COMPUTER

Computer:
A computer is an electronic device that processes and stores data, performs calculations, and executes
tasks based on instructions provided by a user or a program.
Older computers were analog and modern form of computer are digital.

Computers for Individual Use

Computers can be shared by multiple users but can be used by only one person at a time. Although PCs are
used by individuals, they also can be connected together to create networks.

Types Of Computer:-
1. Desktop computer:
A desktop computer is a personal computer designed to be used at a desk or a fixed location. It typically
consists of a separate monitor, a CPU, a keyboard, and a mouse. They are commonly used for tasks that
require substantial computing power, such as gaming, video editing, programming, and graphic design.
Examples:-
include Dell OptiPlex, HP, and Apple iMac.

2. Workstation:
A workstation is a high-performance computer designed for demanding tasks like scientific and engineering
applications, 3D modeling, animation, and professional content creation. They offer exceptional processing
power, stability, and reliability. Workstation is more powerful than desktop computer.
Examples:-
HP Z-Series workstations, Dell Precision Tower, and Lenovo ThinkStation.

3. Notebook computer:
A notebook computer, also known as a laptop computer, is a portable personal computer that is smaller
and lighter than a desktop computer. Notebook computers typically have a built-in display, keyboard, and
touchpad. They are often used for tasks such as word processing, web browsing, and email when traveling
or working away from home.
Example:-
Dell XPS, HP Spectre, and MacBook Pro.

4. Tablet computer:
A tablet computer is a portable device with a touchscreen display and no physical keyboard or mouse.
They are often used for web browsing, multimedia consumption, e-book reading, and casual gaming.
Tablets usually run on mobile operating systems, such as iOS (Apple) or Android (Google).
Examples:-
Apple iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, and Microsoft Surface.

5. Handheld computer or palm computer:

Handheld computers, also known as palm computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs), are small,
pocket-sized devices primarily used for personal organization, note-taking, and basic computing tasks. They
typically have a small screen, a physical or virtual keyboard, and built-in productivity software. While their
popularity has decreased with the rise of smartphones.
Examples:-
PalmPilot, Pocket PC.
 6. Smartphone:
A smartphone is a handheld computer that combines the features of a mobile phone with those of a
personal computer. Smartphones typically have a touchscreen display, a built-in keyboard, and a variety of
software applications. They are often used for tasks such as web browsing, email, gaming, and social
networking.
Examples:-
Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, Google Pixel, and OnePlus.

COMPUTER FOR ORGANIZATION

Definition:-
A computer for organization is a computer that is used by an organization to perform tasks such as storing
and processing data, running applications, and communicating with other computers. Computers for
organizations can be of different sizes and types, depending on the specific needs of the organization.

1. Network Servers:
A network server is a computer system that is designed to provide services and resources to other
computers (clients) on a network. It facilitates sharing data, files, printers, and other network resources
among multiple users. Examples of network servers include file servers, web servers, email servers, and
database servers.

2. Mainframes:
Mainframes are powerful computers designed to handle large-scale computing and data processing tasks
for organizations. They are known for their high processing power, large storage capacity, and ability to
support a large number of simultaneous users. Mainframes are often used in industries such as finance,
government, and large enterprises where massive amounts of data need to be processed and stored.

3. Mini Computers:
Mini computers, also known as midrange computers or minicomputers, are smaller and less powerful
compared to mainframes but more capable than personal computers. Mini computers were designed for
small to medium-sized organizations and offered a balance between performance and cost. They could
support multiple users and run complex applications.

4. Supercomputers:
Supercomputers are the most powerful and fastest computers available. They are designed to perform
complex calculations and solve computationally intensive problems that require massive processing power.
Supercomputers are used for scientific research, weather forecasting, nuclear simulations, and other tasks
that involve massive data processing or simulations.

PARTS OF COMPUTER
Computer system has four main parts which is following.

1. Hardware:
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These components are tangible and
can be seen and touched.
Examples:
CPU, Memory Devices, Monitor, Input Devices, Output Devices etc.

2. Software:
Software refers to the instructions and programs that run on a computer system. It consists of a collection
of code and data that tell the hardware how to perform specific tasks.
Examples:
Operation System, Application System, Utility Software.

3. Data:-
Data refers to the raw, unprocessed facts and figures stored on a computer. Data can be in various forms,
such as text, numbers, images, audio, video, etc. Data can be stored in different formats, such as binary (0s
and 1s), decimal (0-9) etc
Examples:
Input Data which includes typing a document, entering numbers into a spreadsheet, or uploading a photo
and Output Data which includes “a document displayed on the screen, a printed spreadsheet, or audio
played through speakers.

4. User:
The user is the person who interacts with the computer system, utilizing its hardware, software, and data
to perform tasks or achieve specific goals. Users can range from individuals operating personal computers
to large groups of people using computers in an organization or network.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

Definitions:
Information processing cycle in computer is a sequence of events that involves input, processing, output
and storage of data and information. It describes how a computer receives, manipulates and delivers data.

Steps of Information Processing Cycle:

There are four steps of information processing cycle which are following.

1. Input:-
This is the stage where data is entered into the computer system through some input devices, such as
keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, etc. The input data can be in different forms, such as text,
numbers, images, audio, or video.
For example:-
when you type a text document on your computer, you are providing input data to the system.

2. Processing:
This is the stage where the input data is transformed into a meaningful form by applying some instructions
or programs. This can include mathematical operations, logical comparisons, and other types of
calculations.
For example:-
when you run a spell-checker on your text document, you are processing the input data to correct any
errors or mistakes.

3. Output:
This is the stage where the processed data is displayed or delivered to the user or another system through
some output devices, such as monitor, printer, speaker, etc.
For example:-
when you print your text document on paper, you are producing output data from the system.
 4. Storage:-
Storage is the stage where the computer stores data for future use. This can be done on a variety of
storage devices, such as a hard drive, CD, or DVD.
For example:-
when you save your text document on your computer, you are storing the data in the system.

ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE

Definition:-
Essential computer hardware refers to the physical components that are necessary for a
computer system to function properly. These components can be categorized into four
main types:

1. Processing Devices:
These components are responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
The primary processing device in a computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is often
referred to as the “brain” of the computer. The CPU is typically made up of a number of
cores and made up of silicone and copper, which are independent processing units that can
work simultaneously.

2. Memory Devices:
Memory devices store data and instructions that are currently being used by the CPU.
There are two main types of memory devices:
 Random Access Memory (RAM):
RAM is volatile memory that provides temporary storage for data and instructions while the
computer is running. It allows quick access to information and is crucial for multitasking and
running programs efficiently.
 Read-Only Memory (ROM):
ROM is non-volatile memory that contains permanent instructions that cannot be changed.
ROM is used to store data that is needed by the computer to boot up and to run basic
programs.

3. Input and Output Devices:

These devices enable communication between the user and the computer system.
 Input Devices:
These devices enable users to input data or commands into the computer system. Common
input devices include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, microphones, and joysticks.
 Output Devices:
Output devices display or provide information generated by the computer system to the
user. Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, and headphones are examples of output
devices.
 4. Storage Devices:
Storage devices are used for long-term data storage, allowing users to save and retrieve
information even when the computer is powered off.
Storage Devices:
 Magnetic Storage:
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are the most common form of magnetic storage devices. Hard
drives are magnetic storage devices that use a rotating disk to store data. They are
relatively slower than other storage devices.
 Optical Storage:
Optical storage devices use laser technology to read and write data on optical discs.
Common optical storage media include CDs (Compact Discs), DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs),
and Blu-ray discs. These discs have higher storage capacities than traditional CDs and can
store various types of data, including software, movies, and music.

SOFTWARE RUNS THE SYSTEM

SOFTWARE DEFINITION:-
Software refers to the set of instructions and programs that enable a computer system to perform specific
tasks. It is a non-physical component of a computer system that runs on the hardware to execute various
operations. There are two main categories of software: system software and application software.

1. System software:-
System software is a type of software that controls the computer’s hardware and allows other software to
run. The most important type of system software is the operating system. The operating system manages
the computer’s resources, such as memory, processing power, and storage. It also provides a platform for
other software to run on. Other types of system software include device drivers and utility programs.
Examples:-
Windows, Linux, Android, iOS, graphics card drivers, File managers etc.

2. Application software:-
Application software refers to programs that are designed to perform specific tasks or solve particular
problems for users. These software applications are built on top of the system software and utilize the
resources provided by the operating system.
Examples:-
Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Microsoft Excel, Google Chrome, Minecraft etc

KEYBOARD
Definition:-
A keyboard is an input device that allows a user to input text into a computer or any other electronic
machinery. It is one of the most used input devices for computers. Using a keyboard is often called typing.

Hoe Keyboard Works:-

A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called “keys”. When one of these is
pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer or os that tells it
what letter, number, or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen.
Benefit:-
Keyboards are an essential input device for computers. They allow users to input text quickly and easily.
Keyboards are also used to control games and other applications.

MOUSE
Definition:-
A mouse is a handheld pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This
motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows smooth control of the
graphical user interface of a computer.

Types Of Mouse:-
There are two main types of mice: mechanical and optical.
 Mechanical Mouse:
A mechanical mouse uses a rubber or metal ball on its underside to track movement. As the mouse is
moved, the ball rotates and activates mechanical sensors that detect the direction and speed of
movement. These sensors then transmit the information to the computer, which moves the cursor
accordingly. Mechanical mice require a mouse pad or a smooth surface for optimal performance.
 Optical Mouse:
An optical mouse uses a small camera and an LED or laser light source to track movement. The camera
captures images of the surface beneath the mouse and analyzes the changes in the images as the mouse
moves. Based on these changes, the mouse calculates the direction and speed of movement and relays the
information to the computer. Optical mice work on a variety of surfaces, including mouse pads and most
tabletops.

Interaction with a mouse:

When using a mouse, the user moves the mouse physically across a surface. The movement is translated
into corresponding movement of the cursor on the computer screen. The user can click the mouse buttons
to perform various actions such as selecting objects, activating menu options, and opening files or
applications. By positioning the cursor and clicking on items, users can interact with software, and perform
tasks more efficiently than using keyboard commands alone.

The Benefits Of Using a Mouse:

Following are the benefits of mouse.
Accuracy: Mice are more accurate than other pointing devices, such as trackballs and touchpads.
Speed: Mice can be used to move the pointer on the screen quickly and easily.
Comfort: Mice are comfortable to use for extended periods of time.

Mouse button configuration:

A typical mouse has at least two buttons: a left button and a right button. These buttons can be configured
to perform different functions based on the user’s preference and the software being used. For example,
the left button is often used for selecting objects or activating commands, while the right button may
provide contextual options or access to a shortcut menu. Some mice also include a scroll wheel between
the two buttons, which can be used for scrolling through documents or web pages. Mouse button
configuration can be customized through the operating system or specific software applications.

Variants of Mouse:-
There are following variants of mouse.
  Trackball:
A trackball is a pointing device that has a ball in the center that the user can roll with their fingers. The
ball’s movement is translated into the movement of the pointer on the screen. Trackballs are often used by
people who have limited hand or arm mobility. Trackballs offer precise control and are often used in
applications that require fine-grained movements, such as graphic design or gaming.
 Trackpad:
A trackpad, also known as a touchpad, is a rectangular surface located below the keyboard on laptops or as
a separate device. It uses capacitive sensors to detect the user’s touch and finger movements. Trackpads
often support multi-touch gestures, allowing users to perform actions like zooming, scrolling, and rotating
by using two or more fingers simultaneously. Touchpads are often found on laptops and other portable
devices.
 Trackpoint:
A trackpoint, or pointing stick, is a small, joystick-like device embedded in the middle of some laptop
keyboards. It allows users to control the cursor by applying pressure and moving the stick in different
directions. The trackpoint is often accompanied by dedicated buttons located above the touchpad or near
the spacebar. Trackpoint are often found on ThinkPad laptops.

ERGONOMICS AND INPUT DEVICES

Ergonomics:-
It is the study of how people interact with their environment and how to design the environment to reduce
stress and improve productivity. Ergonomics can be applied to many different areas, including the
workplace, the home, and transportation.

Repetitive strain injury (RSI):-

It is a type of injury that occurs when the same muscles and tendons are used repeatedly in the same way.
RSI can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. RSI is most commonly seen in
the hands, wrists, and arms, but it can also occur in other parts of the body.

Carpal tunnel syndrome:-

It is a type of RSI that affects the wrist. Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median
nerve, which runs through the wrist. The median nerve controls sensation and movement in the thumb,
index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger.

Techniques to avoid RSI include:

 Take breaks:
Take frequent breaks from repetitive tasks. Get up and move around every 20-30 minutes.
 Stretch:
Stretch your hands, wrists, and arms throughout the day.
 Use proper technique:
When using a keyboard or mouse, use proper technique to reduce stress on your hands, wrists, and arms.
 Adjust your workstation:
Adjust your workstation to fit your individual needs. Make sure your keyboard and mouse are at a
comfortable height and that your chair is at a comfortable height and angle.

Office hardware suggestions:-

to help prevent RSI include:
 Ergonomic keyboards:
Ergonomic keyboards are designed to reduce stress on the hands, wrists, and arms.
  Ergonomic mice:
Ergonomic mice are designed to reduce stress on the hands, wrists, and arms.
 Standing desks:
Standing desks allow users to stand while they work, which can help to reduce stress on the back and neck.
 Adjustable chairs:
Adjustable chairs allow users to adjust the height and angle of the chair, which can help to improve
posture and reduce stress on the back and neck.

DEVICE FOR HAND

A device for hand refers to a handheld electronic device that can be held and operated using one hand.
These devices are designed to provide convenience.

 Pen based input:

Pen based input devices allow users to input data by writing or drawing on a screen. Pen based input
devices are often used for tasks such as drawing, writing, and taking notes. Examples of pen based input
devices include graphics tablets, styluses, and digital pens.

 Touch screen:
Touch screens allow users to input data by touching the screen with their fingers. Touch screen works on
applying pressure on it. Touch screens are common on smartphones, tablets, and some laptops.

 Game controller:
Game controllers allow users to control games by using buttons, joysticks, and other input devices. Game
controllers are common for playing video games on consoles, PCs, and mobile devices.

OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES

Optical input devices are electronic devices that utilize optical technology to capture and convert visual
information into digital data that can be processed by a computer.

Bar code readers:

Barcode readers, also known as barcode scanners, are optical input devices used to read barcodes, which
are graphical representations of data that can be quickly scanned and processed. Bar code readers are
optical input devices that use a laser beam to scan bar codes. Bar codes are a series of black and white bars
that represent data, such as a product code or a customer ID. Bar code readers are used in a variety of
industries, including retail, manufacturing, and healthcare.

Image scanners:
Image scanners are devices used to convert physical images or documents into digital format. They use
optical sensors to capture the image by scanning it line by line, and then convert it into a digital
representation that can be stored, edited, or transmitted electronically. Image scanners are used to scan
documents, photographs, and other types of images.

Optical character recognition (OCR):

OCR is a technology that enables the conversion of printed or handwritten text into machine-readable text.
OCR devices use optical sensors to capture the text from a physical source, such as a printed document or
a handwritten note. The captured text is then analyzed and processed using complex algorithms to
recognize and convert it into digital text that can be edited or searched. OCR is used to scan documents,
such as invoices, contracts, and letters, and convert them into text that can be edited, searched, and stored
electronically.

AUDIO VISUAL DEVICES

Audiovisual devices refer to electronic devices that capture, process, reproduce, or display both audio and
visual content. There are few examples of audio visual devices some of them is following.

 Microphones:
Microphones are audio input devices that convert sound waves into electrical signals, allowing for the
capture and recording of audio. They are used in various applications, including music recording, live
performances, broadcasting, conferencing, and voice recognition.

 Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI):

MIDI is a protocol that enables electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to
communicate and synchronize with each other. It allows for the control and exchange of musical data,
including notes, pitch, duration, dynamics, and more.

 Digital cameras:
Digital cameras are visual input devices that capture and store images and videos in digital format. Digital
cameras use an image sensor to capture light and convert it into digital data, which is then processed and
stored in memory. Digital cameras are used to take photographs, record videos, and create digital art.

MONITOR
Definition:
A monitor is a visual output device that displays images or video produced by a computer or other
electronic devices. It consists of a screen or display panel that presents visual content to the user. Monitors
come in various sizes and resolutions, and they can be connected to computers, gaming consoles, media
players, and other devices.

Color Types:
In terms of color types, monitors can be categorized into three main types:

 Monochrome:
Monochrome monitors display images in only one color, typically black and white. They use a single color
phosphor, usually green or amber, on a black background.

 Grayscale:
Grayscale monitors display images in shades of gray. They can represent different levels of brightness
between black and white, resulting in a more nuanced visual experience compared to monochrome
monitors.
 Color:
Color monitors can display a wide range of colors, providing a more vibrant and realistic visual experience.
They use a combination of red, green, and blue (RGB) phosphors or pixels to create different colors.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a technology used in older monitors and television sets. CRT monitors employ
an electron gun that shoots a stream of electrons onto a phosphor-coated screen, causing it to emit light
and create images.
  CRT Color:
CRT color monitors are CRT displays that can produce a wide range of colors. They use a combination of
red, green, and blue phosphors, allowing for the creation of full-color images. By adjusting the intensity of
each phosphor, different colors can be displayed.
 CRT Drawback:
One drawback of CRT monitors is their large size and weight, making them bulkier compared to modern
display technologies. Additionally, CRT monitors consume more power and produce more heat than newer
display technologies.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat-panel display technology commonly used in modern monitors, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones. LCD panels consist of a layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two
transparent electrodes. When an electric current is applied, the liquid crystal molecules align in a way that
controls the amount of light passing through, creating the desired image.
 Passive Matrix LCD:
Passive matrix LCD is an older technology used in early LCD displays. It employs a grid of horizontal and
vertical wires to address individual pixels. Passive matrix LCDs have slower response times and limited
viewing angles compared to active matrix.
 Active Matrix LCD:
Active matrix LCD, also known as TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) LCD, is the most common type of LCD
technology used today. Each pixel in an active matrix LCD has its own transistor, allowing for faster
response times, improved contrast, and better color reproduction.
 Drawbacks to LCD:
LCDs may suffer from certain drawbacks, including limited viewing angles, lower contrast ratios compared
to other display technologies, and motion blur in fast-moving images.

Paper White Displays:

Paper white displays, also known as electronic paper displays (EPDs), are a type of display technology
designed to mimic the appearance of ink on paper. Paper white displays use tiny capsules containing
charged particles that are either black or white. By applying an electric field, the particles move to the
surface, creating the desired text or image.

Electroluminescent Display:
Electroluminescent (EL) displays are a type of display technology that uses thin layers of phosphor
material. When an electric current is applied, the phosphor emits light, producing the desired image.
Electro luminescence is a technology that produces light without using a backlight, and it offers a number
of advantages over traditional LCD monitors, including a wider viewing angle, a higher contrast ratio, and a
longer lifespan.

Plasma Monitors:
Plasma monitors are large display panels that utilize a grid of tiny cells filled with ionized gases (plasma) to
create images. When an electrical charge is applied to the cells, ultraviolet light is emitted, causing
phosphors to glow and produce visible light.

MONITOR AND VIDEO CARD

Monitor:
A monitor is an output device that displays text, images, and video. Monitors are used with computers,
televisions, and other electronic devices.
Video card:
A video card is a hardware component that generates images and sends them to a monitor. A video card is
also known as a graphics card.
 Resolution:
Resolution is the number of pixels that make up an image. The higher the resolution, the sharper the image
will be. Resolution is measured in pixels per inch (ppi). For example, a monitor with a resolution of 1920 x
1080 has 1920 pixels across and 1080 pixels down.
 Refresh rate:
Refresh rate is the number of times per second that the monitor updates the image on the screen. The
higher the refresh rate, the smoother the motion will be. Refresh rate is measured in Hertz (Hz). For
example, a monitor with a refresh rate of 60Hz updates the image on the screen 60 times per second.
 Dot pitch:
Dot pitch is the distance between each pixel on a monitor. The lower the dot pitch, the sharper the image
will be. Dot pitch is measured in millimeters. For example, a monitor with a dot pitch of 0.25mm has a pixel
pitch of 0.25mm.

ERGONOMICS AND MONITOR

Ergonomics and monitor usage play a crucial role in maintaining user comfort and minimizing potential
health issues. Two specific areas of concern are eye strain and exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Eye strain:
Eye strain is a common problem for people who use computers for extended periods of time. It can cause
symptoms such as headaches, blurred vision, and dry eyes.
Steps to Avoid:
1)Position your monitor so that the top of the screen is at eye level.
2)Adjust the brightness and contrast of your monitor so that the text and images are easy to see.
3)Take breaks every 20-30 minutes to look away from the screen and focus on something else.
4)Blink regularly to keep your eyes moist.

EMF exposure:
EMFs are invisible fields of energy that are emitted by electronic devices. Some people are concerned
about the potential health risks of EMF exposure. However, there is no scientific evidence that EMFs from
electronic devices cause any harm. To reduce your exposure to EMFs, you can:
Steps to Avoid:
Keep your computer and other electronic devices away from your body.
Use a laptop stand or a surge protector with an EMF filter.
Avoid using your cell phone while it is charging.
DATA PROJECTOR
Definition:
A data projector is an output device that projects an image from a computer or other device onto a screen.
Data projectors are used for a variety of purposes, including presentations, training, and education.

LCD Projector:
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) projector is a type of data projector that uses a panel of liquid crystal cells
to produce images. The projector shines a light source through the LCD panel, and the liquid crystals act as
tiny shutters to control the amount of light passing through each pixel. By manipulating the light, the
projector creates the desired image. LCD projectors typically offer vibrant colors, sharp images, and good
brightness. They are popular due to their relatively low cost and ease of use.
Digital Light Processing (DLP) Projector:
A Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector utilizes micro mirrors to reflect light. The projector contains a chip
with an array of microscopic mirrors, each representing a pixel. The DLP projector’s light source passes
through a color wheel, and the mirrors reflect the light to create the desired image. DLP projectors are
known for their high contrast ratio, smooth video playback, and minimal pixelation. They are often favored
for home theater setups and applications requiring precise color accuracy.

SOUND SYSTEMS
Sound system:
A sound system is a group of devices that are used to produce sound. A basic sound system might include a
microphone, an amplifier, and speakers.

 Sound card:
A sound card is an internal or external device that allows a computer to output sound. Sound cards are
used to connect speakers, headphones, and other audio devices to a computer.

 Headphones:
Headphones are a type of personal audio device that are worn over the ears. Headphones typically have
two speakers, one for each ear. Headphones are used to listen to music, watch movies, and play games.

 Headset:
A headset is a type of personal audio device that has a built-in microphone. Headsets are typically used for
gaming, voice chat, and video conferencing.

OPERATING SYSTEM
Definition:
An operating system (OS) is a software program that acts as an intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware. It manages the resources, provides an interface for user interaction, and allows the
execution of programs.
Types Of Operating System:
Following is the types of os.

 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):

A real-time operating system is designed for systems that require precise and predictable response times
to events. It is commonly used in embedded systems, control systems, and time-critical applications. An
RTOS ensures that tasks are completed within specific time constraints. Examples is mp3, medical devices
etc.

 Single User/Single Task Operating System:

In a single user/single task operating system, the OS allows only one user to execute a single task at a time.
These types of operating systems are simple and limited in functionality.

 Single User/Multitasking Operating System:

A single user/multitasking operating system allows a single user to execute multiple tasks simultaneously.
It enables users to switch between applications and run multiple programs concurrently.
  Multiuser/Multitasking Operating System:
A multiuser/multitasking operating system enables multiple users to access the system simultaneously and
run multiple tasks concurrently. These operating systems provide user account management, ensuring
each user has their own secure environment and resources. Example is server operating systems like
Windows Server.

Functions of an Operating System:

Following is the functions of operating system.
 Running Programs:
The OS provides an environment for executing programs, managing their resources, and scheduling their
execution.
 Hardware Management:
The OS interacts with computer hardware, including processors, memory, storage devices, and
input/output devices. It allocates resources and manages their utilization efficiently.
 File Organization:
The OS organizes files on the computer’s storage devices, and it provides file management tools for users.
It handles file permissions, access control, and file system management.
 User Interface:
The OS provides a means for users to interact with the computer system. This can be through a graphical
user interface (GUI), which uses visual elements like windows, icons, and menus, or a command-line
interface (CLI), which allows users to interact with the system through text-based commands.

Types of User Interfaces:

 Graphical User Interface (GUI):
A GUI presents a visual interface using windows, icons, menus, and buttons. Users interact with the system
by pointing and clicking on elements using a mouse or touch input. GUIs provide a more intuitive and user-
friendly experience.
 Command-Line Interface (CLI):
A CLI requires users to type commands in a text-based environment to interact with the system. Users
enter specific commands, which are executed by the OS.

PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE
 Commercial software:
Commercial software is software that is developed and sold for a profit. Commercial software is typically
licensed to users, and it may be protected by copyright or other intellectual property laws. Examples of
commercial software include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop etc.

 Stand-alone software:
Stand-alone software is software that does not require any other software to run. Stand-alone software is
typically installed on a user’s computer, and it can be run directly from the computer’s hard drive.
Examples of stand-alone software include games, productivity software, and graphics software.

 Software suites:
Software suites are collections of software programs that are bundled together and sold as a single
product. Software suites typically include a variety of programs that are designed to work together, such as
a word processor, a spreadsheet, and a presentation program. Examples of software suites include
Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Suite, and QuickBooks.
  Shareware:
Shareware is software that is distributed for free, but users are typically asked to pay a fee to register the
software and receive updates. Examples of shareware software include AVG Antivirus Free Edition and
WinRAR.

 Freeware:
Freeware is software that is distributed for free and can be used without any restrictions. Freeware
software is typically developed by individuals or small teams, and it is often not as feature-rich as
commercial software. Examples of freeware software include VLC Media Player and Mozilla Firefox web
browser.

 Open source:
Open source software is software that is developed and distributed with its source code available to the
public. Examples of open source software include the Linux operating system, the Apache web server, and
the Mozilla Firefox web browser.

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM

Definition:
A word processing program is a software application that allows users to create, edit, and format text
documents. Word processing programs are used for a variety of purposes, including creating letters,
reports, and other documents.

User Interference:
Word processing programs typically have a user interface that allows users to enter text, format text, and
print documents. The user interface typically includes a toolbar, a menu bar, and a status bar. To enter text
in a word processing program, users typically use the keyboard. Users can also use the mouse to select text
and insert special characters. To format text in a word processing program, users typically use the toolbar
or the menu bar.

Features:
 Creating and editing text:
Word processing programs allow users to create and edit text documents. Users can enter text using the
keyboard or the mouse.
 Formatting text:
Word processing programs allow users to format text, such as changing the font, size, and color of text.
 Inserting special characters:
Word processing programs allow users to insert special characters, such as symbols and punctuation
marks.
 Printing documents:
Word processing programs can print documents.

Examples:
Microsoft Word, LibreOffice and Google Docs.

SPREADSHEET PROGRAM
Definition:
A spreadsheet is a computer application that allows users to organize, calculate, and analyze data in a
tabular format. Spreadsheets are used for a variety of purposes, including budgeting, tracking expenses,
and creating financial reports.
User Interference:
Spreadsheets typically have a user interface that allows users to enter data, format data, and perform
calculations. The user interface typically includes a toolbar, a menu bar, and a status bar. The toolbar
contains buttons that allow users to perform common tasks, such as entering data, formatting data, and
performing calculations. The menu bar contains menus that allow users to access more advanced features,
such as creating charts and graphs.
• To enter data in a spreadsheet, users typically use the keyboard. Users can also use the mouse to select
cells and insert data.
• To format data in a spreadsheet, users typically use the toolbar or the menu bar.
• To perform calculations in a spreadsheet, users typically use formulas.
• To create charts and graphs in a spreadsheet, users typically use the toolbar or the menu bar.

Features:
 Entering data:
Spreadsheet programs allow users to enter data into cells.
 Formatting data:
Spreadsheet programs allow users to format data, such as changing the font, size, and color of data.
 Performing calculations:
Spreadsheet programs allow users to perform calculations using formulas.
 Creating charts and graphs:
Spreadsheet programs allow users to create charts and graphs to visualize data.
 Printing spreadsheets:
Spreadsheet programs allow users to print spreadsheets.

Examples:
Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets.

PRESENTATION PROGRAM
Definition:
A presentation program is software designed to create, edit, and deliver visual presentations. It allows
users to combine text, images, multimedia elements, and graphical effects to create engaging and
informative slideshows.

Introduction and Purpose:

A presentation program enables users to create visually appealing slideshows that effectively communicate
information, ideas, or messages. It is commonly used for business presentations, educational lectures,
sales pitches, and conferences.

User Interference:
Presentation programs typically have a user interface that allows users to create slides, add text, images,
and videos, and format the presentation. The user interface typically includes a toolbar, a menu bar, and a
status bar.
 Toolbar:
The toolbar contains buttons that allow users to perform common tasks, such as creating slides, adding
text, and formatting the presentation.
  menu bar:
The menu bar contains menus that allow users to access more advanced features, such as creating
animations and transitions.
 Status bar:
The status bar displays information about the current presentation, such as the slide number and the time
remaining.

Features:
Creating slides:
Presentation programs allow users to create slides, which are the individual pages of a presentation.
Adding text:
Presentation programs allow users to add text to slides.
Adding images and videos:
Presentation programs allow users to add images and videos to slides.
Formatting presentations:
Presentation programs allow users to format presentations, such as changing the font, size, and color of
text.

EXAMPLES:
Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides etc

“THE END”

•PLEASE PRAY FOR ME•

BY
KHUDAYE KHIDMATGHAR