History 2059/01 Page1 Section 1 Notes

EAST INDIA COMPANY

BACKGROUND

 Portugese were the first foreigners who paid a visit to South Asia in 1498
under VASCO DE GAMA.
 They also established the city of GOA in 1510.
 The main purpose of their visit was the search for spices.
 Due to immense wealth in this region in 1600 the QUEEN ELIZABETH I
granted a charter to british EIC for trade in ASIA because they had failed
in Africa.
 In 1608 the first ship of the company reached at the port of SURAT but
JEHANGIR did not allow them to trade.
 In beginning they could not get favourable support from the Mughals due
to portugese influence.
 In 1612 Shah Jehan allowed them to trade with India.
 The company started their trade and shifted their head quarter to
BOMBAY in 1664.
 In 1686 EIC fought against Aurangzeb but they were defeated.
 Till 1690 they established the city of Calcutta.
 EIC had three main bases till early 18th century namely MADRAS,
CALCUTTA and BOMBAY.
 By 1740 about 10% of the british revenue was coming from the sub-
continent.

WHY EIC CAME TO INDIA?

ECONOMICAL REASON

 There was enormous wealth in the subcontinent.

 Trade, profit and power were the real motives that East India Company
(EIC) was looking at.
 Indian goods including spices, silk, yarn, cloth, cotton and goods of
metalworkers were very demanding in the European markets.
 British factories needed raw materials while British merchants needed big
markets like India to sell their industrial products.
 Cotton was the main raw material for the textile industries in Britain.
 The company was having a very profitable future in trade with India that’s
why they came to India.


History 2059/01 Page2 Section 1 Notes

POLITICAL REASON

 East India Company had no political motives at first.

 It came to India primarily for trade but the decline of Mughal Empire and
the demolition of Maratha Power in 1761 by Ahmad Shah Abdali
prepared the gateway for the British to take over India.
 Lack of a strong central government attracted the British attention for
interfering with Indian political affairs.
 By that time, they had already got the skills of dealing with Indian rulers
and merchants. Now they started thinking about establishing British Raj in
the subcontinent.
 The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to
oust the Dutch and Portuguese.

STRATEGIC POSITON ON GLOBE

 India had strategic position on the globe.

 It would give regional supremacy to the British and Royal Navy.
 They would control the sea routes and hence trade with the East.
 The company also wanted to westernize the Indians.
 The British believed that western culture is superior and must be spread in
the world.
 They thought themselves the most civilized nation of the world.

WHY BRITISH GOVT TOOK DIRECT CONTROL OF EIC?

TRADE WAS TOO VALUABLE

 The volume of trade became so significant that the British government felt
it was too valuable an asset to leave in the hands of a private company
even though the EIC was now holding its possessions in trust for them.
 So the govt wanted to take the direct advantage of its earnings.

FEAR OF RUSSIAN EXPANSION

 Fear of Russian expansion in Central Asia worried the government and so

Britain decided to shape its foreign policy by further expansion towards
Afghanistan to counter this threat.
 As Britain was becoming more involved, prestige began to be at stake
and further expansion became inevitable especially after the defeat by
the Afghans at Kabul.


History 2059/01 Page3 Section 1 Notes

OFFICERS WERE TAKING BRIBES

 It got a lot of profit and monopoly over trade.

 The british officers started taking bribes and used unfair means which was
giving bad name to british govt.
 So the british parliament condemned it.

WHY BRITISH BUILD RAILWAYS?

 By the 19th century the British trade in India was spread all over the Indian
subcontinent. Raw materials were needed to be easily and cheaply to the
ports for export. Hence, railways were built gain the ability to sale
manufactured goods throughout India and increase British profits.
 British controlled majority of the areas in India, however they were still
facing resistance in many areas where local rebellion were creating
trouble. Hence, railways were built to carry troops swiftly around India
helping the British to maintain law and order and extend power.
 British control was now widespread across India. British wanted to improve
their governance and travel the country to spread their ideas and culture.
Hence, they built railways to move their officials across India to govern it
effectively.
 British wanted to win the support of Indians, most of the British reforms did
not please the general population of Indian subcontinent. Hence, British
came up with the idea of building railways for common Indians who found
them useful for travel as families were able to travel to visit relatives in
other parts of India.


History 2059/01 Page4 Section 1 Notes

BRITISH EXPANSION
INTRODUCTION

 The British were almost completely successful in taking control of lands in

the Subcontinent between 1750 and 1858.
 The British had come to India for trade and to increase and ensure their
trade they found it necessary to have political control of lands in the sub-
continent.

BATTLE OF PLASSEY (F & S)

 The first opportunity came in 1757 when battle of Plassey took place.
 Ruler of Bengal Nawab Sirajud Daulah had a support from French so he
attack Calcutta base of EIC in Fort William in 1756 and introduce black
hole.
 In 1757 EIC soldiers led by British Commander Robert Clive fought with
Sirajud Daulah but they were unable to defeat him.
 In this battle the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive met
the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the Nawabs of Bengal.
 Clive had 800 Europeans and 2200 Indians whereas Siraj-ud-doula in his
entrenched camp at Plassey was said to have about 50,000 men with a
train of heavy artillery.
 Unfortunately Mir Jafar, met with Clive, and the greater number of the
Nawabs soldiers were bribed to throw away their weapons, surrender
prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army.
 Siraj-ud-Doula was defeated and was killed in the battle.
 After some days of this battle Sirajud Daulahs dead body was found in a
river.

OUTCOMES

 Robert Clive became the governor general of Bengal.

 Mir Jafar became the new nawab of Bengal.
 Bengal came under the control of EIC.
 Battle of Plassey marked the first major military success for British East India
Company.


History 2059/01 Page5 Section 1 Notes

BATTLE OF BUXAR (S)

 It was followed by battle of Buxar. Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal took
help from Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-daulah and the Emperor Shah Alam
II.
 But the English under the General Major Hector Munro at Buxar defeated
the combined army on 22 October, 1764. Mir Qasim fled and died in 1777.
 After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had earned the right to collect
land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 This development set the foundations of British political rule in India.
 To make decisions after the battle SHAH ALAM II was imprisoned by EIC.

OUTCOMES

 Bengal remains in the hands of EIC.

 The Mughal Empire was declining.
 EIC also took control over ORISSA and BIHAR

EXPLOITATION OF BENGAL (S)

 The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government.
 The company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal
and company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal
'gifts' which increased their wealth.
 Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were exploited and many
died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.
 Various steps taken by the British govt, aimed at restricting the EIC, 1770
onwards, after reports of misgovernance & corruption in Bengal.
 In 1773, the Regualting Act was passed which made the EIC now
accountable before the British Parliament, EIC to provide a detailed report
of its activities to the Parliament.
 Governor of Bengal (Warren Hastings) was made the Governor-General,
with the authority to ‘superintend & control’ the governor of Bombay &
Madras.
 Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta.

PITTS INDIA ACT (S)

 In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt.
 The Act empowered the British government to take direct control of Indian
possessions.


History 2059/01 Page6 Section 1 Notes

 Under this the Governor General was made a royal appointment, and the
Company’s Board of Directors was replaced by a Board of Control
comprising six members.
 Lord Cornwallis was thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to
rule the three presidencies of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and
Madras/Chennai.
 He was assisted by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the
armed forces.
 The status of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign
body in which the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal.
 Moreover, a police system was introduced that would help in the
administration of justice and maintaining law and order in India.
 This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly restricted while preparing the
ground for the British government ruling India directly.

BRITISH – MARATHAS TREATY (F & S)

 In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars.
 Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as they forced the British to
negotiate with them.

PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN INDIA (S)

 Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum
to the British.
 In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars.
 The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East India
Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in India,
allowing the British to extend their control.

MYSORE WARS (F & S)

 British with the help of marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad attack HYDER
ALI, the ruler of Mysore.
 Haider Ali defeated the army of british and encourage to have peace.
 After his death, his son TIPU SULTAN became the ruler and also wanted
peace.
 However in last mysore war 1799 British attack mysore from all sides.
 Tipu Sultan was killed.


History 2059/01 Page7 Section 1 Notes

OUTCOMES

 British took control over south of india and in mysore.

 In the same year nawab of oudh was also defeated and they took over
oudh as well.

BRITISH ENTER DELHI (S)

 1803
 French company also wanted to expand their rule in India.
 Maraths already captured Mughal empire in delhi and was ruling in it.
 French company made the plan that first they have to defeat marathas.
 Then they can easily capture Mughal empire.
 Before they did any action, british entered Delhi.
 British defeated marathas and put SHAH ALAM II under “BRITISH
PROTECTION”.

OUTCOMES

 Great Mughal empire was drawing to end.

 Indirectly british capture Mughal empire.

BRITISH MARATHAS WAR (S)

 1818
 The Maratha empire gain much control over sub-continent and was
expanding.
 This was not liked by british.
 So they fought with maraths in HYDERABAD.
 British won that war.

OUTCOMES

 The large state of India Hyderabad was captured by british.

 The Maratha power decline.

TITU MIR (F & S)

 Titu Mir (real name Syed Mir Nisar ) was a great Bengali freedom fighter
who led the people against the oppression of the zamindars and the
British colonial system.
 In 1822 Titu Mir went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned to
Bengal in 1827 he was determined to free Bengal from un-Islamic
practices and British rule.


History 2059/01 Page8 Section 1 Notes

 He proclaimed himself king and raised an army of 15,000 followers.

 He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in October 1831 and defeated
British forces sent to destroy it.
 As a result the British sent an army including cavalry and cannon.
 Titu Mir's forces could not withstand the power of the British modern
weapons.
 Titu Mir along with many of his followers died after five days of fierce
fighting.

ANNEXATION OF SINDH (S)

 British were afraid of Russian invasion in AFGHANISTAN.

 They wanted to make sure that AFGHANISTAN did not fall under Russian
hands.
 Ranjit Singh wanted that AFGHANISTAN should remain independent.
 However british wanted to install british ruler in KABUL.
 Ranjit Singh rejected to help british so british on their own went to
AFGHANISTAN.
 In AFGHANISTAN rebellions arose and many british soldiers were killed.
 Because of their loss, British turned on Sindh.
 Sindh was ruled by amirs at that time who signed treaty of friendship with
british.
 British knew that Ranjit Singh would be able to take control over Sindh so
british decided to annex Sindh.
 Sir Charles Napier provoked amirs so much that that amirs attack british
presidency in1843.
 Now british got excuse for war so they fight back and annexed Sindh.

OUTCOMES

 Sindh was easily annexed.

ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB (F & S)

 Ranjit Singh was strong ruler of Punjab and during his rule British did not
dare to enter Punjab and instead signed a peace treaty with him known
as Treaty of Perpetual Friendship in 1809.
 After the death of Ranjit Singh issue arose among the rival chiefs that who
should be the king.
 The sikh were worried about the british invasion so they attack british.
 Sikh were defeated in battle of alliwal 1846 that was fought against british.


History 2059/01 Page9 Section 1 Notes

 Raja of Jammu and Gulab Singh who helped british were allowed to
purchase Kashmir.
 Sikh empire came to an end after second sikh war 1849 and Punjab was
annexed.

OUTCOMES

 Punjab was annexed by british.

 The other sikh areas were also taken by british.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & IMPROVEMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE (S)

 The Industrial Revolution provided vast wealth and profit but depended
upon the import of raw materials.
 Raw cotton was imported from India and no imports of finished cotton
goods were allowed.
 This had a terrible effect on the cotton industry in India and as a result it
collapsed. Britain now controlled the cotton trade making vast profits but
none was invested in India.
 A network of roads and later railways served to reinforce Britain’s control
of India which was essential to assist trade and control the land.
 The British built a huge network of roads and later railways that meant that
communication and transport links between cities became better.

BRITISH WERE DIPLOMATIC EXPERTS (S)

 The British were very skilled diplomatic experts.
 They gained the support of a number of local rulers.
 They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of influential Indians. They
signed “subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under which the rulers were
granted protection by the British troops.
 Local rulers were persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley
who became Governor General in 1798.
 The local ruler continued to run their affairs while British soldiers offered
protection. In return for this protection the ruler paid towards the cost of
the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser.
 This consolidated Britain’s power in India at little cost and extended British
control.


History 2059/01 Page10 Section 1 Notes

WHY ROBERT CLIVE WAS APPOINTED AS THE FIRST GOVERNOR?

 Clive commanded the British army to victory at the battle of Plassey in
1757 and established relations with Mir Jafar. The battle increased Clive’s
reputation and his importance to the East India Company (EIC) because
he became the foremost commander of British forces in India.
 The battle was also a success for the EIC because they now controlled the
profitable trade in Bengal. As a reward for being considered responsible
for the EIC amassing immense fortunes, especially in Bengal he was
appointed as the governor general of Bengal.
 Clive’s reputation and importance was further enhanced by his success at
the battle of Buxar in 1764 which increased British control of eastern India,
that’s why he was the best choice for governor general post.

WHY BRITISH WON BATTLE OF PLASSEY?

 Clive in order to weaken the Nawab’s forces, persuaded one of the
Nawab’s key men, Mir Jafar to side with the British and in return offered him
the Throne of Bengal. Jafar’s treachery weakened the Nawab’s army. As a
result, Clive was able to use Mir Jafar’s defection to his advantage.
 During the War when it started to rain, Clive ordered his men to cover their
cannon, Whereas, Nawab’s men were unable to do so. Hence, the dry
cannons of Clive’s army out fired the Nawab’s cannons.
 Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in southern
India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to defeat the
Nawab who was too young and was unaware of the British warfare
strategies.


History 2059/01 Page11 Section 1 Notes

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS SOLVED

BY MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
Question 1 J2023/P1/Q1/D
To what extent were Indian rulers able to limit British expansion across the
subcontinent between 1760 and 1840? Explain your answer. [10]

Method 1 (1 Success + 3 Failures + Conclusion)

To some extent, Indian rulers were able to limit british expansion across the sub-
continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L3 4 Marks

In 1686, EIC was suspected of issuing their own coins so Aurangzeb sent a strong
force against them. The force of EIC were not a strong force against them. The
forces of EIC were defeated and they were forced to pay heavy fines in order
to continue their trade in India. Thus, Indian resistance was successful as EIC
was not only defeated but their activities were also cut short.

In 1756, French provoked Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah, the Nawab of Bengal to

attack EIC base in Calcutta in order to drive them out. He was successful in
capturing their base in Calcutta. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as
even local rulers were strong enough to deal with EIC.

Ranjit Singh was strong ruler of Punjab and during his rule British did not dare to
enter Punjab and instead signed a peace treaty with him known as Treaty of
Perpetual Friendship in 1809. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as the
mere presence of Ranjit Singh was a threat to the British.

The Nawabs of Mysore Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan confronted the British
several times and defeated them e.g. in Anglo-Mysore war 1, and did not allow
British to take control of their lands. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful
as the local rulers easily curtailed the power of British.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance was successful as they forced the British to negotiate with them.

Titu Mir (real name Syed Mir Nisar) was a great Bengali freedom fighter who led
the people against the oppression of the zamindars and the British colonial
system. In 1822 Titu Mir went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned
to Bengal in 1827 he was determined to free Bengal from un-Islamic practices
and British rule. He proclaimed himself king and raised an army of 15,000


History 2059/01 Page12 Section 1 Notes

followers. He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in October 1831 and defeated

British forces sent to destroy it.

However, to a very great extent, Indian rulers were not able to limit british
expansion across the sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 7 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 8 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 9 Marks

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies. Therefore, they were able to extend
their influence in India.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.

In 1757, Battle of Plassey took place in which British defeated Nawab Siraj ud
Duala the nawab of Bengal with the traitor named Mir Jaffer. After killing him
they threw his body in river and appointed Mir Jaffar as the Nawab of Bengal.
Thus, this victory enabled the British to gain control of one of the richest
provinces of India and helped them to consolidate their lands further.

In 1764, Battle of Buxar took place. In this battle, EIC not only defeated Nawab
of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Bihar, Orrisa but also the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Thus, this was a failure of Indian resistance as with the help of these rich
provinces, British hired more number of Indians in their army by paying them
good salaries.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance failed as this provided the British an opportunity to turn their focus
elsewhere and increase influence in other parts of India.


History 2059/01 Page13 Section 1 Notes

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The
status of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in
which the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a
police system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice
and maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were
cleverly restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling
India directly.

In 1799, Governor General Wellesley invaded Mysore with help of a traitor

named Mir Sadiq in Anglo Mysore War II. Thus, Indian resistance failed as British
not only defeated one of their bitterest enemy but also took control of his lands.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.

In 1803, British entered Delhi and forced the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to
accept the British protection, it was a failure of Indian resistance as British had
now entered Delhi, the Capital and they became the indirect rulers of India as
the Mughal emperor was just a puppet in their hands.

British were afraid of Russian invasion in AFGHANISTAN. They wanted to make

sure that AFGHANISTAN did not fall under Russian hands. Ranjit Singh wanted
that AFGHANISTAN should remain independent. However british wanted to
install british ruler in KABUL. Ranjit Singh rejected to help british so british on their
own went to AFGHANISTAN. In AFGHANISTAN rebellions arose and many british
soldiers were killed. Because of their loss, British turned on Sindh. Sindh was ruled
by amirs at that time who signed treaty of friendship with british. British knew
that Ranjit Singh would be able to take control over Sindh so british decided to
annex Sindh. Sir Charles Napier provoked amirs so much that that amirs attack
british presidency in1843. Now british got excuse for war so they fight back and
annexed Sindh.


History 2059/01 Page14 Section 1 Notes

After the death of Ranjit Singh issue arose among the rival chiefs that who
should be the king. The sikh were worried about the british invasion so they
attack british. Sikh were defeated in battle of alliwal 1846 that was fought
against british. Raja of Jammu and Gulab Singh who helped british were
allowed to purchase Kashmir. Sikh empire came to an end after second sikh
war 1849 and Punjab was annexed.

Conclusion (1 Mark)

Method 2 (1 Failure + 3 Successes + Conclusion)

To some extent, Indian rulers were not able to limit british expansion across the
sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L3 4 Marks

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies. Therefore, they were able to extend
their influence in India.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.

In 1757, Battle of Plassey took place in which British defeated Nawab Siraj ud
Duala the nawab of Bengal with the traitor named Mir Jaffer. After killing him
they threw his body in river and appointed Mir Jaffar as the Nawab of Bengal.
Thus, this victory enabled the British to gain control of one of the richest
provinces of India and helped them to consolidate their lands further.


History 2059/01 Page15 Section 1 Notes

In 1764, Battle of Buxar took place. In this battle, EIC not only defeated Nawab
of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Bihar, Orrisa but also the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Thus, this was a failure of Indian resistance as with the help of these rich
provinces, British hired more number of Indians in their army by paying them
good salaries.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance failed as this provided the British an opportunity to turn their focus
elsewhere and increase influence in other parts of India.

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The status
of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in which
the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a police
system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice and
maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly
restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling India
directly.

In 1799, Governor General Wellesley invaded Mysore with help of a traitor

named Mir Sadiq in Anglo Mysore War II. Thus, Indian resistance failed as British
not only defeated one of their bitterest enemy but also took control of his lands.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.

In 1803, British entered Delhi and forced the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to
accept the British protection, it was a failure of Indian resistance as British had
now entered Delhi, the Capital and they became the indirect rulers of India as
the Mughal emperor was just a puppet in their hands.


History 2059/01 Page16 Section 1 Notes

British were afraid of Russian invasion in AFGHANISTAN. They wanted to make

sure that AFGHANISTAN did not fall under Russian hands. Ranjit Singh wanted
that AFGHANISTAN should remain independent. However british wanted to
install british ruler in KABUL. Ranjit Singh rejected to help british so british on their
own went to AFGHANISTAN. In AFGHANISTAN rebellions arose and many british
soldiers were killed. Because of their loss, British turned on Sindh. Sindh was ruled
by amirs at that time who signed treaty of friendship with british. British knew
that Ranjit Singh would be able to take control over Sindh so british decided to
annex Sindh. Sir Charles Napier provoked amirs so much that that amirs attack
british presidency in1843. Now british got excuse for war so they fight back and
annexed Sindh.

After the death of Ranjit Singh issue arose among the rival chiefs that who
should be the king. The sikh were worried about the british invasion so they
attack british. Sikh were defeated in battle of alliwal 1846 that was fought
against british. Raja of Jammu and Gulab Singh who helped british were
allowed to purchase Kashmir. Sikh empire came to an end after second sikh
war 1849 and Punjab was annexed.

However, to a very great extent, Indian rulers were able to limit british
expansion across the sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 7 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 8 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 9 Marks

In 1686, EIC was suspected of issuing their own coins so Aurangzeb sent a strong
force against them. The force of EIC were not a strong force against them. The
forces of EIC were defeated and they were forced to pay heavy fines in order
to continue their trade in India. Thus, Indian resistance was successful as EIC
was not only defeated but their activities were also cut short.

In 1756, French provoked Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah, the Nawab of Bengal to

attack EIC base in Calcutta in order to drive them out. He was successful in
capturing their base in Calcutta. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as
even local rulers were strong enough to deal with EIC.

Ranjit Singh was strong ruler of Punjab and during his rule British did not dare to
enter Punjab and instead signed a peace treaty with him known as Treaty of
Perpetual Friendship in 1809. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as the
mere presence of Ranjit Singh was a threat to the British.


History 2059/01 Page17 Section 1 Notes

The Nawabs of Mysore Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan confronted the British
several times and defeated them e.g. in Anglo-Mysore war 1, and did not allow
British to take control of their lands. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful
as the local rulers easily curtailed the power of British.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance was successful as they forced the British to negotiate with them.

Titu Mir (real name Syed Mir Nisar) was a great Bengali freedom fighter who led
the people against the oppression of the zamindars and the British colonial
system. In 1822 Titu Mir went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned
to Bengal in 1827 he was determined to free Bengal from un-Islamic practices
and British rule. He proclaimed himself king and raised an army of 15,000
followers. He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in October 1831 and defeated
British forces sent to destroy it.

Conclusion (1 Mark)

Question 2 N2022/P1/Q2/B
Explain how Britain extended its control across the subcontinent between
1756 and 1856. [7]

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies. Therefore, they were able to extend
their influence in India.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were


History 2059/01 Page18 Section 1 Notes

exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal. Therefore, they
were able to extend their influence in India.

The British were very skilled diplomatic experts. They gained the support of a
number of local rulers. They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of
influential Indians. They signed “subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under
which the rulers were granted protection by the British troops. Local rulers were
persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley who became
Governor General in 1798. The local ruler continued to run their affairs while
British soldiers offered protection. In return for this protection the ruler paid
towards the cost of the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser. This
consolidated Britain’s power in India at little cost and extended British control.

Question 3 N2020/P1/Q1/C
Explain the impact of railways on the lives of Indian people in the
nineteenth century. [7]

By the 19th century the British trade in India was spread all over the Indian
subcontinent. Raw materials were needed to be easily and cheaply to the
ports for export. Hence, railways were built which had positive impact on the
lives of Indian people.

British controlled majority of the areas in India, however they were still facing
resistance in many areas where local rebellion were creating trouble. Hence,
railways were built to carry troops swiftly around India helping the British to
maintain law and order and extend power.

British control was now widespread across India. British wanted to improve their
governance and travel the country to spread their ideas and culture. Hence,
they built railways to move their officials across India to govern it effectively.

British wanted to win the support of Indians, most of the British reforms did not
please the general population of Indian subcontinent. Hence, British came up
with the idea of building railways for common Indians who found them useful
for travel as families were able to travel to visit relatives in other parts of India.
This relatively had a positive impact on Indian people.

Question 4 J2020/P1/Q1/C
Explain why the East India Company was interested in the subcontinent
in the years before 1750. [7]

There was enormous wealth in the subcontinent. Trade, profit and power were
the real motives that East India Company (EIC) was looking at. Indian goods
including spices, silk, yarn, cloth, cotton and goods of metalworkers were very


History 2059/01 Page19 Section 1 Notes

demanding in the European markets. British factories needed raw materials

while British merchants needed big markets like India to sell their industrial
products. Cotton was the main raw material for the textile industries in Britain.
The company was having a very profitable future in trade with India that’s why
they came to India.

East India Company had no political motives at first. It came to India primarily
for trade but the decline of Mughal Empire and the demolition of Maratha
Power in 1761 by Ahmad Shah Abdali prepared the gateway for the British to
take over India. Lack of a strong central government attracted the British
attention for interfering with Indian political affairs. By that time, they had
already got the skills of dealing with Indian rulers and merchants. Now they
started thinking about establishing British Raj in the subcontinent. The British
wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to oust the Dutch
and Portuguese.

India had strategic position on the globe. It would give regional supremacy to
the British and Royal Navy. They would control the sea routes and hence trade
with the East. The company also wanted to westernize the Indians. The British
believed that western culture is superior and must be spread in the world. They
thought themselves the most civilized nation of the world so they came to
India.

Question 5 J2020/P1/Q2/B
Explain why Britain was able to expand into the subcontinent between
1750 and 1850. [7]

 Same as Question 2

Question 6 J2019/P1/Q1/C
Explain why Robert Clive was successful in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
[7]

Clive in order to weaken the Nawab’s forces, persuaded one of the Nawab’s
key men, Mir Jafar to side with the British and in return offered him the Throne
of Bengal. Jafar’s treachery weakened the Nawab’s army. As a result, Clive
was able to use Mir Jafar’s defection to his advantage.

During the War when it started to rain, Clive ordered his men to cover their
cannon, Whereas, Nawab’s men were unable to do so. Hence, the dry
cannons of Clive’s army out fired the Nawab’s cannons.


History 2059/01 Page20 Section 1 Notes

Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in southern

India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to defeat the Nawab
who was too young and was unaware of the British warfare strategies.

Question 7 J2019/P1/Q1/D
Was the India Act of 1784 the main reason why the British were able to
expand beyond Bengal between 1784 and 1850? Explain your answer.
[10]

After Writing First Paragraphy You Will Score L3 4 Marks

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The status
of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in which
the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a police
system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice and
maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly
restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling India
directly.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 7 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 8 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 9 Marks

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.

The British were very skilled diplomatic experts. They gained the support of a
number of local rulers. They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of
influential Indians. They signed “subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under
which the rulers were granted protection by the British troops. Local rulers were


History 2059/01 Page21 Section 1 Notes

persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley who became

Governor General in 1798. The local ruler continued to run their affairs while
British soldiers offered protection. In return for this protection the ruler paid
towards the cost of the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser. This
consolidated Britain’s power in India at little cost and extended British control.

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the farflung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies.

Indians were not united as a single nation. They were divided along religious,
linguistic and ethnic lines. Local rulers were interested only to their own
territories. Some princely states even supplied troops to the British when they
were fighting against their countrymen. It was very easy for the strong British
army to conquer them one after the other. Majority of the well-off Indians
stayed away from the wars and they were making profits by trading with the
English merchants.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.

The Industrial Revolution provided vast wealth and profit but depended upon
the import of raw materials. Raw cotton was imported from India and no
imports of finished cotton goods were allowed. This had a terrible effect on the
cotton industry in India and as a result it collapsed. Britain now controlled the
cotton trade making vast profits but none was invested in India. A network of
roads and later railways served to reinforce Britain’s control of India which was
essential to assist trade and control the land.

Conclusion (1 Mark)


History 2059/01 Page22 Section 1 Notes

Question 8 J2019/P1/Q2/B
Explain why the British wanted to trade in India from 1600. [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 9 N2017/P1/Q3/C
How far was Indian resistance to British expansion in the subcontinent
successful before 1850? [14]

Method 1 (1 Success + 3 Failures + Conclusion)

To some extent, Indian rulers were able to limit british expansion across the sub-
continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L3 7 Marks

In 1686, EIC was suspected of issuing their own coins so Aurangzeb sent a strong
force against them. The force of EIC were not a strong force against them. The
forces of EIC were defeated and they were forced to pay heavy fines in order
to continue their trade in India. Thus, Indian resistance was successful as EIC
was not only defeated but their activities were also cut short.

In 1756, French provoked Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah, the Nawab of Bengal to

attack EIC base in Calcutta in order to drive them out. He was successful in
capturing their base in Calcutta. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as
even local rulers were strong enough to deal with EIC.

Ranjit Singh was strong ruler of Punjab and during his rule British did not dare to
enter Punjab and instead signed a peace treaty with him known as Treaty of
Perpetual Friendship in 1809. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as the
mere presence of Ranjit Singh was a threat to the British.

The Nawabs of Mysore Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan confronted the British
several times and defeated them e.g. in Anglo-Mysore war 1, and did not allow
British to take control of their lands. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful
as the local rulers easily curtailed the power of British.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance was successful as they forced the British to negotiate with them.


History 2059/01 Page23 Section 1 Notes

Titu Mir (real name Syed Mir Nisar) was a great Bengali freedom fighter who led
the people against the oppression of the zamindars and the British colonial
system. In 1822 Titu Mir went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned
to Bengal in 1827 he was determined to free Bengal from un-Islamic practices
and British rule. He proclaimed himself king and raised an army of 15,000
followers. He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in October 1831 and defeated
British forces sent to destroy it.

However, to a very great extent, Indian rulers were not able to limit british
expansion across the sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 10 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 11 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 12 Marks

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies. Therefore, they were able to extend
their influence in India.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.

In 1757, Battle of Plassey took place in which British defeated Nawab Siraj ud
Duala the nawab of Bengal with the traitor named Mir Jaffer. After killing him
they threw his body in river and appointed Mir Jaffar as the Nawab of Bengal.
Thus, this victory enabled the British to gain control of one of the richest
provinces of India and helped them to consolidate their lands further.

In 1764, Battle of Buxar took place. In this battle, EIC not only defeated Nawab
of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Bihar, Orrisa but also the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Thus, this was a failure of Indian resistance as with the help of these rich
provinces, British hired more number of Indians in their army by paying them
good salaries.


History 2059/01 Page24 Section 1 Notes

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance failed as this provided the British an opportunity to turn their focus
elsewhere and increase influence in other parts of India.

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The
status of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in
which the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a
police system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice
and maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were
cleverly restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling
India directly.

In 1799, Governor General Wellesley invaded Mysore with help of a traitor

named Mir Sadiq in Anglo Mysore War II. Thus, Indian resistance failed as British
not only defeated one of their bitterest enemy but also took control of his lands.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.

In 1803, British entered Delhi and forced the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to
accept the British protection, it was a failure of Indian resistance as British had
now entered Delhi, the Capital and they became the indirect rulers of India as
the Mughal emperor was just a puppet in their hands.

British were afraid of Russian invasion in AFGHANISTAN. They wanted to make

sure that AFGHANISTAN did not fall under Russian hands. Ranjit Singh wanted
that AFGHANISTAN should remain independent. However british wanted to
install british ruler in KABUL. Ranjit Singh rejected to help british so british on their
own went to AFGHANISTAN. In AFGHANISTAN rebellions arose and many british
soldiers were killed. Because of their loss, British turned on Sindh. Sindh was ruled
by amirs at that time who signed treaty of friendship with british. British knew


History 2059/01 Page25 Section 1 Notes

that Ranjit Singh would be able to take control over Sindh so british decided to
annex Sindh. Sir Charles Napier provoked amirs so much that that amirs attack
british presidency in1843. Now british got excuse for war so they fight back and
annexed Sindh.

After the death of Ranjit Singh issue arose among the rival chiefs that who
should be the king. The sikh were worried about the british invasion so they
attack british. Sikh were defeated in battle of alliwal 1846 that was fought
against british. Raja of Jammu and Gulab Singh who helped british were
allowed to purchase Kashmir. Sikh empire came to an end after second sikh
war 1849 and Punjab was annexed.

Conclusion (2 Marks)

Method 2 (1 Failure + 3 Successes + Conclusion)

To some extent, Indian rulers were not able to limit british expansion across the
sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L3 7 Marks

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies. Therefore, they were able to extend
their influence in India.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.


History 2059/01 Page26 Section 1 Notes

In 1757, Battle of Plassey took place in which British defeated Nawab Siraj ud
Duala the nawab of Bengal with the traitor named Mir Jaffer. After killing him
they threw his body in river and appointed Mir Jaffar as the Nawab of Bengal.
Thus, this victory enabled the British to gain control of one of the richest
provinces of India and helped them to consolidate their lands further.

In 1764, Battle of Buxar took place. In this battle, EIC not only defeated Nawab
of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Bihar, Orrisa but also the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
Thus, this was a failure of Indian resistance as with the help of these rich
provinces, British hired more number of Indians in their army by paying them
good salaries.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance failed as this provided the British an opportunity to turn their focus
elsewhere and increase influence in other parts of India.

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The status
of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in which
the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a police
system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice and
maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly
restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling India
directly.

In 1799, Governor General Wellesley invaded Mysore with help of a traitor

named Mir Sadiq in Anglo Mysore War II. Thus, Indian resistance failed as British
not only defeated one of their bitterest enemy but also took control of his lands.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.


History 2059/01 Page27 Section 1 Notes

In 1803, British entered Delhi and forced the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to
accept the British protection, it was a failure of Indian resistance as British had
now entered Delhi, the Capital and they became the indirect rulers of India as
the Mughal emperor was just a puppet in their hands.

British were afraid of Russian invasion in AFGHANISTAN. They wanted to make

sure that AFGHANISTAN did not fall under Russian hands. Ranjit Singh wanted
that AFGHANISTAN should remain independent. However british wanted to
install british ruler in KABUL. Ranjit Singh rejected to help british so british on their
own went to AFGHANISTAN. In AFGHANISTAN rebellions arose and many british
soldiers were killed. Because of their loss, British turned on Sindh. Sindh was ruled
by amirs at that time who signed treaty of friendship with british. British knew
that Ranjit Singh would be able to take control over Sindh so british decided to
annex Sindh. Sir Charles Napier provoked amirs so much that that amirs attack
british presidency in1843. Now british got excuse for war so they fight back and
annexed Sindh.

After the death of Ranjit Singh issue arose among the rival chiefs that who
should be the king. The sikh were worried about the british invasion so they
attack british. Sikh were defeated in battle of alliwal 1846 that was fought
against british. Raja of Jammu and Gulab Singh who helped british were
allowed to purchase Kashmir. Sikh empire came to an end after second sikh
war 1849 and Punjab was annexed.

However, to a very great extent, Indian rulers were able to limit british
expansion across the sub-continent.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 10 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 11 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 12 Marks

In 1686, EIC was suspected of issuing their own coins so Aurangzeb sent a strong
force against them. The force of EIC were not a strong force against them. The
forces of EIC were defeated and they were forced to pay heavy fines in order
to continue their trade in India. Thus, Indian resistance was successful as EIC
was not only defeated but their activities were also cut short.

In 1756, French provoked Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah, the Nawab of Bengal to

attack EIC base in Calcutta in order to drive them out. He was successful in
capturing their base in Calcutta. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as
even local rulers were strong enough to deal with EIC.


History 2059/01 Page28 Section 1 Notes

Ranjit Singh was strong ruler of Punjab and during his rule British did not dare to
enter Punjab and instead signed a peace treaty with him known as Treaty of
Perpetual Friendship in 1809. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful as the
mere presence of Ranjit Singh was a threat to the British.

The Nawabs of Mysore Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan confronted the British
several times and defeated them e.g. in Anglo-Mysore war 1, and did not allow
British to take control of their lands. Thus, the Indian resistance was successful
as the local rulers easily curtailed the power of British.

In 1782, the first Governor General of India, Warren Hastings signed a peace
treaty with Marathas which ended British Maratha wars. Thus, the Indian
resistance was successful as they forced the British to negotiate with them.

Titu Mir (real name Syed Mir Nisar) was a great Bengali freedom fighter who led
the people against the oppression of the zamindars and the British colonial
system. In 1822 Titu Mir went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and when he returned
to Bengal in 1827 he was determined to free Bengal from un-Islamic practices
and British rule. He proclaimed himself king and raised an army of 15,000
followers. He built a bamboo fort at Narkelbaria in October 1831 and defeated
British forces sent to destroy it.

Conclusion (2 Marks)

Question 10 N2017/P1/Q2/B
Why did the East India Company become involved in the Indian
subcontinent during the seventeenth century? [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 11 J2017/P1/Q2/B
Why Robert Clive was appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7]

Clive commanded the British army to victory at the battle of Plassey in 1757
and established relations with Mir Jafar. The battle increased Clive’s reputation
and his importance to the East India Company (EIC) because he became the


History 2059/01 Page29 Section 1 Notes

foremost commander of British forces in India. Hence, he was appointed as the

first governor of Bengal.

Clive became more prominent by winning the battle of Plassey against Nawab
Siraj ud Daula of Bengal, in 1757. This victory was a result of the clever war
tactics of Clive. Thus, the British gained control of one of the richest provinces
of India, and also began a highly profitable trade in Bengal. As a reward for
being considered responsible for the EIC amassing immense fortunes,
especially in Bengal he was appointed as the first governor of Bengal.

Clive’s repute further improved by his role in the decisive battle of Buxar, in
1764. The combined armies of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, the Nawab
of Bengal Mir Qasim, and the Nawab of Oudh could not defend themselves
against a smarter British army led by Robert Clive and Hector Monro. With this
victory the entire province of Bengal and neighbouring territories came under
the British rule. The EIC now took control of the revenue collection in Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa, and also extended influence to Oudh. It decided to give
some reward to Robert Clive for these important victories. Therefore he was
made the Governor of Bengal. As the Governor, Clive continued to
demonstrate is skills of ruling a huge area and strengthening the British control.

Question 12 J2017/P1/Q1/C
Why did British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7]

By the 19th century the British trade in India was spread all over the Indian
subcontinent. Raw materials were needed to be easily and cheaply to the
ports for export. Hence, railways were built gain the ability to sale
manufactured goods throughout India and increase British profits.

British controlled majority of the areas in India, however they were still facing
resistance in many areas where local rebellion were creating trouble. Hence,
railways were built to carry troops swiftly around India helping the British to
maintain law and order and extend power.

British control was now widespread across India. British wanted to improve their
governance and travel the country to spread their ideas and culture. Hence,
they built railways to move their officials across India to govern it effectively.

British wanted to win the support of Indians, most of the British reforms did not
please the general population of Indian subcontinent. Hence, British came up
with the idea of building railways for common Indians who found them useful
for travel as families were able to travel to visit relatives in other parts of India.


History 2059/01 Page30 Section 1 Notes

Question 13 N2016/P1/Q2/B
Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the subcontinent
between 1750 and 1850? [7]

 Same as Question 2

Question 14 J2016/P1/Q2/B
Explain the appeal of India to the East India Company during the early
seventeenth century. [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 15 J2015/P1/Q1/C
Why were the British able to take control of India by 1850? [7]

 Same as Question 2

Question 16 J2014/P1/Q2/B
Explain why the East India Company became involved in the
subcontinent during the seventeenth century. [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 17 N2013/P1/Q1/C
Was the Industrial Revolution in Britain the most important reason why the
British were able to take control of India between 1750 and 1850? Explain
your answer. [14]

After Writing First Paragraphy You Will Score L3 7 Marks

The Industrial Revolution provided vast wealth and profit but depended upon
the import of raw materials. Raw cotton was imported from India and no
imports of finished cotton goods were allowed. This had a terrible effect on the
cotton industry in India and as a result it collapsed. Britain now controlled the
cotton trade making vast profits but none was invested in India. A network of
roads and later railways served to reinforce Britain’s control of India which was
essential to assist trade and control the land.

After Writing Any 1 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 10 Marks

After Writing Any 2 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 11 Marks

After Writing Any 3 Paragraph from Paragraphs Mentioned Below You Will Score L4 12 Marks


History 2059/01 Page31 Section 1 Notes

In 1784, the India Act, also known as the Pitt’s India Act, was passed by the
Prime Minister William Pitt. The Act empowered the British government to take
direct control of Indian possessions. Under this the Governor General was
made a royal appointment, and the Company’s Board of Directors was
replaced by a Board of Control comprising six members. Lord Cornwallis was
thus appointed as the Governor General in 1786 to rule the three presidencies
of Calcutta/Kolkatta, Bombay/Mumbai and Madras/Chennai. He was assisted
by three governors, and a Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The status
of the EIC thus changed from a trading concern to a sovereign body in which
the Crown (British government) directly controlled Bengal. Moreover, a police
system was introduced that would help in the administration of justice and
maintaining law and order in India. This way the powers of the EIC were cleverly
restricted while preparing the ground for the British government ruling India
directly.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making

zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to
the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the
zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East
India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in
India, allowing the British to extend their control.

The British were very skilled diplomatic experts. They gained the support of a
number of local rulers. They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of
influential Indians. They signed “subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under
which the rulers were granted protection by the British troops. Local rulers were
persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley who became
Governor General in 1798. The local ruler continued to run their affairs while
British soldiers offered protection. In return for this protection the ruler paid
towards the cost of the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser. This
consolidated Britain’s power in India at little cost and extended British control.

The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of
strong local rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the
battle of Mysore, the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools,
efficient communication for quick deployment of troops and sound financial
resources for fighting costly wars in the farflung areas. They had well-trained
army and good planners of war strategies.

Indians were not united as a single nation. They were divided along religious,
linguistic and ethnic lines. Local rulers were interested only to their own


History 2059/01 Page32 Section 1 Notes

territories. Some princely states even supplied troops to the British when they
were fighting against their countrymen. It was very easy for the strong British
army to conquer them one after the other. Majority of the well-off Indians
stayed away from the wars and they were making profits by trading with the
English merchants.

The East India Company had been established to gain as much profit as
possible, but its greed after Buxar embarrassed the British government. The
company made huge profits from its monopoly of the trade in Bengal and
company merchants became accustomed to receiving personal 'gifts' which
increased their wealth. Whilst they made huge profits, the local people were
exploited and many died in a serious famine which hit Bengal.

Conclusion (2 Marks)

Question 18 N2012/P1/Q1/C
How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control
of lands in the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your
answer. [14]

 Same as Question 1/9

Question 19 N2012/P1/Q1/B
Why did Indian subcontinent attract the British in early 17 century? [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 20 J2011/P1/Q1/B
Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the
subcontinent between 1750 and 1850. [7]

 Same as Question 2



History 2059/01 Page33 Section 1 Notes

Question 21 N2010/P1/Q1/C
How successful were British attempts to take control of lands in the
subcontinent between 1750 and 1856? Explain your answer. [14]

 Same as Question 1/9

Question 22 N2010/P1/Q1/B
Why did East India Company become involved in the Indian
subcontinent during the seventeenth century? [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 23 J2009/P1/Q2/B
Why was Britain successful in increasing its control of some parts of the
sub-continent in the years 1750 to 1850? [7]

 Same as Question 2

Question 24 J2009/P1/Q1/B
Explain why the East India Company got involved in the subcontinent
during the seventeenth century? [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 25 J2008/P1/Q2/C
Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the
subcontinent was totally unsuccessful. Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]

 Same as Question 1/9

Question 26 J2007/P1/Q1/B
Why did the Indian sub-continent attract European traders in the late
sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 27 N2006/P1/Q1/B
Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the subcontinent
between 1750 and 1850? [7]

 Same as Question 2


History 2059/01 Page34 Section 1 Notes

Question 28 J2005/P1/Q1/B
Explain why the East India Company became involved in the Indian
subcontinent during the seventeenth century. [7]

 Same as Question 4

Question 29 N2004/P1/Q1/B
Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force
in the Sub-Continent by 1850? [7]

 Same as Question 2

Question 30 J2004/P1/Q1/B
Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the East India
Company in the early nineteenth century? [7]

The volume of trade became so significant that the British government felt it
was too valuable an asset to leave in the hands of a private company even
though the EIC was now holding its possessions in trust for them. So the govt
wanted to take the direct advantage of its earnings.

Fear of Russian expansion in Central Asia worried the government and so Britain
decided to shape its foreign policy by further expansion towards Afghanistan
to counter this threat. As Britain was becoming more involved prestige began
to be at stake and further expansion became inevitable especially after the
defeat by the Afghans at Kabul.

It got a lot of profit and monopoly over trade. The british officers started taking
bribes and used unfair means which was giving bad name to british govt. So
the british parliament condemned it.


History 2059/01 Page35 Section 1 Notes

4 MARKS
What was East India company?
It was a trading company that was granted the charter of trading rights in 1600
by Queen Elizabeth I. Its first ship landed on the southern Indian town of Surat,
in 1608. It was granted permission to trade in India by the Emperor Jahangir in
1612. Gradually, it began to acquire military power during 18th century. It was
abolished in 1858 by the British government.

Who was Robert Clive?

He was hired as a clerk by the East India Company but soon he joined the
Company army and earned fame as a brilliant commander. In June 1757, his
army defeated the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula in the Battle of Plassey and became
the governor of Bengal. His next victories were in the battle of Pondicherry
against the French in 1761, and Buxar against the Indians, in 1764. He faced
trial in England, and though equitted, he committed suicide in 1774.

What was battle of Plassey?

Ruler of Bengal Nawab Sirajud Daulah had a support from French so he attack
Calcutta base of EIC in Fort William in 1756 and introduce black hole. In 1757
EIC soldiers led by British Commander Robert Clive fought with Sirajud Daulah
but they were unable to defeat him. In this battle the forces of the East India
Company under Robert Clive met the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the Nawabs of
Bengal. Clive had 800 Europeans and 2200 Indians whereas Siraj-ud-doula in
his entrenched camp at Plassey was said to have about 50,000 men with a
train of heavy artillery. Unfortunately Mir Jafar, met with Clive, and the greater
number of the Nawabs soldiers were bribed to throw away their weapons,
surrender prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army. Siraj-
ud-Doula was defeated and was killed in the battle. After some days of this
battle Sirajud Daulahs dead body was found in a river.

What was black hole incident of Calcutta?

Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula decided to punish the British after they had started
fortifying themselves at important posts in Calcutta (Kolkata) in violation of their
treaty with him. He marched on Calcutta and seized the Company’s Fort
William in June 1756. 123 out of 146 died of suffocation, heat and crushing.
Some historians believed deaths were only few and some believed it as false
story. This was used by Robert Clive as an excuse to whip up anger against the


History 2059/01 Page36 Section 1 Notes

Nawab. Clive’s army defeated and killed the Nawab in the Battle of Plassey in
1757.

Who was Mir Qasim?

He succeeded Mir Jaffar as the new governor of Bengal in 1760. He
cooperated with the EIC in confiscating lands and wealth of the people of
Bengal, thus strengthening the British. After some years he felt uncomfortable
with the growing demands of the Company, and tried to stop the British
influence in Bengal. In 1764, he raised a combined army with the help of the
Mughal king Shah Alam and the ruler of Oudh, Shuja ud Daula. Robert Clive
defeated this huge army with his traditional clever tactics.

What was battle of Buxar?

Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal took help from Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-
daulah and the Emperor Shah Alam II. But the English under the General Major
Hector Munro at Buxar defeated the combined army on 22 October, 1764. Mir
Qasim fled and died in 1777. After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had
earned the right to collect land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This
development set the foundations of British political rule in India.

Who was Hyder Ali?

Hyder Ali was ruler of Mysore state, organized a strong army with the help of
French and defeated British in two battles of Mysore, he was the innovator of
military use of the iron-cased Mysorean rockets. He was succeeded by his son
Tipu sultan in 1782.

Who was Tipu Sulatan?

Tipu was son of Hyder Ali the Nawab of Mysore. He tried to setup modern army
with the help of French. He fought bravely with E.I.C army. He was defeated in
fourth battle of Mysore in 1799 by Lord Wellesely. Tipu failed due to traitors and
non cooperation of Marathas and Nizam Hyderabad.

Who was Lord Wellesley?

He succeeded Lord Cornwallis as the Governor General of India. He expanded
the British influence in India by his famous subsidiary alliances. The local rulers
were allowed to rule while the British troops protected them. The rulers could
not make any other alliances. Rulers of Hyderabad, Oudh and the Maratha
Peshawar were the first among those who accepted it.


History 2059/01 Page37 Section 1 Notes

What were the Anglo-Mysore wars? [4]

These were four wars fought between the rulers of Mysore and the allied forces
of the EIC, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyder Ali, the Sultan of
Mysore, and his son Tipu Sultan fought from 1769 to 1799. The last war in 1799
marked the end of the House of Hyder Ali and Tipu. These victories gave the
British control of a huge territory of southern India.

Describe the first Anglo-Mysore war. [4]

This was fought 1767 to 1769. Hyder Ali of Mysore fought and defeated the EIC
army. The EIC encouraged the Nizam of Hyderabad to attack Mysore. Hyder
Ali fought boldly against the British Bombay army from the west, and a Madras
army from northeast. Hyder Ali fought valiantly and forced his enemies to sign
the Treaty of Madras (now Chennai).

Describe the second Anglo-Mysore war. [4]

It was fought 1780 to 1784. Tipu and Hyder Ali fought boldly. Tipu defeated
Bailie in the battle of Pollilur in 1780, and Baithwait at Kumbakonan, in 1782.
However, Sir Eyer Coote defeated Hyder Ali at Porto Novo and Arni. Tipu
continued to fight after the death of Hyder Ali, and the battle ended by the
Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.

Describe the third Anglo-Mysore war. [4]

Tipu, an ally of the French, invade the British ally, Travancore in 1789. British
forces, led by the Governor General Cornwallis himself, fought against Tipu for
three years. Tipu had to retreat and the siege of Serangapatam lasted till the
end of the war in 1792. Under the Treaty of Serangapatam, Tipu had to give
half his kingdom to the EIC. His young sons were also taken as hostage by
Cornwallis.

Describe the fourth Anglo-Mysore war. [4]

Tipu’s alliance with the French was a threat for the British. So, Lord Wellesley
launched an attack on Mysore from all the four sides. The Nizam and the
Marathas also helped the British. Tipu had to fight a four times stronger army.
Finally,at the end of the siege of Serangapatam , he was defeated and killed
in 1799. Most of Mysore was captured and divided among the British, the Nizam
and the Marathas.


History 2059/01 Page38 Section 1 Notes

What was regulating act of 1773?

British government passed this act to made E.I.C responsible to parliament,
Governor general of Bengal with four Councillors and governors of Madras and
Bombay were appointed to take care of E.I.C affairs, Supreme court of
Calcutta was setup with Chief Justice and three judges.

What was charter of 1833?

The Charter of E.I.C was renewed in 1833. The Governor General 's council was
given power to make laws for whole India, NWFP was made fourth presidency.
Charter allowed Indian to play an important part in running their country.
Indians could be part of civil service administering India.

What was treaty of Lahore?

In 1846 treaty of Lahore was signed after defeat of Sikh ruler of Punjab by British
in First Anglo-Sikh War. Sikhs paid a huge fine to British. Gulab singh who helped
British was given Kashmir as reward. Dalip Singh was kept on throne. Kashmir
and doab area between Bias and Sutlej was surrendered to British, Sikh army
was reduced.

What was annexation of Sindh?

In 1841, all British troops were killed in a rebellion in Afghanistan causing a
serious damage to the British prestige. They decided to undo this damage, and
asked their general Charles Napier to provoke the Amirs of Sindh who had
been on friendly terms with the British since 1809. The Amirs attacked the British
Residency in 1843. The British, in turn, attacked and annexed Sindh by
defeating the Amirs the same year.

What was Queen's proclamation of 1858?

It was read on Nov 1858 at Allahabad. Pardon was given to all expect those
who were involved in murder of British. Doctrine of Lapse and annexation
policy was abolished, religious freedom was ensured. Promiss was made to
regard ancient property rights. E.I.C was abolished.

What was Vernacular press act 1878?

It was passed by British. This act reduced freedom of expression in News papers.
Publication of anti British material was against law. News paper owner and
editor could be fined and jailed in case of breaking Vernacular Press act.