai, Masiya, Masemola (2023) Engaging communities as partners: policing

strategies in Johannesburg. This study examines the perspectives of the South African

Police Services (SAPS) on community–policing strategies used to partner

Johannesburg communities in combating crime. The study is conducted on the

background of ever-increasing rate of crime in South Africa that has made it one of

the high crime-ridden societies in the world (Eagle, 2015; Bu¨ ttner, 2022; Khahla,

2023). Previously, a study by Brogden (2002) argued that community policing

worked best in homogeneous, common-interest, wealthy suburbs, and has performed

poorly in heterogeneous, lower class urban contexts where it is most needed. Over

two decades ago, in a study of South Africa, Brogden (2002) concluded that

community policing failed to take root, because it was an imported concept, which is

being applied in a heterogeneous society characterized by a huge low class urban

context, whereas it is historically tailored for homogeneous, common-interest,

wealthy suburbs.

Akpa (2024) The Role of Community Policing in Crime Reduction:

Comparative Analysis of South Africa and Kenya. Community policing, characterized

by its emphasis on law enforcement-community partnerships, problem-solving

strategies, and decentralized organizational structures, represents a multifaceted

approach aimed at improving community well-being and reducing crime rates. This

paper examines the implementation and effectiveness of community policing in

different socio-political contexts, with a focus on South Africa and Kenya. Despite

being a global phenomenon, community policing manifests differently across

countries, necessitating a nuanced analysis of its application and outcomes. South

Africa and Kenya provide intriguing case studies, showcasing both successes and

challenges in community policing initiatives. By evaluating crime rates, citizen

perceptions of safety, and community satisfaction, this paper highlights the

importance of ongoing research and tailored interventions to optimize the impact of

community policing. Ultimately, community policing emerges as a transformative

approach with the potential to foster safer, more resilient communities when

implemented through collaborative, adaptive, and contextually sensitive strategies.

Fabusuyil (2018) examined the impact of social cohesion and informal social

control in a Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, neighborhood from 2008–2012. The experiment

required an existing community organization to acquire properties that were identified

as crime hotspots. Fabusuyil (2018) later engaged the community in driving informed

decisions through town hall meetings, social events, and outreach events. Together,

they proposed physical changes, but also enforced regulations that allowed. Our data

collection approach was an iterative process, whereby data collected at one phase
informed data collected in subsequent phases. While our crime data were collected

between 2017-2019, our findings showed that bringing residents and stakeholders

together with decision-makers and experts can be an effective tool to address

environmental design and crime prevention policies especially in the post police

defunding era. Additionally, successful crime prevention should be based on social

programs and physical improvements to the built environment that are unique to the

city. In summary, this participatory approach offers non-police driven crime

prevention strategies and allows community members an opportunity to drive these

strategies.

Local Studies

Boller-Piol (2024) Strengthening Community Mobilization Program: Its

Implication on Building Police-Community Relations. This study determined the

implications of strengthening community mobilization programs for building police

community relations in Batangas Province. The study revealed that most of the police

personnel are Police Corporal, under 5 years in PCADU, and have acquired PCAD

Course, Online PCAD Executive Course, and Preparedness Search and Rescue and

Relief Operation Seminar.

Barreda (2020) Role of Civil Society on Crime Prevention in Developing

Country Philippines. This study combined quantitative and qualitative research

methods in order to ascertain the roles of civil society in the PNP's crime prevention

in the study sites. The study's findings suggested that the Philippine National Police,

civil society organizations, barangay officials like the barangay captain, Sangguniang

bayan member, and barangay tanod, as well as the local population, are aware of the

civil society's limitations in terms of its ability to prevent crime in the San Jose

municipality of Camarines Sur. Consequently, we require a solid relationship between

the police department and the community in order to strengthen our crime prevention

strategies.

Vicente, Ammiao, Arud (2020) Community crime prevention: The case of a

Barangay in the Northern Philippines. This study focused on crime prevention of a

barangay utilizing qualitative analysis. It determined the crime prevention activities

that the Philippine National Police and barangay officials implemented and

discovered the challenges encountered in the implementation of the crime prevention

activities. The study involved 9 participants composed of 3 barangay officials, three

residents of Barangay Lucnab and 3 Police Officers-from the Baguio City Police

Station 3. All in Baguio City in the Philippines. The study was conducted from

January 2020 until May 2020. In treating the data collected, the researcher made use

of thematic analysis. Results showed that the Police Personnel and Barangay Officials

are regularly conducting the following activities: regular patrolling (foot and mobile

patrol), routine checkpoints, and crime prevention seminars. It also showed that they

had challenges in implementing these crime prevention programs such as having

depleted personnel, inadequate crime prevention equipment, and instances of

unreported cases.

Poquita & Nabe (2023) Collaborative Leadership of Commissioned Law

Enforcers: Basis for Police-Community Relation Program. This study aimed to

determine the collaborative leadership among the commissioned officers in the

Philippine National Police in Davao del Norte and to enhance the police-community

relation program. There were 310 Non-Commissioned Officers in the Philippine

National Police assigned in Davao del Norte who participated in the survey. The study

used stratified sampling and employed statistical tools such as Mean, Standard

Deviation, T-test and analysis of variance. The findings revealed that the level of
collaborative leadership of commissioned officers in the Philippine National Police is

very high. Further, it was found that collaborative leadership does not differ

significantly when analyzed by sex, rank, educational attainment and length of

service. A program is proposed to enhance the relationship between police officers

and the community.

Vicente & Codmor (2019) Crime prevention program of an Upland

municipality in the Philippines. This study aimed to know the crime prevention

programs of the Municipality of Bontoc in Mountain Province as to their indigenous

crime prevention programs, the implementation of crime prevention efforts of police

and public officials as well as the extent of participation of the residents of the same

place. There were 356 respondents of the study who were composed of 44 Bontoc

Municipal Police Station personnel, 30 public barangay/municipal/provincial

officials, and 282 residents of Bontoc. This study was conducted in the first quarter of

2016, using the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches to answering

the problems of the study. After the investigation, it revealed that indigenous crime

prevention practices in Bontoc include pechen system, ator system, maipaila system,

and fagfaga system. All these practices are used as means of crime prevention and to

some extent indigenous prosecution. The crime prevention program of the

Municipality of Bontoc was much implemented relative to the three (3) elements of

crime such as motive, opportunity, and instrumentality. The residents sometimes

participated in the crime prevention activities, however, the police and official

respondents claimed that the residents often participated. The police and public

officials had similar perceptions as compared to the residents’ evaluation of the

implementation of the crime prevention program.

 Corpuz, Almero, Mendoza, Garcia (2023) Impact of Police cynicism on Crime

Reporting: Insights from Angeles City, Philippines. The findings of this study carry

significant implications for improving crime reporting behavior, ultimately

contributing to enhanced safety in Angeles City. The research underscores the

existence of generally positive attitudes toward crime reporting, driven by an

awareness of the seriousness of offenses, a sense of empowerment, and a shared

responsibility for community well-being. This positive disposition emphasizes the

need for law enforcement agencies and policymakers to consider community

engagement strategies and initiatives that encourage reporting. The research also

reveals that discouraging factors do exist, particularly concerning non-traditional

crimes, where fears and distrust in the justice system play a significant role. While

there is a prevailing trust in the local police's effectiveness, the weak correlation

between positive police perceptions and actual reporting behavior highlights the need

for a holistic approach in policy development. Furthermore, the positive correlation

between discouragement and encouragement factors in reporting suggests potential

policy implications, calling for in-depth research to further comprehend the intricate

dynamics influencing reporting behavior. The findings collectively emphasize the

multifaceted nature of public perceptions and reporting motivations, underlining the

interconnectedness of these elements. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt

comprehensive approaches that foster community trust and enhance reporting

behavior, while researchers are urged to delve deeper into these nuanced relationships

to inform evidence-based policies for public safety and more effective law

enforcement in Angeles City.

Binwag (2020) Crime prevention program of an Upland municipality in the

Philippines. This study aimed to know the crime prevention programs of the
Municipality of Bontoc in Mountain Province as to their indigenous crime prevention

programs, the implementation of crime prevention efforts of police and public

officials as well as the extent of participation of the residents of the same place. There

were 356 respondents of the study who were composed of 44 Bontoc Municipal

Police Station personnel, 30 public barangay/municipal/provincial officials, and 282

residents of Bontoc. This study was conducted in the first quarter of 2016, using the

combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches to answering the problems of

the study. After the investigation, it revealed that indigenous crime prevention

practices in Bontoc include pechen system, ator system, maipaila system, and fagfaga

system. All these practices are used as means of crime prevention and to some extent

indigenous prosecution. The crime prevention program of the Municipality of Bontoc

was much implemented relative to the three (3) elements of crime such as motive,

opportunity, and instrumentality. The residents sometimes participated in the crime

prevention activities, however, the police and official respondents claimed that the

residents often participated. The police and public officials had similar perceptions as

compared to the residents’ evaluation of the implementation of the crime prevention

program.

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study

This chapter presents the different researches and other literature from both

foreign and local researchers, which have significant bearings on the variables

included in the research. It focuses on several aspects that will help in the

development of this study.

The study is generally concentrating on the roles of community engagement in

enhancing crime resolution. The literatures of this study come from PDF or E-Book
and other existing thesis and dissertations, foreign and local that are believed be

useful in clear understanding of the study.

CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology and Procedures

This chapter presents the methodology of this study. It includes research design

respondents of the study sampling procedure and materials and instrument data

gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The study was employ the Descriptive Method since it deals on the effectiveness

of community engagement in enhancing crime resolution by the PCADG. According

to Henry (1997), descriptive studies are purposive processes of gathering, analyzing,

classifying and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, processes,

trends and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate

interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical tool.

The researchers were also making use of the correlational research since it

correlates variables between the assessments of the Community respondents on the

role of the PNP-PCADG in prevention of crime and their profile variables.

Respondents

The respondents of the study were a total of ten (10). Five (5) Police Community

Affairs and Development Group and Five (5) Community members was participating

in the study. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling. The study was

conducted in Cabanatuan City. The researchers believed that the chosen respondents

were a Police Community Affairs and Development Group and Community members

are able to provide the data needed in the conduct of the study.

Sampling Procedure
 Purposive Sampling will be use in selecting samples, where it provides in

each individual or population with an equal and fair probability of being chosen

under the non-probability sampling method also known as judgmental selective

or subjective sampling. This type of sampling technique which researchers rely

on their own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate

in surveys of this study. This type of sampling technique also refers to the

randomized selection of a small segment of individuals members from a whole

population. It is said to be one of the most convenient and simple selection

techniques. Researchers believed that upon using this sampling technique in the

conduct of this study, the reliability and unbiased conclusions will be made.

According to Nikolopoulou, (2022) purposive sampling refers to a group

of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected because they

have characteristic that you need in your sample.

Research Instrument

The researchers were be using a questionnaire checklist as the research

instrument to gather data for their study. This instrument is well-suited and

convenient for the researchers because it aligns with the objectives and purpose

of the study. The questionnaire is designed as a recognition type, where

respondents can choose their answers from the given choices.

To select participants for the study, the researchers opted for purposive

sampling, which is a type of non-probability sampling. This method allows the

researchers to select participants based on specific criteria that align with their

research objectives.
 By utilizing the questionnaire checklist, the researchers will be able to

gather data and information related to their approach to community engagement

and its effectiveness in enhancing crime resolution. The structured format of the

questionnaire will enable the researchers to maintain measurable data analysis

through highly objective responses from the participants.

Before administering the questionnaire to the community and the study's

setting, the researchers obtained permission from each respondent. The

researchers used a questionnaire sheet to distribute their instrument to the target

population.

Overall, the researchers have carefully considered the appropriateness of

using a questionnaire checklist as their research instrument and have taken

necessary steps to ensure ethical considerations in the data collection process.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers was ask a permission to accept this research at the time

of the title proposal through panelist recommendations and sound criticism, and

the research advisor was allowed to float the questionnaire control. The

researchers created a questionnaire to send comments, corrections and

suggestions to their research adviser. It will be submitted to the panel for its

validity, which prompted its refinement into the final revision.

As the researcher revised questionnaire survey, the researchers will

propose and will check a request letter to the research adviser for data collection

and another to the respondents. The demand letter will be given and address to

the Dean of the Department of the College of Criminal Justice (CCJE),

considering that it was the said institution that treated students and graduates of

criminology as part of its teaching and allows researchers.

After receiving the request letter and before providing the main tool to

conduct the study, the researchers will inform the respondents of the

questionnaire that they have been answered, so that they are informed about the

purpose of the study. The researchers personally handed the questionnaire to the

respondents and instructed them to answer the questions in the questionnaire.

After a day of answering and filling out the questionnaire, the researchers

immediately collected it and found it.

In addition, the answers to the checklist of questionnaires collected from

the target respondents were calculated and a table was prepared, after which the

data were interpreted and used in statistical processing. If the researchers

successfully interpreted the data, the next step was to summarize the findings,

after which the researchers drew their own conclusions based on the findings

and results. And finally, the researchers made a recommendation based on the

results of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

In order to provide an accurate and reliable interpretation of results, the

data to be gathered in this study will be subjected to the following statistics

presented below:

1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents The statistical tools to be used

To analyze the responses in the questionnaire checklist and determine the

demographic profile of the respondents are frequency, percentage, and total

number of respondents.
 Frequency Distribution. This statistical procedure is used that shows the

number of occurrences in each category on the scale measurement through

categorizing and tabulating.

Percentage. This will be used to determine the proportion of a part of the

whole.

Formula:

(%) = f x 100

% Percent of frequency

Where: f= Frequency

N=Total of Respondents

2. What are the effectives of the community engagement strategies in enhancing

crime resolution by the provincial community affairs development unit?

Weighted Mean. This descriptive statistic is used in central tendency to get the

average value of the responses in every statement in the questionnaire. This is

done by multiplying the numbers in a data set by the weight PR probability, and

then adding it all up.

Formula:

x̄ - μ
t= ———
s
———
n
Where:

x̄ = observed mean
μ = population mean

s = standard deviation

n = sample size or number of respondents

3. Is there any significant difference on the assessment of the two groups of

respondents in terms of the effectiveness of the community engagement strategies

in enhancing crime resolution by the provincial community affairs and

development unit in Cabanatuan city?

Formula:

WM = TWF

Where:

WM=Weighted mean

TWF=Total Weight Formula

N=Total number of respondents

According to Corporate Finance Institute (2022), weighted mean is a

type of mean that is calculated by multiplying the weight (or probability)

associated with a particular event or outcome with its associated quantitative

outcome and then summing all the products together.

Ranking

The use of this statistical method to rank also involves analyzing local

advantages. Ranking is putting an item in a category with more or less the same

item. It states that one is ranked higher than the others.