Experiment-3

Root Finding
Bisection, Secant & Newton-Raphson Methods

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4-
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1. Use Bisection and False Position Methods to find the root of the function f (x) =

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x3 + 6x2 − 11x − 6 that lies in the interval [2.25, 4] to an accuracy of six-decimal places.

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Compare the root estimates and number of iterations required to obtain the given con-
vergence by the two methods using a Data Frame .

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Plot the function in the given range and verify the estimated root with the graphical

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solution.

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Visualize the convergence of the two method using suitable plots.Also plot the function
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in the given range and verify the estimated root with the graphical solution.
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2. Falling Parachutist:
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Using Newton’s Law of motion the velocity of a falling parachutist can be derived as
v(t) = g cm (1 − e−(c/m)t ), where, m is the mass of parachutist, c is the drag-coefficient &
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g is the acceleration due to gravity.

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Estimate the drag coefficient for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1 kg to attain a velocity
tm

of 40 m s−1 after free-falling for t = 10 s by using Bisection and False Position

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Methods .
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Compare the drag coefficient estimates and number of iterations required to obtain a
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convergence upto six decimal places. by the two methods. Use a Data Frame to
depict the comparison.
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Visualize the convergence of the two method using suitable plots.

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Take g = 9.81 m s−2

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3. Solve the transcendental equation tan x = x in the interval [−4π, 4π] graphically and
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by the Bisection Method with a relative percentage error of 0.05. How many solutions
exist in the given interval?
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4. Use Bisection & False Position methods to locate the root of f (x) = x10 − 1 between
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x = 0 & x = 1.3.
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Compare the relative percentage error in the two cases after 5 iterations. Which method
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gives a faster convergence?

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5. Find the positive square root of 18 using the False Position method to within a relative
percentage error of 0.5.
Employ initial guesses of xl = 4 and xu = 5.

6. Use Newton-Raphson & Secant Methods to estimate the root of the function f (x) =
e−x − x starting with an initial guess of x0 = 0 with a relative percentage error of 10−8 .
Plot the function in the interval [0, 1] & verify the estimated root with the graphical
solution.

1
 Use Data Frame to generate the table as follows:

Iteration No. Root Estimate Relative Error (%)

7. Use False-Position & Secant Methods to estimate the root of the function f (x) = ln x
in three iterations, starting with initial guesses: xl = 0.5 & xu = 5 .
In both the cases, use Data Frame to tabulate the Error Estimate and the True

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Percent Relative Error after each iteration. Hence, compare the convergence of the

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two methods in root estimation.

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8. Archimedes Principle:

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According to Archimedes Principle, the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the submerged portion of an object. For the sphere depicted in the figure

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below, use bisection method to determine the height h of the portion that is above

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water. The volume of the above-water portion of the sphere can be obtained as:

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π h2

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V = (3r − h)
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Employ the following values for your computation: r = 1 m, density of sphere = ρs =
200 kg m3 and density of water = ρw = 1000 kg m3 .
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p ar
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9. Electrostaic Force:
A total charge Q is uniformly distributed around a ring-shaped conductor with radius
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a. A charge q is located at a distance x from the center of the ring as shown in the figure.
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The force exerted on the charge by the ring is given by

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1 qQx
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F =
4πo (x + a2 )3/2
2
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where o = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 /(N m2 ). Find the distance x where the force is 1 N if
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q = Q = 2 × 10−5 C for a ring with a radius of 0.9 m.

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10. Parallel LCR Circuit:

Figure below shows a circuit with a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor in parallel.

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 Kirchhoff ’s rules can be used to express the impedance of the system as
r
1 1 1
2
= + ωC −
Z R2 ωL
where Z = impedance (Ω) and ω = the angular frequency. Estimate the frequency ω that

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results in an impedance of 75Ω using both bisection and false position methods with

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initial guesses of 1 and 1000 for the following parameters: R = 225 Ω, C = 0.6 × 10−6 F

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and L = 0.5 H.

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Determine how many iterations of each technique are necessary to estimate the frequency
with a relative percentage error of 0.1.

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(Optional) Use the graphical approach to explain any difficulties that arise.

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11. Projectile Motion:
The trajectory of a ball is defined by the (x, y) coordinates, as displayed in the figure
below.
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The trajectory can be modeled as:

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g
y = (tan θo )x − x2 + yo
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2 cos2 θ
2v o o
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Find the appropriate initial angle θo , if the initial velocity vo = 20 m/s and the distance
to the catcher x = 40 m.
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Note that the ball leaves the thrower’s hand at an elevation of yo = 1.8 m and the catcher
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receives it at 1 m. Express the final result in degrees. Use a value of 9.81 m/s2 for g.
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Employ the graphical method to develop your initial guesses.

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12. Rocket Propulsion: The speed v of a Saturn V rocket in vertical flight near the surface
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of earth can be approximated by

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The trajectory can be modeled as:

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Mo
v = u ln − gt
Mo − ṁt
where u = 2510 m/s = velocity of exhaust relative to the rocket, Mo = 2.8 × 106 kg =
mass of rocket at lift-off, ṁ = 13.3×103 kg/s = rate of fuel consumption, g = 9.81 m/s2 =
gravitational acceleration and t = time measured from lift-off.
Estimate the time when the rocket reaches the speed of sound = 335 m/s. Verify your
result with the graphical solution to the given problem.