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The document discusses the dimensional formulas of various physical quantities, including viscosity, heat, power, and gravitational constants. It provides examples and solutions for deducing these formulas using fundamental quantities like mass, length, and time. Additionally, it includes practice problems and conversions between different unit systems, emphasizing the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
82 views9 pagesUnit & Measurement
The document discusses the dimensional formulas of various physical quantities, including viscosity, heat, power, and gravitational constants. It provides examples and solutions for deducing these formulas using fundamental quantities like mass, length, and time. Additionally, it includes practice problems and conversions between different unit systems, emphasizing the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
Uploaded by
KhushiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 9
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS, 2:23
(iv) Coefficient of viscosity,
‘orce Force, Distance
1” ‘Kreax velocity gradient Area Velocity
es ac
epee ieee asec
‘Concept Used
‘The dimensional formula of a physical quantity
can be obtained by defining its relation with other
(quantities, whose dimensions in M, L and T are
(0) Surface tension,
[erence ae tl
- go - Force
Example 27. Name the physical quantities whose Length
dimensional formulae are as follows :
MET? (i) MET? Git) MT?
3
oy ME'T* (@) MEIT, (vi Planck's constant,
Solution. (i) ML? T? = MLT>-L n= Enersy
=Forcex distance = Work. Frequency
2 2
Ay wer? = MET | Work _ Power y= MET? ery,
i MT Example 29. Deduce the dimensional formulae of the
{following physical quantities :
(i) Heat (if) Specific heat (iii) Latent heat
yea, MLT? ae (iv) Univers. gas constant [Central Schools 17]
(2) MET 5-15 = Areal velocity eradiantl (v) Boltzmann's constant
LT Area x velocity gradient
(vi) Coefficient of thermal conductivity
= Coefficient of viscosity. (vii) Mechanical equivalent of heat.
2_MLT”? _ Force
“a2 “Area Solution. (i) Heat = Energy
= Pressure or stress. o
[Heat] = IMUT~?].
Example 28. Deduce the dimensional formulae for the wea . Heat
{illowing physical quantities : (i Specific heat = temperature
(0 Gravitational constant [Delhi 13) . MET? yaa
(ii) Power (iii) Young’s modulus ++ [Specific heat] = F- = [ET K™ 1.
(0) Coefficient of viscosity (v) Surface tension nae
(vi) Planck’s constant. (ii) Latent heat =
Solution, () According to Newton's law of gravitation, ap?
mn [Latent heat] = =r]
F=G oe
i)
LF] b?)_ MLT?.2 Ko
[m][m] MM sad
(i) Power = Work , Forcex Distance :
Time Time th
2
[Power]= MUT"-E tm? 1). = [MUT?K“mol 1].
(i) Young’s modulus, (v) Boltzmann's constant,
y = Longitudinal stress _F/A_F ot ue Heat__
Longitudinal strain Al/I A” Al KTempersture
2 MULT? _imer-?K4.
pyyeMETEL pcr), =r im 1
BL y 2.24
(vi) Coefficient of thermal conduct
Heat distance
Areax timex temperature difference
L
a = IMLT Kt
EatK | '
(vii) Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat,
Example 30. Find the dimensional formulae of (i) charge
(i) potential (iti) resistance (iv) capacitance.
Solution. (i) Charge, q=Current x time
[q]=IATI.
(ii) Potential,
Work
IMUA7T =],
(iif) Resistance,
= Potential difference
Current
= MEAT ava,
(iv) Capacitance,
cu Charge
Potential
AT
do
Ic] MLA™T™
Example 31. Taking velocity, time and force as the funda-
mental quantities, find the dimensions of mass. [AIPMT 14]
Solution. Force = Massx Acceleration
Velocity
Time
=(IM7L7A7Tt]
= Massx
_Forcex Time
Velocity
[Mass] = [FTV~4}
or Mass
Example 32. Ifdensityp, acceleration due to gravity g and
frequency are the basic quantities, find the dimensions of force.
Solution. We have p =ML*, g=LT~2, y=T~
Solving for M, Land T in terms ofp,g and v, we get
1
M=pgv"S, L=gv%, T=v
=MLT?
pg v6
[Force] pg" ®. gv,
PHYSICS-XI
Example 33. If the velocity of light ¢, acceleration due tg
[gravity g and almospheric pressure p are the fundamen
quantities, find the dimensions of length.
Solution. We have,
c=LT!, g=LT?, p=ML1T?
[ é
g
Example 34. The number of particles crossing a unit arey
perpendicular to X-axis in unit time is given by
tn,
ne -p2—1
oH
where m, and n, are number of particles per unit volume for
the values of x meant to be x, and x,. Find the dimensions of
the diffusion constant D.
Solution. As n=
na =) [numerically]
(=m)
Now n =number of particles per unit area per second,
[n]=L?r*
“Problems For Practice
1. Deduce dimensional formulae for () angle (i) angular
velocity (iif) angular acceleration (io) torque (0)
angular momentum and (vi) moment of inertia.
{Ans. (i) Dimensionless (ii) T (ii) T?
(iv) MT ~? (v) MET“! (vi) ML?
2. Obtain dimensions of (i) impulse (ii) power
(iii) surface energy (iv) coefficient of viscosity ()
bulk modulus (ei) force constant.
[Ans. () MLT 7 (i) M2779 (iii) MUST?
(iv) MEE TY (wo) MEET? (vi) MET?)
3. By the use of dimensions, show that energy pet unit
volume is equal to the pressure.
4. Show that angular momentum has the same physical
units as the Planck’s constant ft which is given by
the relation E= hv.
5. If force (F), length (L) and time (1) are chosen as the
fundamental quantities, then what would be the
dimensional formula for density 2 (Ans. FL*T’) UNITS AND M
Calculate the dimensions of force and impulse
taking velocity, density and frequency as basic
quantities. (ns. pov, p viv)
_ Find the dimensions of linear momentum and
gurface tension in terms of velocity v, density p and
frequency vas fundamental quantities.
(Ans. pet v, 9 vv!
In the expression P= EP? mG ; E, m, land G
denote energy, mass angular momentum and
gravitational constant, respectively. Show that P is
‘a dimensionless quantity. WEE Main Aug 21)
HINTS
3, Energy per unit volume
Energy _MU?.1? _ LT?
~ Volume ii FF
~ FORE _ Pressure.
‘Area
4, Angular momentum,
L= mor
()=MLT}.L=MUT?
As E=hv |
iy |
v
MET?
TH
6 v=LT4,p=ML?,y=T7?
Solving for M, L and T in terms of v, p and v, we get
T=v1, Leo, M=poiv?
[Force] = MLT -? = po? v>. oy .v? = pot?
3
[y= MUTT? =[L]
[impulse] = Force x time = putv ty" =potv
7, Using the dimensions of M, Land T as obtained in
Problem 6, we get
( pl= [mo] = MLT*
= pv? vow Ly =potv 9
Surface tension = F2%e*
Length
MLT
=MT? =pov-¥? =p0'v7,
L
8 [=MUT?, [Mj=M,(J=MUET,
(=m? | ' Formulae Used
Lom em IME Lt Ty] =m IMS LS 15)
| ain
| |M L.
| B® man }|—] |
| " »| | if
b r c |
Tt
Units Used We
The SI units of mass, leneth and time are kg, m and
sand the eprresponding CGs units are g, cm and s. Example 35. The value of G in CGS system is 6.67 x 19-8
dyne ont g°® Calculate the value in ST unit
im
Solution. As F=G 1 2
Fr?
mm,
a=-1L b=3, c#=2
CGS units SI units
ma?
= 6.67 x 1071
Hence in SI units,
G=6.67x 10° Nm?kg~.
xample 36. Find the value of 60 J per min on a system
hat has 100 g, 100 cm and 1 min as the base units.
joule _ 60 joule _
Solution. P =60 1 watt
min 60s
vhich is'the SI unit of power.
Now [Power] = M2T~>
a=1, b=2, c=-3
SI ‘New System
bra qe
yh
L,] |%
= 10007 [saa tee
100 | Li00} L60.
=2.16 x 10°
“+ 60 Jmin™ =2.16 x 10° new units of power. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
its 25.67 * 10% erg st ont? K+. Find its value
reais Given 1 J =10" eT.
7 olution. In CGS system, 67x10 erg,
«2x, The SI unit of work is joule. We have, |
$10 Ag? Jand 1em= 10m
168 Je value of Stefan's constant in ST units is
55:67 1091077 J] s* [10 my 7K
2567x105 1077 x 108 Js“m? K+
=5.67x 10° Jsm*K,
Je 38. Ifthe unit of force is 1 KN, unit oflength 1 km
cert unitoftime is 1008, what wl be the unit of mass?
we MLTT? FT?
Solution. M = 7
“Problems For Practice
1. Convert one dyne into newton. [Himachal 08]
(Ans. 10° newton)
2. Ifthe value of universal gravitational constant in SI
is 66x10" Nm? kg~, then find its value in CGS
system. {Himachal 05}
(Ans. 6.6x10 dyne em?g™)
3, The density of mercury is 136 gam™ in CGS
system. Find its value in SI units.
(Ans, 13.6 10?kg m~)
4, The surface tension of water is 72 dyne cm’.
Express it in SI units. (Ans, 0.072 Nm“)
5. Anelectric bulb has a power of 500 W. Express it in
CGS units. (Ans. 5 10? erg s)
6, If the value of atmospheric pressure is 10° dyne
cm”, find its value in SI units. (Ans. 10° Nm™)
7, In SI units, the value of Stefan’s constant is
9=5.67x10 Js! m= K+. Find its value in CGS
system, (Ans, 5.67%10erg stamK*)
8. Find the value of 100 J on a system which has 20cm,
250 g and half minute as fundamental units of
length, mass and time. (Ans. 9x 10° new units)
5, lf the units of force, energy and velocity are 20 N,
200 J and 5 ms“, find the units of length, mass and
ine: (Ans. 10 m, 8 kg, 2s)
When 1m, 1 kg and 1 min are taken as the funda-
‘Mental units, the magnitude of the force is 36 units.
‘What will be the value of this force in CGS system ?
(Ans. 10° dyne)
10,
37. In CGS_system, the value of Stefan's HINTS
4. [Density] = M'L>
vale
atl
13.6 10° kgm”.
6
4, [Surface tension] = M'T?
1g Tf 1s]?
onli] [*]
1
[Pressure] = M'L'T?
6.
1 “rey?
y= 10°| 28] [tee] | IS] a0
Tkg} [tm] [75
2 10° Nm,
2, 'm-2k-4
5.67 x 10-* x107erg s"'(100em)? K+
= 5.67 x10 erg s*em?K*,
8, [Work] =MLT~?
1 2 2
oof 288. ]' [1m Is
250g] [20cm] [05min
0) 10008] [200em']*/ 1s] *
250g | | 20am | | 30s
= 100 x4 x25 x30 x30=9x10* new units.
9. ()MLT?=20N — (i) MET? =2005
(ii) LT“) =5ms*
Dividing (i by (), L = 220
L==—=10m
20
Putting the value of L in (iii),
WOT =5orT=2s
From (i),
Mx10x(2)? =20 or M=8 kg.
Paks] fam] [amin] ”
aol bel
-oo[ ome mer] [| aes gil
tg || tem | | 1s Send:
LCT EDULE ile}
ese Ee asi. uF
Viger
Concept Used
By using the principle of homogeneity of dimen-
sions, the form of expression for a given physical
quantity can be obtained if we know the factors
upon which that physical quantity depend:
Example 52. Consider a simple pendulum, having a bob
attached to a string, that oscillates under the action of the
{force of gravity. Suppose that the period of oscillation of the
simple pendulum depends on (i) mass m of the bob (ii) length
1 of the pendulum and (iii) acceleration due to gravity g at
the place. Derive the expression for its time period using
method of dimensions. INCERT]
Solution. Let us assume that T « nf’ I° °
or T= Knf I? gf
where K is a dimensionless constant.
The dimensions of various quantities are
IT]=T, (mJ=M, []=L, [g]=LT
Substituting these dimensions in eqn. (i), we get
T=[MF [Lp (LT?
M°LT! = MSL? + eT
Equating the exponents of M, L and T on both
sides, we get
oi)
or
a=0, b+c=0, -2c=1
b=
On solving a =0,
T= Knf 2g? = K E
From experiments, K =27.
roan.
8
Example 53. The velocity ‘v’ of water waves depends on
the wavelength “2:, density of water ‘p’ and the acceleration
due to gravity ‘g’. Deduce by the method of dimensions the
relationship between these quantities. [Central Schools 08]
Solution. Let v = K ¢p*¢' Ai)
where K = a dimensionless constant.
Dimensions of the various quantities are
[u]=LT-, AJ=L, [p|=ML%, [g]=LT-?
Substituting these dimensions in equation (i), we get
(LT) = [Lp (ML? PLT 7°
MOLT! = MeL 26 7-2
Therefore
PHYSICS-XI
Equating the powers of M, L and T on both sigg.
b=0, a-3b+c=1, -2¢=-1 :
1
swing, a=2, b=0, c= :
a
y= Ki2plg2 = K ig.
Example 54, Assuming that the mass M of the larpecs
stone that can be moved by a flowing river depends upon
the velocity, ‘p' the density of water and on “g’, the accel.
ration due to gravity. Show that M varies with the sixty
power of the velocity of flow.
Solution. Let. M= Ko" p? 3°
where K =a dimensionless constant.
Dimensions of the various quantities are
[MJ=M, [v]=LT~, [p]=ML®, [g]=LT*
Substituting these dimensions in equation (i), we get
[M]= [LTP (ML? PLT 7°
Mio? = MP if -3846 7-8-2
Equating the powers of M, L and T, we get
b=1, a-3b+c=0, -a-2c=0
in)
On solving, a=6, b=1, ¢
M=Ko'p!g>
Hence Mav®,
Example 55. The velocity of sound waves ‘v’ through
medium may be assumed to depend on :
(i the density of the medium ‘a’ and
(ii) the modulus of elasticity ‘E’.
Deduce by the method of dimensions the formula for the
velocity of sound. Take dimensional constant K =1.
Solution. Let the velocity of sound waves be given by
v=Kd* EY ~()
where K =a dimensionless constant.
Dimensions of the various quantities are
[v]=LT-!, [d]=ML>
tas stress ___force
area x strai
‘Substituting these dimensions in equation (i), we get
(LT71] = [ML*}" [ML'T-?)>
MOLT! = Mee? [3e-by-2e
Equating the dimensions of M, L and T, we get
a4b=0, ~3a-b=1, -2b=-1
J pal
2 2
v= Kd-V2EV2 op
or
On solving,
K=1) se 56- The frequency 8 of ration of a stretched
le 56-
0 en HPO
ary its length @
Co tension T in the string
(ii its mass per nit length ‘m! and
he
aan sionally an expression for frequency v.
iain dimensionally am exp fo mes i
raion, Let the frequency of vibration of the
ati
yeKIt nT!
ea dimensionless constant,
a the various quantities are
Ai)
Dimensions of
yet, Webs [T]=Force = MLT?
mass M _yq-t
tle on ME
sobstituting these dimensions in equation (i), we get
(Ty={Ly (ML*P EMT?"
a MOTHER Pert
Equating the dimensions of M, L and T, we get
b+c=0, a-b+c=0, -2
1, b=-=,
Onsolving, @
ye Kp l2pie
K E
I\m
Exomple 57. A planet moves around the sun in nearly
ircular orbit. Its period of revolution ‘T’ depends upon :
(0 radius of orbit (ji) mass ‘MY of the sun and
(ii) the gravitational constant G.
Show dimensionally that T? « P.
o
Taking the proportionality constant as 2x, write the
‘expression for T. [Central Schools 17}
Solution. Let = T= Kr? M? GE wali)
Where K= a. dimensionless constant.
Dimensions of the various quantities are
(T]=T, [r]=L, [MJ=M
22
(gj=FP MLTP yyy?
mm, MM
these dimensions in equation (i, we get
(T=(UytMy Mery
MIT!
