Answ:1 The three major open source institutional repository softwares are-

1. DSpace: DSpace is a open source software which is developed by MIT libraries and HP
labrotary. It is digital repository management system which is permitted organisations
libraries together archives. It is a service prototype for open access and digital archiving.
DSpace data prototype, every item has one authorised dovlin core metadata record.

2. EPrints: EPrints is a free use software for libraries which is invented by University of
Southampton, England. This softeware allows to community to upload there pre-prints,
academic reports and postprints by using a web interface and all the publications can be
easily access with the help of EPrints search techniques. EPrints is a user friendly software.

3. GreenStone: GreenStone data repository software is used for digital library which arrange
and attributes the data in systemetic manner and can be retrieved over the internet and
accessible through web browsers in a powerful search.

Answ:2 Advantages of institutional repository.

1. Institutional repository is very useful for the future records.

2. It is easily accessible on web browsers.

3. It saves time.

4. Repository is easy to collect information contents at a particular area.

5. It helps users if publication contents are out of prints.

Challenges of institutional repository

1. Lack of educations and awareness.

2. Inadequate infrastructure.

3. Risk of loss of content.

4. Fear of text liability and budget.

5. Management mishandeling and guidance.

Answ:3 CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE: Client server architecture, architecture of

computer network in which many clients request and recieve service from centralised
server. It provides access to users through internet from cloud computing and metadata
technology. It works on manframe time sharing systems. It is very useful for the future
repositories and online library searches. It is much easier and cheaper. The three major
components of the client server architecture are-

1. Presentation
2. Application logic

3. Data storage

4. Client server.

Hardware and software requirements-

1. High capacity server

2. Internet

3. Proper software.

4. Humanware.

Answ:4 The three main key components of digital library architecture and design are:

1. Digital storage- It is used for the resource deposition at the cloud server which is
accessible through web browsers.

2. Metadata store- It is techniques for smart search and data management service.

3. Services- Through the service users can access the resources from the repository by the
help browser- internet service.

4. User interface- It is a connection between the user and the machine.

5. Search system- It is a bridge between storage and internet browser.

6. Repository- Repository refers to the storage system.

Answ:5 OCR stands for optical character recognition. It is Electronic recognition device and
mechanically converts scanned image of handwriiten typed or printed text into machine
encoded text. It processes the analog data to the digital form.

Answ:1 Electronic resources are available in the market by different publishers and their
pricing models also differs.

1. Online full text journals

2. Electronic journals+Print

3. Print+ free online access of journals

4. E-resources pick and choose models

5. Different E-resource selective bundles.

6. Individual print+online resource models.

7. Subject clusters pricing models

8. Discount based data basis.

9. Free online resource to educational institutions.

10. Membership and licenseing based resource models.

11. Complementary and time based models.

All the resource models are available to libraries in different pricings by publishers like
Elsevier, Wiley, Springer etc.

Answ:2 The electronic resource are selected in the institution as per the course and user's
demand.

" Electronic resource selection criteria in institutions"

1. User's demand

2. Subject and course wise selection

3. Faculty and staff recommendations

4. Price of the resource and quality contents

5. Availability and fulfillment of need of the institution.

6. Demand of education research and developemnet.

7. Institution budget and planning.

8. Utilization of purchased resource reports.

Answ:3 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES: Electronic resource are available in digital form in the
libraries for the use of user's and digitally stored, Online available in electronic form for the
use by the electronic devices.

Different types of electronic resources in the markets are-

1. Online databasis: ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Ebsco, IEEE, J-Gate, SCC Online, Manupatra,
Medicine Update, etc.

2. Publisher based online electronic resources: E-books and journals packages,.

3. Different URL based access

4. Electronic resource consortium - Like Sodhganga, Sodhgangotri etc.

5. Electronic resource aggregator based electronic databasis

6. Educational onganistaions electronic databasis.

7. Library digital repositories art

8. Non-book material based electronic resources- CD-ROM, DVDs, Hard-Disk and Server
based other devices.

9. Free online electronic resources - DOAJ, OAJSE, Pubmad etc.

10. Social sites and other educational mediums.

Answ:4 DOI: DOI is a digital object identifier. DOI was founded by IDF which introduced in
2000 and in 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4500
organisations and currently 125 million DOI names assigned by more than 10000
organisations. DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify the objects uniquely
and standardized by the ISO.

DOIs are in widely used mainly to identify academic, professional and government
information such as jpurnals articles, research reports, official publications and data sets.
However, They also have beeen used to identify different types of infotmation resource like
commercial videos.

Answ:5 Open URL contains the address of open URL websites combined with their items
identifications. The open URL websites serves as a resolver and finds the physical addresss
of the item.

Open URL is developed by the national information standard organisation (NISO). It was
tturned over to the online computer library center ( OCLC), Dublin, OH in 2006.

The first most widely used resolver software was SFX for open URL and the name is
sometime used synonymously with open URL.

Open URLs are used frequently for the search of online resources like E-books, articles,
journals, videos, images, presntations and other research works. In currnet time most
libraries are frequently using URL based websites for the use of different types of digital
resources to their users.

Answ.1: The major strategies for collection development in digital library are:

 Planning of hardware, software and networking

  Need of technical staff for digital library processing
 Planning of digital resources and maintenance
 Digital library budget and cost planning of digital resources in library
 User's demand and library needs
 Trial activation and training before ordering
 Report analysis and results
 Ordering and approvals of resources for digital library
 Implementation and functioning
 Internet speed and server process.

Answ.2: Hosting a digital library through different types of platforms:

There are many companies and service providers hosting the libraries as a third part service
provider to digital libraries in the market and it depends on the library budget. If library have
good budget then the digital library can be host with the paid services and digital library can
be host through the open source digital library platforms.

a) Cloud based paid hosting services: Many service providers are hosting digital libraries and
giving space with needful mangement and understanding for libraries, managing all
activities of digital libraries at the cloud based digital library hosting services.

For example: NIMBUS ,M-library, Remote XS library service,

b) Free online services: There are many free source/ software available for hosting the
libraries in a digital manner on a free basis.

For example: DSpace, OAPEN, Greenstone, OSS

DIGITAL LIBRARY TOOLS

 Software and hadrware

 Server capicity
 Metadata and ICT procedures
 Internet speed networking
 Human ware and technical team.

Answ.3: "S.R. RANGANATHAN'S FIVE LAW IN MARKETING OF LIBRARY RESOURCES"

DR. S.R. Rangnathan give the five laws to library science in the context of smooth
functioning of library and these laws also helps to library resource marketing and extensions
services.

Laws of library- Books are for use, every book and its reader, every reader and his/ her book,
save the time of readers, library is a growing organism. If we integrate the laws then the
library user's time and queries and search of resources will fulfil the demands of laws. Five
laws also indicate the working and use of library services and provides integrated services to
the library users. Each law of library has pin pointed use of services and saving of time. The
fifth law marketing of resources and based on library extension services. Fifth law contains
the future working, marketing of resources and extensions of services and better use of
library services. For example: Open access, internet, Book display, user's demand, resource
marketing, Integration of library services, library growth and development.

Answ.4: "WEB-BASED MARKETING STRATEGIES USED BY DIGITAL LIBRARIES"

In the time of information technology, every area of library is dynamically changing,

therefore it is essential to make a strategy for the web-marketing of library.

 Product policy and design

 Costing
 Pricing options
 Promotions
 Distributions
 Marketing strategies and users demand understanding
 Online promotions: Webinars, Presentations, Workshops and training, free online
service, Social media promotion and messaging
 Development of user friendly platforms and digital resources to their needful users.
 Planning and development about the web-based marketing for the digital library
with the help of differnt kind of web-based mediums.

Answ.5: " Basic requirements of digital library"

Digital library must be selected, acquired, organized, made accessible and preserved for the
use of public, The main requirements of digital library are-

 Planning digital library

 Budgeting
 Selection of softwares and infrastructure.
 Selections of hadrwares- Computers, server, networking tools, storage devices,
Multimedia UPS
 Digital repository creation and operating system.
 Internet with LAN, WAN.
 Implementation and developement.
 Software security
 Accessibility and need

Standards and protocols used in the developing of digital libraries:

 Digitalization is the process of converting the contents of physical medium into

digital format for the developing digital library and it is essential to follow the
standards and protocols as per the guidelines of the various organisations. A
collection of digital resources should be maintained under the ruling of standards.
  Their is a great need for adopting various standards and best practices to build
interoperable digital libraries. Data is stored and communicate through the systems
as per the standard of different international and national standards which is set by
different bodies like ISO ( international standard organisation)

1. ISO ( international standards organisation)

2. IEFT ( Internet engineering task force)

3. NISO ( National information standards organisations)

4. BSA ( British standard authority)

5. IEEE ( Institute of electrical and electronics engineers)

6. ANSI ( American national standard institute)

7. BSI ( British standard institutions)

8. BIS ( Bureau of Indian standards)

 All the organisations and institutions are working for the standard and priotocols for
developing digital library resources and maintaining international and national
satndards for maintain quality contents and copyright.

Answ-2 The role of standards and protocals in interoperability and data exchange in digital
libraries:

 Interoperability refers to the ability of systems to work together either to

collaboratively solve a common problem or to enable the work of one or the other
system. There are many reasons for interoperability in digital library systems. At a
conceptual level, it promotes openness or choice. At the lower layers,
interoperability results in savings in time, effort and money. Systems can be
developed to use particular tools and APIs that, if standard, can be interchanged
easily. Data stored and processed by such systems in standard formats will be easier
to handle than proprietary formats, especially in the long term.

 Interoperability frequently is defined as the standardization of either data or formats

or communication protocols.
 Building a digital library requires a number of software and hardware components
and standard interoperability.

Answ-3 COPYRIGHT

 Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights of a author or a writing material
of any person that create and have over their literacy and their artistic works.
 Copyright gives the ownership to the writer about his/her exclusive right to use the
work, with some exceptions. A copyright is a collection of rights that autimatically
 vest to someone who creates an original writing and works of authorship. For
example- literacy work.
 Copyright is the biggest stumbling block in digitalization or developing digital
libraries. It is true that nobody can broke the copyright standards and essential to
maintain the copyright poilicy and rules for developing digital libraries. So, the
copyright standard makes a different type of stumbling block in digitilization of
digital libraries. In curerent time, copyright have systematic values and creating lines
in the developement of digital libraries.
 Coipyright is a right if ownership and is used in print material, digital resource,
audio, video, pictures, safe and sizes and formats.

Answ-4 CREATIVE COMMON LICENSE: Creative common licenses ia license issued by a

copyright owner to allow anyone in the nation and world to use his/ her copyright work in
any manner consistent with that license.

Creative common licenses are essentially standard form license agreement which can be
attached to a work to enable its work under certain circumustances without the need to
contact of author or negotiate terms of use.

There are six types of creatve common licesnse-

1. Attribution

2. Attribution- Share alike

3. Attribution- Non commercial

4. Attribution- No derivations

5. Attribution- Non commercial- Share alikes and

6. Attribution- Non commercial- No derivation

Creative common liscenses is important in promoting open access resources in digital

libraries because each one have open right to access the digital resources with open licencse
of author and any digital library can share and use the rsources to their users and any library
can save the open contents in the library repositeries for the current and future use of
public.

Answ-5 Maintained by the Dublin Core Metdata initiatives (DCMI). Qualified Dublin core
also known as DC terms is an extension of Simple dublin core through the use of additional
elements, element refinements and encoding schemes. The 15 metadata elements used by
dublin core are as follows-

1. Title
2. Creator
3. Subject
4. Description
 5. Publisher
6. Contributor
7. Date
8. Type
9. Format
10. Identifier
11. Source
12. Language
13. Relation
14. Coverage
15. Rights

Answ-1: A library consortium is a group of libraries who share and coordinate activity of
resources and expenditures and consortium is a combination of different kinds of digital
resource repositories for the use of education and research scholar, society peoples and
students.

Many type of consortium are available in India- Academic consortium, cultural consortium,
health and science consortium, technical consortium, social science consortium, and general
knowledge consortium.

Government funded consortium in India-

1. National digital library of india (NDLI)

2. Traditional knowledge digital library (TKDL)
3. NPTEL
4. e-Gyankosh
5. CEC
6. ePG Pathshala
7. NLIT
8. DRDO E-journal Consortium
9. MCIT consortium
10. National knowledge resource consortium
11. UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium
12. DeLCON
13. CeRA
14. 14.SDL
15. 15.INDMED

Answ-2: INDEST-AICTE consortium is a very useful consortium for applied science and
technology organisations research scholars and scientist. It controls technical research
resources for the technical use.

This consortium provides a huge number of journals, articles and videos. This consortium is
developed by the help of IITs service.
Services of INDEST-AICTE consortium.

 e- Journals service
 Digital articles service
 Videos service
 Conference proceeding service
 Key word search service
 Research papers service
 Latest activities in field of science and technology to the users
 Resource sharing facilities

Ans-3: Responsibilities and roles of the national mission for Manuscripts. (NAMAMI)

The national mission for manuscripts is an autonomous organisations that comes under the
ministry of culture that runs and is funded by the government of India and it is working for
the development and establishment for the manuscripts survey, locate and finding,
preservation conserve the Indian manuscripts and to complete the aim to create national
resource repository base for manuscripts for enhancing their access, awareness,
development and processing for the use of education purposes and research.

Ans-4: Sodh Gangotri is a new initiative from "Sodhganga" and it is maintained and
developed by INFLIBNET- Sodhganga, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Sodhgangotri is a open source to
all the research scholars and academic institutions and Indian universities and deposit their
synopsis with an MOU. Sodhgangotri is a digital repository of Ph.D. scholar synopsis of
research topics. It isa huge collection of synopsis which is deposited by different universities
of India.

Sodhgangotri is a unique development by sodhganga and biggest database of synopsis in

the world, it is also repository of thesis. Sodhganga is also the biggest database in the world
and it is very useful for the research scholar and academic institutions.

Ans-5: Electronic repository thesis in India.

1. Vidhyanidhi digital library

2. IndCat
3. Indian institute of science, Bangalore.
4. IIT Delhi
5. IIT Rourkela
6. IMSc digital library
7. Mahatma Gandhi university: Online thesis
8. KrishiPrabha
9. Thesis- Annamalai university
Ans-1The METS schema is astandards for endocng of derscriptive,structural metadata and
administartive regarding objects within the a digital library to create and express the useing
the XML schema language of the world, and useing in world wide web consortiums.it
maintained as part of the MARC standards of the library of congress and is developed as an
inciatives and devloped by Digital Library Federation (DLF)

It is developopend by Digital Library Federation for International standard for audio files ,it
is control the metadata of audio fles and structured in particula palce for storing the audio
file to maintained the audio digital library. METS is high class internation standard to
developed and storing the quality of standards.

Ans-2 Development of Greenstone digital library Sotware: it is developed by the New

Zealand Digital Library projects in the university of Waikato and distributed in cooperation
with UNESCO.

It is open sources multilingual software issued under the terms of the GNU General Public
License.

the aim of the software is to enpower users specifically in the universites libraries and many
public service intitutions libraries the UNESCO playes great role fot the developent of the
software and most of universities are useing this software.

many big organization and company libraries are auing this appliaction for the dgitilization
resources for the better use of its users.

Ans-3 Major digital library initiatives in UK:

1.eLIB

2.CLUMPS

3.COPAC

4.UKLON

5.AGOCG

6.HYLIFE

7.MALIBU

Ans-4 Major digital library initiatves in USA:

USA playes major role in the development of digital library projects and developed many
digital library projects in field of education.

 World Digital Library

 Universla Digital Library
 Project Gutenberg
 Batleby
 ibiblio
 Google books
 Internet Archives
 Open Library

A.Acadamic dgital library

B.Pubkishers digital libraries

C.Universities dIgital

D.School digital Library

E.Major research and developemental organizational digital libraries.

Developers of digital libraries in USA

 GNDEC,
 NSF/ARPA/NASA
 TULIP
 OCLC
 NCSTRL
 RLIN
 Library of Congress Digital library porject

Ans-5 Networked Digital lLibrary of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) project: Electronic
theses and dissertations are digitalizing under this library and NDLTD is an international
oprganisations that promotes, create, access and preserve electronic theses and
dissertations from the different academic institutions all over the world. The NDLTD
provides the union catalogue access to over millions electronic dissertations and theses and
dissertations. It is the world biggest repository of digital library theses and dissertation.
Major universities of world are the member of the NDLTD which is providing digital content
and educational theses and dissertation to the users on a free basis. Total NDLTD covered
524 universities of USA, International universities 512 and institutions 156 and NDLTD is
playing a major role in the accessibility of digital resources to the researchers.

Answ-1: PLoS: It is a non-profit open access science, technology and medicine publishers with the
library of open access journals and other technical and scientific literature and controlled under an
open-content license. It covers open access resources to the public and library use. The first journal
launched with a name of PLOS Biology in October 2003 and since 2003 to October 2015 it had
published seven journals. It is a organisation based platform and maintained by San Francisco,
Calfornia and editorial office is located in Cambridge, Great Britain. Primarily it was funded by the
authors.

Ans-2: OAPEN : It is a open access publishing in European networks. It was developed in 30 months
through a project which is funded by European Union in the form of e-contents, e-contentplus
program 2008-2010. OAPEN (Online library publication platform) provides the academic books and
other resources free of cost for the academic use for the scholars and easily accessible in libraries. It
have a great infrastructure and collection of academic books for the use of scholars, OAPEN also
disseminating Metadata to the libraries and library discovering systems and all the academic books
are registered under the Directory of Open Access books (DOAB).

Ans-3: Open corseware is a open and free digital publication contents of literature and
freely worldwide available to online lectures, readings and further use of society. These
openwares are very useful for academic use, research use, Educational benifits, Project
developements and new innovation.

Worldwide open courseware- Many course open wares are availble for the users and
scholars and most of the unoversities and organisations are taking initiatives for providing
open corse to the public. Some of them are given as below:

 MIT open courseware

 Tufts OCW
 OER
 US Online courseware
 British online Courseware
 U-Now
 ePG-Pathshala
 Swayam
 NPTEL
 eGyankosh
 SDL
 CEC

Ans-4: OaISTER is an online combined biblographic catalogue of open access material

aggregated using OAI-MPH. OaISTER data is Developed and collected from digital open
Archive initiatives for digital libraries, Institutional repositories and digital resources stored
for the use, the gateways of metadata created for the worldwide use.

OaISTER database-OCLC is freely searchable only for OaISTER records and it is searched by
millions of users and help the society searches for Union catalogue and biblographic
records.

Ans-5: List of open access types-

1. Open-access Digital books

2. Open access digital journals
 3. Open access audios and videos
4. Open access manuscripts
5. Open access LD and Thesis
6. Cultural open access resource
7. Historical open digital resource

Popular open access database/links-

1. Open access directory of journals(OADJ)

2. Open access directory of books(OADB)
3. OAPEN
4. National digital library of India(NSDL)
5. Digital library of india
6. Electronic books.
7. TKDL
8. SDL
9. MetaMed
10. MedIndia
11. PubMed
12. DeLCON
13. MCIT consortium
14. NKRC

Many publishers of the world are also providing many number of content (Books and
journals) free of cost openly to the libraries and the users.

Ans-1: Digital library gives us the multiple resource access in a systematic and
authorized manner and provide content for study and education to the users. Digital
library is a set of digital resources which is potentially created with the help of
different technical and programming procedures and gives us quality and multiple
contents of information to the users.
Google and World Wide Web have diiferent kind of digital contents and is easily
available anywhere but these digital resources contents are not perfect like digital
library, these platforms are not providing specific kind of searches and resources to
the society. WWW have huge collection of digital information, therefore a user
cannot identify the useful information in minimum possible time.

Ans-2: DIFFERENECE BETWEEN ELECTRONIC, HYBRID, VIRTUAL, AND DIGITAL

LIBRARY.
HYBRID LIBRARY: Hybrid library are the mixes of traditional printed material like
books, magazines and journals and it also have electronic based material such as
electronic journals, e-books and audio books etc.
 ELECTRONIC LIBRARY: Electronic library have different kind of resources in the library
in the digital form as well as in online didgital library database. Online library is
connected with internet and many digital objects and resources, documents
accessible through the iternet inside the library and outside the library.
VIRTUAL LIBRARY: Virtual library is also in online library format and internet library,
digital repository and online database of digital objects and is virtually used in
different kind of resources like audio, video, still image, digital documents and other
digital media formats.
DIGITAL LIBRARY: Digital library is a set of different kind of digital resources which is
used in online format with the help of internet and it covers different kind of digital
resources like books, journals, thesis and dissertations, manuscripts, newspapres etc.

Ans-3: Factors that led to the evpolution of the digitral library:

There are many factors that led to the evolution of digital library.

 In the beggining of 1945, famous pairs of foresser scientists like Vannever Bush and
J.C.R. Lickider identifying and pursuing the goal of innovative tecgnologies and
approaches towards knowledge sharing as fundamental sharing of process.
 In the begginig of 1960 the literature growth was very high and it was difficult to
identify and classify the information to the users in a particular time, therefore many
techniques and technology developed for solvinf the problems with the help of
digital kind of technology.
 The evolution of digital libraries has not came from many contributions and it is a
characteristics of primary discipline of how to maintain information in set of digital
formats. An important example of system conseived to respond to concreteneed
wenton-line starting in August 1991.
 The system originally named E-print archives.
 Different research projects evolution and knowledge developement.
 Demand for the time saving of researchers and scholars.
 Digital library evolution is a developement of infromation technology and refined
literature searches.
 The evolution emerged from generation to generation.

Ans-4: Basic Characteristics of the New Zealand library:

The goal of the New Zealand library project is to explore potential of internet based digital
libray through which we mean a large collection of a predominantly textual documents,
physical dispersed on compiters with world over. New Zealand digital library is accessible
through the uniform interface that allows information to be located and used.

The New Zealand library project is a research program in computer science departement at
Waikato University in New Zealand and it is developing technology for the developement of
digital libraries.
This library is giving the technical aspects for the digital library projects all over the world.
NZDL is also investigating the technical issues and indexing the materials for the use of
different experimental progarms.

It is providing worldwide full text indexs of collection information. Full text retrival and
searching facility is available for users and working like a search engine.

Ans-5: Access restriction in digital library: Restriction mangement of resources in digital

library is a technique through which we can limit the choices on the program reading list.
Some library blocks access to certain materials by plalcing physical or virtual barriers
between users and those materials.

Physical restrictuons and filtering of library resources and services mau generate
psychological service or language skills barriers to access as well. Because restricted material
often deal with controversial, unusual or sensitive subjects having to ask a library worker for
the acces to them maybe embarisiing for patrons desiring access.

Libraries have policies for digital library resource acccess and carefully applying on the use
of resources. Different resources in labraries have different kind of restrictions and it
depends upon the variety of the users and the resources.

Assignment 11

Ans-1

Method of organization of contents in digital library:

1.Selsction of documents and scanning

2.Storage and management

3.Search and access

4.Distribution and separation

5.Right management

Digital Library contents are developed with help of different kind of procedure and techniques and
requires many tools for organizing contents in digital library, like computers, server, internet,
storage device, networking and databases management tools software professional staff.

Different digital contents of digital library:

 E-Books
 Online Journals
 E-Picture
 E-Articles
 LD/Thesis
 Digital Manuscripts
  Digital Audio records
 Digital Video records

Ans-2. Hathi Trust Digital Library Various Search and browse facilities:

It is very popular digital library and have all the facilities in the application /OPAC for the public and a
users easily can make good use of the Hathi trust Digital Library

This library have big no of collection (17.4 million volumes,8.41 millions titles,6 billion images etc)
and have good search browsing service to the users.

Search- Basic search: through this search users can search literature and research materials ,simply
work like google and present the demanded resources on the a Sigle clicks and users can easily see
and download the materials for fulfilling the need.

Advance search : in the advance search user can specify the search with different terms of demand
and this search methodology based on Boolean search operator.

Through the browser and search a display seen with different contents on the screen and
these contents are very useful for viewing the specific kind of materials.

Title, images of resources, contents, citation information of resources.

Ans-3

Different IPR Laws and applicable on Digital Library Contents:

Intellectual property right law refers to the legal rights given the inventors or creator to
protect his invention or creation for a certain period of time ,these legal rights given the strong
power to stop the duplicate contents in copyright .

 Copyrights
 Patents
 Trademarks
 Trade secrets

Digital library mainly have concern with copyrights act and this law gives strength to the works of
author and publishing industries . this law protect the property of author and publication for time
and have special kind of approval before using ideas and materials for any other use in the digital
libraries.

This saves the collection and databases in r of intellectual property rights.

Ans-4

Importance of digital Library: Digital library gives the access of multiple resources access to
multiple hands to anybody and anywhere in the world. Digital library using as dynamic tools in the
current education system and in the time of COVID-19 Digital library usage dynamically increase and
save the many life the time of critical situations so digital library becomes a health saver in all over
the world.

Digital Library Importance:

  Multiple use of resources
 Easily accessible and user friendly
 Times saving tools
 Mem power saver
 During COVID-19 becomes work as life saver to society
 Financial supportive and helpful
 Innovative and creative nature
 Providing pin-pointed information for researcher
 Space saving and digital control

Ans-5

Digital Library Services also called online library services and all digital librsry services are very useful
and two most important service are:

Online digital Document service: this service of digital library service is covers many kind of
documents in digital form for the user of society and the different kind of users on day today basis.
this online digital document service is very useful.

 Digital journals
 Digital books
 Digital thesis/dissertations
 Documents files
 Manuscripts
 Digital Newspapers
 Articles
 Speech
 News letters
 Reports
 Directories
 Catalogues
 Bibliographies
 Maps and charts
 Clinical materials
 Events informations
 Conference proceedings
 Interviews

Digital Media Service:

This service of digital library contains many type of diogital formats and resoucrs.

 Films
 CD’S
 DVD’S
 Digital Pictures
 Microfilms
 Audio files
  Slides
 Biopics

Ans-1

Method of organization of contents in digital library:

1.Selsction of documents and scanning

2.Storage and management

3.Search and access

4.Distribution and separation

5.Right management

Digital Library contents are developed with help of different kind of procedure and techniques and
requires many tools for organizing contents in digital library, like computers, server, internet,
storage device, networking and databases management tools software professional staff.

Different digital contents of digital library:

 E-Books
 Online Journals
 E-Picture
 E-Articles
 LD/Thesis
 Digital Manuscripts
 Digital Audio records
 Digital Video records

Ans-2. Hathi Trust Digital Library Various Search and browse facilities:

It is very popular digital library and have all the facilities in the application /OPAC for the public and a
users easily can make good use of the Hathi trust Digital Library

This library have big no of collection (17.4 million volumes,8.41 millions titles,6 billion images etc)
and have good search browsing service to the users.

Search- Basic search: through this search users can search literature and research materials ,simply
work like google and present the demanded resources on the a Sigle clicks and users can easily see
and download the materials for fulfilling the need.

Advance search : in the advance search user can specify the search with different terms of demand
and this search methodology based on Boolean search operator.
Through the browser and search a display seen with different contents on the screen and these
contents are very useful for viewing the specific kind of materials.

Title, images of resources, contents, citation information of resources.

Ans-3

Different IPR Laws and applicable on Digital Library Contents:

Intellectual property right law refers to the legal rights given the inventors or creator to protect his
invention or creation for a certain period of time ,these legal rights given the strong power to stop
the duplicate contents in copyright .

 Copyrights
 Patents
 Trademarks
 Trade secrets

Digital library mainly have concern with copyrights act and this law gives strength to the works of
author and publishing industries . this law protect the property of author and publication for time
and have special kind of approval before using ideas and materials for any other use in the digital
libraries.

This saves the collection and databases in r of intellectual property rights.

Ans-4. Alert service is a type of user account in a database and information service that
automatically sends email notifications about new citations and new contents. Mostly information
databases giving alerts to its users in different types.

1. Email alert service

2. SMS alert service
3. Text messaging alert services
4. Table of contents alert services
5. Research alert services.
6. RSS feed or web feed service.
7. Infomine alert services.
8. ticTOCs alert services.
9. Diagnosis alert services.
10. Recent additions alert services.

Ans-5. Requirement for institutional repository-

There are many types of hardware, software and managing tools are provided for developin
institutional repository in digital archiving forms for educational and academic use. These are as
follows:

Softwares: Repository is a central place to keep resource that users can pull from when
necessary.
  Operating system
 Open sorce softwares i.e, DSpace
 GreenStone
 OCR
 DBMS
 Firewall protection.
 Anti-Virus
 Linux Cloud storage

 Eprints free software

 Fedora
 DuraSpace
 Archimeds

Hardwares:

 Computers
 Scanners
 Internet
 Networking
 Server
 Peripheral devices
 Printer
 Modem
 Routers
 Camera
 UPS

Another requirement for institutional repository can be taken as professional liveware or

humanware.

Ans-1: Functional Architecture of DRM: Functional architecture is a structure for digital right
management. The overall DRM framework suited to building digital rights enabled system
can be modeled in three areas-

1. Intellactual property
2. Asset creation
3. Capturing of data

DRM have IP asset creation, IP management and IP asset usage. Each part of DRM further
have more processes.

1. IP asset creation
 A. Right validation

B. Right creation

C. Right work flow

2. IP asset management

A. Repository- A.1 Contents, A.2 Metadata A.2.1 Parties, A.2.2 Rights, A.2.3 Works

B. Trading- B.1 Payments, B.2 Fulfillment, B.3 Packaging B.1.1 Licenses.

3. IP asset usage

A. Permission mangement

B. Tracking management

ANS-2: Security mechanism for Unauthorized users- A database or digital library have big
problem to protect data from unathorized users for controling the security mechanism of
digital right management. A multiuser database system must selectively permit users to
share and use data, while retaining the ability to restrict data access.

A content based authorization data protection mechanism is also used for digital library
security mechanism.

 Encrypting network traffic inside the system.

 Encryption-at -rest
 Two step authentication
 Usage policy creation as per the need of authorization and security mechanism.
 Identification and authentication.
 Permitted operations and access.
 Law and agreements with information managers.
 Geographical location networking.
 Authorized subscription.
 MOU agreements

Ans-3: Difference between OpenAthen and Shibboleth:

Shibboleth is usually installed and managed by an institution or publisher. OpenAthens

supports many of the same standards, including SAML but is delivered as a cloud-based
solution, supported by a service desk and team of technical specialists who are on hand to
assist with setup, integration, and operation.OpenAthens supports many of the same
standards, including SAML but is delivered as a cloud-based solution, supported by a service
desk and team of technical specialists who are on hand to assist with setup, integration, and
operation. OpenAthens and Shibboleth can happily interoperate, as they are based on many
of the same international standards.
Ans-4: Key features of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT)

 WCT is a special agreement oin the Berne convention that deals with the protection
of work and right of their authors in the digital environment.
 The treaty obliges contacting parties to provide legal remedies against the
circumvention of technological measures used bu the authors in connection with the
exercise of their rights.
 It removes alternative information from the treaty.
 The Treaty also deals with two subject matters to be protected by copyright:
(i) computer programs, whatever the mode or form of their expression; and
(ii) compilations of data or other material ("databases").
 It protect different types of format and copyrights.
 It also gives the standard metadata information for IPR in WCT.

Ans-5: Digital Signature and Digital watermarking for authentication of digital content:
This system provides the special and core security to the data and some are the special give
below-

 Signer authentication- Proof of who actually signed the document i.e, Digital
signatures that is linking user's signature for actual identification of entity.
 Data Integrity- Proof that the document has not been changes since the signing.
 Non-Repudation.
 It prevents the duplicacy in the documents.
 It provides security mechanism for actual user identification.

Ans-1: BASIC FUNCTION OF PRESERVATION PLANNING

Preservation planning is a process in which the journal and in specific kind of needs for the
care of collections are determined. Priorities are established and resources for
implementation are identified.

1. Identifying triggers for taking action to preserve digital materials

2. Building a knowledge base to inform preservation activities
3. Implementations of a preservation planning service
4. Saving materials for future use.
5. It helps to protect the data from being lost.
6. Useful for research work.
7. It is helpful in the archive’s records and information.
8. Digital preservation saves the time for search.

Ans-2: Major challenges of Content in digital preservation-

1. It is easier to make unnoticed changes to digital contents.

2. Fragility of storage media.
3. New formats.
 4. Problems of technology obsoletion.
5. Major challenge in digital content duplicity.
6. It can easily be theft and damaged.
7. Digital contents can easily manipulate.
8. Storage media
9. Data migration challenge
10. Data conversion.
11. Authentication
12. Cost of contents.
13. Awareness about the contents.

Ans-3: SELECTION CRITERIA TO FILTER THE DATA.

A strategy with defined selection priorities for digitization is critical, and should consider
both preservation and access. factors to consider are:

1. the value of materials;

2. the condition of materials;
3. use of materials; and
4. material characteristics ensuring a high level of success.
5. Research need to filter the contents
6. Adopt high level technology.
7. Accuracy level.
8. Cost effectiveness

Ans-4: OCR (optical character recognition) is the use of technology to distinguish printed or
handwritten text characters inside digital images of physical documents, such as a scanned
paper document. The basic process of OCR involves examining the text of a document and
translating the characters into code that can be used for data processing. OCR is sometimes
also referred to as text recognition.

The process of OCR is most commonly used to turn hard copy legal or historic documents
into PDFs. Once placed in this soft copy, users can edit, format and search the document as
if it was created with a Word processor.

Ans-5: MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR DIGITAL PRESERVATION.

In the current time the information is growing very fast and dynamically. So, it is very critical
that how to select the right information and content for preservation.

Digital technology is also dynamically changing day by day, therefore digital preservation
mediums are obsoleting. Proactive life cycle of management is scientifically changing and it
isa big problem in digital preservation.

Integrity and validation- It is very easy to make unnoticed change in digital content than to
traditional objects. This change may effect the digital preservation.
Fragility of storage media- The integrity of storage media for digital materials diminishes at
more rapid pace than analog archival storage.

New formats- New formats are developing very fast. So it is a big problem in the
preservation because the technology changing preservations procedures.

Ans-1

Comparisons between three opens sources digital library software DSpace, Greenstone and Eprints

Features DSpace Greenstone Eprints

Developed by DuraSpace in Three party developed it University of Southern
Human Info.
NGO,UNESCO,Universirt
y of waitkato
Suitable Platform (OS) Window NT/XP/2000/ Wimndow Window NT/XP/2000/
Unix/Linux and MAC OS- 98/95/XP/2000\ Linux and Solar
X POSIX Linux,Unix
Language Java and JSP C++,Java,Perl Perl
Associated software JAVA JDK5/Apache Apache Web Server,web Cross-platform,
Tomcat 4.x/5.x magic software GPL-3.0 0R Later
Databases (DBMS) Its own Postgre SQL
Metadata format Dublin Core (qualified Dublin core /METS
Dublin Core (Qualified) and
METS unqualified) METS

Muntimedia support DSpace provides a Greenstone permits provides a flexible data

flexible data creation of object modal. It does not
object modal. It does not non-textual content such allow
allow as construction of very
construction of very audio, video, and different
different pictures objects with
objects with accompanied by textual independent
independent description or metadata metadata sets
metadata sets due to its to allow
database oriented searching and browsing
architecture.

Z39.50 Support yes no yes

Statistical reporting yes yes yes
Multilingual Support Unicode character Greenstone provides Xml.html templates/XML
encoding, so ready-to-
different languages can use multilingual
be support interfaces that
are already translated in
many

Ans-2 Briesf about the customization of interface of DSpace and Greenston:

GSDL has two interfaces, namely Web-based and Java-based. First one operates within a
web browser, and allows end users to access the digital contents so that patrons can browse,
search and navigate into hierarchical objects using table of contents. Despite, presentation
of documents or search results may differ depending on specified XSLTs. This option
allows users to be liberal on searching through the collections. Secondly, Java-based
interface, called as ‘Greenstone Librarian Interface’, provides facility to manage documents
and collections by the administrator, perhaps a librarian.

Customization and modification of web based interfaces of both systems involves editing of CSS style sheets,
HTML tags and image files, etc. GSDL allows customization of presentation of collection that are based on
EXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) and other agents that govern the definite functions of
Digital library. In this regard during the customization HTML tags can be incorporated on GSDL which facilitate
complete modification of user interface. As a result of which, collections can be hyperlinked on the digital
library webpage, without navigating to different interfaces separately. On contrary, DSpace does not provide
this avenue at present.

 Collection Development
 Data export and Import
 User friendly
 Easity to use and can be custumized
 Searching and browsing

Ans-3 Brief About Greenstone Digital Library Software:

Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a way of
organizing information and publishing it on the web or on removable media such as DVD and USB flash drives.
Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and
developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO. It is open-source,
multilingual software, issued under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Read the Greenstone
Factsheet for more information.

The aim of the Greenstone software is to empower users, particularly in universities, libraries, and other public
service institutions, to build their own digital libraries. Digital libraries are radically reforming how information
is disseminated and acquired in UNESCO's partner communities and institutions in the fields of education,
science and culture around the world, and particularly in developing countries. We hope that this software will
encourage the effective deployment of digital libraries to share information and place it in the public domain.
Further information can be found in the book How to build a digital library, authored by three of the group's
members.

FEATURES The GSDL software is an open source software available from the New Zealand Digital Library
(www.nzdl.org) under the terms of GNU, general public library license. Greenstone CD-ROMs have been
published by the United Nations and other agencies for distribution in developing countries. Some of the
features of the software are:  NT/2000) and Unix (Linux Sun OS) any of these systems can be used as a web
server.  The administration function builds in itenables the items to authorize new users to build collection,
protect documents so that they can only be accessed by registered users on presentation of password.  It
builds collection with effective full-text searching and metadatabased browsing facilities. Collection containing
millions of documents, up to several gigabytes can be built. Full-text searching is fast because compression is
used to reduce the size of the indexes and text users can browse the list of authors, titles, date, class no., etc 
Plug Ins can be written to accommodate new document types, the collection can contain pictures, music,
audio, video clips, etc. It also supports multilingual documents

Ans-4.
Some selected DLs software which are using by different organization are given below

• Greenstone
Greenstone is a suite of software tools for building and distributing digital library collections on the Internet or
CD-ROM. It is open-source, multilingual software, issued under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and has been
developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO in Belgium. It is open –
source multilingual software, with user interface, search browsing , eassy customization and issued under the
terms of the GNU General Public Licence. ( http:// www.greenstone.org).

• DSpace

DSpace is an open source repository software package typically used for creating open access repositories for
scholarly and/or published digital content. While DSpace shares some feature overlap with content
management systems and document management systems, the DSpace repository software serves a specific
need as a digital archives system, focused on the long-term storage, access and preservation of digital content.
The first public version of DSpace was released in November 2002, as a joint effort between developers from
MIT and HP Labs.[1] Following the first user group meeting in March 2004, a group of interested institutions
formed the DSpace Federation, which determined the governance of future software development by
adopting the Apache Foundation's community development model as well establishing the DSpace Committer
Group. In July 2007 as the DSpace user community grew larger, HP and MIT jointly formed the DSpace
Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that provided leadership and support. In May 2009 collaboration on
related projects and growing synergies between the DSpace Foundation and the Fedora Commons
organization led to the joining of the two organizations to pursue their common mission in a not-for-profit
called DuraSpace. Currently the DSpace software and user community receives leadership and guidance from
DuraSpace.

• Eprints Eprints is generic archive software under development by the University of Sothampton. It is
intended to create a highly configurable web-based archive. Eprints primery goal is to be set up as an open
archive for research papers, but it could be easily used for other things such as image, research data, audio
archives – anything that can be stored digitally by making changes in configuration. It works on Linux operating
system and it needs MySQL, Perl modules and Apache webserver

Digital repository created by OSS in India The following institution created digital repository by Using Dspace
Software;

• Indian National Science Academy (INSA): INSA has created a digital repository for the publication of INSA
and its members .

• National Chemical Laboratory (NCL): NCL repository collects, preserves and disseminates in digital format
the research output created by the NCL research community.

Ans-5

1 .Shodhganga

Shodhganga" is the name coined to denote digital repository of Indian Electronic Theses and Dissertations set-
up by the INFLIBNET Centre. The word "Shodh" originates from Sanskrit and stands for research and discovery.
The "Ganga" is the largest and longest of all rivers in Indian subcontinent. The Ganga is the symbol of India's
age-long culture and civilisation. Shodhganga stands for the reservoir of Indian intellectual output stored in a
repository.

The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET is set-up using an open source digital repository software DSpace developed by
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in partnership between Hewlett- Packard (HP).
Shodhganga provides a platform for research scholars to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the
entire scholarly community in open access. The repository has the ability to capture, index, store, disseminate
and preserve ETDs (Electronic Theses and Dissertations) submitted by the researchers.

Universities in India are also focussing on the issues of plagiarism in research. Many workshops and reference
management tools trainings have been organised by various Universities in India.

2.ETD@IISc: This is the digital repository of theses and dissertations of Indian Institute of science, Bangalore,
India. It complements ePrints@IISc, the research publications repository of IISc. • IIT Delhi : This is a digital
repository of Indian Institute of Technology Delhi research and electronic submission of Theses and
Dissertations [ETD]. There is another digital collection at Eprints@Cental Library, IIT Delhi.

3.University of Hydrabad : This is digital repository of University of Hydrabad for its different departments.

4Librarian’s Digital Library[LDL] : This library has developed by DRTC, which contains full text of papers /
articles related to Indian library and librarianship. Presently it contains full text papers submitted in DRTC
seminars, papers submitted by LIS professionals and students theses / dissertations. In future it is having plan
to include conference proceedings of Indian LIS association.

5.Vidyanidhi : It is planning to develop repository for Indian doctoral thesis. At present it provides access to
metadata of Indian thesis. The project is based at Department of Library and Information Science, Mysore
University, Mysore.

Ans-1 Digital libraries are the library in which the information data are kept in digital format
and electronic format for the use of library users. Many kinds of online digital information
databases and consortiums are available for information use all over the world.
"A Digital Library (also referred to as digital library) is a special library with a focused
collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video
material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other
media), along with means for organizing, storing."
Digital libraries in India-
1. National digital library of India.
2. Directory of open access book. (DOAB)
3. World digital library.
4. Project Gutenberg.
5. Open digital library.
Ans-2 Log analysis is a practical approach to illustrate usage patterns, in particular how users
interact with digital libraries. Digital libraries were not frequently used compared with other
types of online resources, especially in the early age of digital library development.
Log analysis evaluates the functions of the digital library and manipulates data to help users.
Log analysis organizes and extracts information from the logs.
Most commonly, the log analysis evaluates in the form of:
 Normalization,
 Pattern Recognition,
 Classification and tagging,
 Correlation analysis.
Log analysis also helps in the identification of information tax. It also helps in system activity
logs, Application logs, Physical security logs, networking logs, email logs, firewall logs and
technical logs.
Ans-3 Events evaluated in a digital library- Many kinds of technical and operational criteria
are used for digital library evaluation such as-
  Ease of use
 Overall appeal
 Usefulness
 Performance of digital library
 Time-saving and accuracy
 Pinpointed search.
 Refine information data protection.
 Contents identifiaction.
Ans-4 The evaluation of digital libraries has benefited from an effort to establish theoretical
frameworks. The model that is proposed is based on techniques centred on the user. The
focus is on defining the structure of the analysis, establishing evaluation levels and criteria,
and verifying these through an evaluation process, carried out by a group of end-users. The
user activity identified, and which was the subject of the study, is the process of creating,
enriching and configuring a collection for a digital library. A basic evaluation instrument was
designed, which combined closed and guided questionnaires with the collection and study
of individual opinions of users in the test groups.
Ans-5 Stages in digital library evaluation-
Digital library formed with the help of different stages, and each stage has a specific kind of
value for the evaluation of digital library in all over the world. It is essential to systematically
follow and maintain all the parameters for the development and evaluation of a digital
library.
Forms and stages of evaluation
1. Formative
2. Summative
3. Interactive
4. Comparative evaluation.
5. Digital library framework
6. Research focused
7. Usability
8. Information retrieval
9. Research methods
10. Log analysis
11. Data analysis
12. Finalization and functions.