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20 - Introduction To Wavelength Division Multiplexing

The document discusses Optical Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM), which allows multiple wavelengths to be transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. It covers the principles of 3dB star couplers and Mach-Zehnder couplers, including their performance metrics such as coupling ratio, excess loss, insertion loss, and crosstalk. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations related to optical power division in these couplers.

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40 views9 pages

20 - Introduction To Wavelength Division Multiplexing

The document discusses Optical Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM), which allows multiple wavelengths to be transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. It covers the principles of 3dB star couplers and Mach-Zehnder couplers, including their performance metrics such as coupling ratio, excess loss, insertion loss, and crosstalk. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations related to optical power division in these couplers.

Uploaded by

rayyan.maani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Optical Wave Division Multiplexing

• A powerful aspect of an optical communication system is that many different


wavelengths can be sent along a single fiber at the same time.
• Combining a number of wavelengths onto the same fiber is known as Wavelength
Division Multiplexing”.
Optical Wave Division Multiplexing
• Transmission bandwidths in the 1310nm and 1550nm windows allow the use of
many simultaneous channels for sources with narrow spectral widths.
• Optical WDM uses channels with 100GHz spacing.
• For optical bandwidth of ∆f = 14 THz, the spectral band is ∆λ = 80 nm.
• For optical bandwidth of ∆f = 15 THz, the spectral band is ∆λ = 120 nm.

Example: Using narrow linewidth lasers of frequency spacing of 100GHz, how many
independent channels can be sent in the 1525-1565 range.
3dB star coupler

• The simplest form of WDM device is the 2x2 3dB optical coupler.
3dB star coupler

• Assuming that the coupler is lossless, the power P2 coupled from one fiber to
another over an axial distance z is
P2 = P0 sin 2 (k z )
where k is the coupling coefficient.
• For identical fibers, we have

 
P1 = P0 − P2 = P0 1 − sin 2 (k z ) = P0 cos 2 (k z )

• This means that the two outputs have 90° phase difference.
2x2 star coupler
The performance of an optical coupler is determined by the percentage division
of optical power between different ports,

Splitting (Coupling) Ratio = P2 ( P1 + P2 )

Excess Loss =10 Log[ P0 ( P1 + P2 )]

Insertion Loss =10 Log[ Pin Pout ]

Crosstalk = 10 Log( P3 P0 )
3dB star coupler

• Example:
A 2x2 optical coupler has an input optical power of P0 = 200μW. The other ports have
powers P1 = 90 μW, P2 = 85 μW, and P3 = 6.3 nW. Find:

a) The coupling ratio


b) Excess loss
c) Insertion losses
d) Crosstalk

Ans: a) 48.6%, b) 0.58 dB, c) 3.47 dB, 3.72 dB, e) -45 dB


Mach-Zehnder coupler

• The MZ coupler consists of three stages:


1. 3dB coupler
2. phase shifter
3. 3dB coupler.

• To find the output, we use the propagation matrix of a three cascaded devices.

M MZ  = M 3dB M  M 3dB 


1 1 j  exp( j k L / 2) 0  1 1 j 
=  
2  j 1  0 exp(− j k L / 2) 2  j 1 
Mach-Zehnder coupler

M MZ  = M 3dB M  M 3dB 


1 1 j  exp( j k L / 2) 0  1 1 j 
=  
2  j 1  0 exp(− j k L / 2) 2  j 1 
 sin (k L / 2) cos(k L / 2) 
= j
cos(k L / 2) − sin (k L / 2)
• Therefore, the output power are:
POut1 = sin 2 (k1 L / 2) Pin1 + cos 2 (k 2 L / 2) Pin 2
POut 2 = cos 2 (k1 L / 2) Pin1 + sin 2 (k 2 L / 2) Pin 2
• With k1 L / 2 =  , and k 2 L / 2 =  / 2
 1
(k1 − k2 ) L = 2 n  1 −  L = 
 1 2 

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