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Periodic Properties and Chemical Bonding

Chapter- 3
Chapter Outline

1. Classification of the elements based on electronic configuration.

i) Electronic configuration
ii) Position of elements in the periodic table
iii) Special name of different group
vi) General properties of the elements of various block(s, p, d and f)
v) Explanation of the characteristics of transition elements
2. Periodic properties of elements
i. Atomic size
ii. Metallic Properties
iii. Non-metallic Properties For details click on;
iv. Ionization potential Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/hossainacademy69
v. Electron Affinity Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@hossainacademy69
vi. Electronegativity
vii. Melting and Boiling point
viii. Valency
ix. Acid-Base properties of 2nd and 3rd period elements.
x. Diagonal relationship of elements
3. Chemical Bonds
i. Ionic and Covalent bond
ii. Co-ordinate covalent bond: Multiple bonds in a compound
iii. Classification of covalent bond (Sigma and Pi bond)
iv. Hybridization of orbital
5. Ionic characteristics of covalent compound: Effect of electronegativity
6. Covalent characteristics of ionic compound: Polarization/ Fazan’s rule
7. Vander Waal’s Force: Inter molecular force
8. Hydrogen bond
9. Nomenclature (Naming) of inorganic compounds

Reminder:
Chemistry is a concept based subject. So, without having fundamental knowledge you cannot understand
chemistry. So, always try to remember the following topics;

1) Atomic number and mass number of elements (1-30)

2) Examples of metal, non-metal and metalloid.
3) Valency Metal: Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc-Zn
4) Radicals Non-metal: H, C, N, O, F, P, S, Cl
5) Rules of writing molecular formula Metalloid: B, Si, As, Ga, Ge
6) Electronic configuration
7) Memorize the elements of group-1, 2, 6, 10-18 in the periodic table.
8) Concept of acid and base (Arhenius, Lewis and Protonic concept)
9) Concept of oxidation and reduction (Modern and old concept)
10) Electronegativity

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Electronic configuration:
ss ps ps dps dps fdps fdps

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
2 10 18 36 54 86 118

Exceptions of electronic configuration:

Electronic Configuration According
Elements Real Electronic Configuration
to Aufbau Principle
Cr (24) [Ar] 3d4 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Mo (42) [Kr] 3d4 4s2 [Kr] 3d5 4s1
W (74) [Ar] 3d4 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s1
Cu (29) [Ar] 3d9 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s1
Ag (47) [Kr] 3d9 4s2 [Kr] 3d10 4s1
Au (79) [Xe] 3d9 4s2 [Xe] 3d10 4s1
La (57) [Xe] 4f15d06s2 [Xe] 4f05d16s2
Ac (89) [Rn] 5f16d07s2 [Rn] 5f06d17s2
Th (90) [Rn] 5f26d07s2 [Rn] 5f06d27s2

Determination of position of elements (period and group) in the periodic table:

Determination of Period:
 Maximum quantum number / Number of shell during electronic configuration indicate period
Determination of Group:
 If last electron enter “s” orbital then electron of “s” orbital indicate group.
 If last electron enter “p” orbital then electron of “s orbital + p orbital + 10” indicate
group(s+p+10).
 If last electron enter “d” orbital then electron of “(d+s)” orbital indicate group.
 If last electron enter “f’’ orbital then the elements belong to group-3

Last electron → s orbital → electron of s orbital → group

Last electron → p orbital → electron of (s+p+10) orbital → group
Last electron → d orbital → electron of (d + s) orbital → group
Last electron → f orbital → group-3

Example:
Na (11)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Period: 3 Group: 1
Ca (20)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 Period: 4 Group: 2

C (6)- 1s2 2s2 2p2 Period: 2 Group: 14

As (33)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3 Period: 4 Group: 15

Fe (26)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Period: 4 Group: 8
Zn (30)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 Period: 4 Group: 12

Ce ( 58)- [Xe] 4f2 6s2 Period: 6 Group: 3

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Special name of different group:

Group-1 → Alkali metal → Forms alkali reacting with metal
Group-2 → Alkaline earth metal → Form alkali reacting with metal and mostly found in earth surface
Group-11 → Coin metal → Used to prepare coin
Group-15 → Pnictogen → Creates breathing problem
Group-16 → Chalcogen → Ore forming
Group-17 → Halogen → salt maker
Group-18 → Inert gas / Noble gas/ Rare gas

Concept of Acid and Base

Arrhenius Concept
Acid: The chemical substances which produce hydrogen ion(H+) in aqueous solution are called acid.
For example, HCl is an acid, because it produces hydrogen ion(H+) in water.
HCl +H2O → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
For the same reason HBr, HF, HI, H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, HClO4 are acids too.

Base: The chemical substances which produce hydroxyl ion (OH-) in aqueous solution are called base.
For example, NaOH is a base, because it produces hydroxyl ion (OH-) in water.
NaOH +H2O → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

For the same reason, Na2O, CaO,MgO, Mg(OH)2, NH4OH are bases.

Bronsted-lowery Concept

Acid: The chemical substances which are able to donate proton (H+) are called acid.
For example, if NH3 reacts with HCl, HCl is capable to donate a proton to NH3. Hence, according to this
concept, HCl is an acid.
NH3 + HCl → NH4+ + Cl-
Acid Base
Base: The substances which are able to accept proton (H+) are called base.
For example, if HNO3 reacts with H2O, H2O is capable to accept a proton from HNO3. Hence, according to
this concept, H2O is a base.
HNO3 +H2O → NO3- + H3O+
Acid Base

Lewis Concept

Acid: The compounds which can accept a pair of electron from other compound are called acid.
For example; AlCl3, BF3, SO3, FeCl3 etc. are Lewis acid because they can accept a pair of electron. The
central atom of these compounds do not have complete octet.

Base: The compounds which can donate a pair of electron to other compound are called base.
For example; NH3, H2O, R-OH etc. are Lewis base because they can donate a pair of electron.

H3N: + BF3 → H3N: →BF3

Base Acid

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Oxide: The compounds which are formed by the combination of oxygen with other element are called
oxide.
Oxides are 9 types:
1. Acidic Oxide 4. Neutral Oxide 7. Super Oxide
2. Basic Oxide 5. Per-Oxide 8. Sub-Oxide
3. Amphoteric Oxide 6. Poly Oxid 9. Mixed Oxide

1. Acidic Oxide: The non metallic oxides that react with water to produce acid and react with base to
produce salt are called acidic oxide.
Example: SO2, SO3, Cl2O7, P2O5, CO2, SiO2.
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
SO3 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
2. Basic Oxide: The metallic oxides that react with water to produce base and react with acid to produce salt
are called basic oxide. Example: Na2O, MgO, CaO, BaO
Na2O + H2O → NaOH
CaO + HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
3. Amphoteric Oxide: The metallic oxide which react with both acid and base to produce salt and water are
called amphoteric oxide. Example: Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, SnO2 etc.
Al2O3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2O
Base Acid
Al2O3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + H2O
Acid Base

ZnO + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O

ZnO + NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2O

PbO + HCl → PbCl2 + H2O

PbO + NaOH → Na2PbO2 + H2O

SnO2 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2O

SnO2 + NaOH → Na2SnO3 + H2O
4. Neutral Oxide: The non metallic oxides which do not react with acid or base i.e do not show acidic or
basic properties are called neutral oxide. Example: CO, NO, N2O, H2O.
5. Per-oxide Oxide: The oxides where the number of oxygen is more than that of acidic and basic oxide and
reacts with dilute acid to produce hydrogen per-oxide are called per-oxide.
Na2O2 + HCl → H2O2 + NaCl
K2O2 + HCl → H2O2 + KCl
BaO2 + HCl → H2O2 + BaCl2
6. Poly Oxide: The oxides where the number of oxygen is more than that of acidic and basic oxide and do
not produce hydrogen per-oxide reacting with dilute acid are called poly oxide.
PbO2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + O2 + H2O
MnO2 + HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
7. Super Oxide: The oxide where the number of oxygen is more than that of per-oxide and poly oxide are
called super oxide. Example; KO2, NaO2 etc.
8. Sub Oxide: The oxides where the number of oxygen is less than that of normal oxide are called sub
oxide. Example; Pb2O
9. Mixed Oxide: The oxides that contain cations of a single element in different oxidation state are called
mixed oxide. Example: Fe3O4 (FeO + Fe2O3), Pb3O4( 2PbO + PbO2) , Mn2O4( 2MnO + MnO2) etc.
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Classification elements based on electronic configuration:

Based on electronic configuration elements are classified into 4 blocks. Such as;
1. s- block elements
2. p- block elements
3. d- block elements
4. f- block elements
s-block element: The elements whose last electron enters s-orbital are called s-block element.
Li- 1s2 2s1
Mg-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Elements of group-1(alkali metal) and group-2(alkaline earth metal) and helium (total 14) belong to this
block. General electronic configuration of valence shell of this block is ns1 and ns2. Total element of this
block is 14.
Characteristics of s-block elements:
1. Melting point and boiling point of these elements are less.
2. They are soft metal. Sodium can cut with knife
3. The ionization energy of this element is very low.
4. They form cation by donating electron.
5. They act as reducing agent.
6. They are highly electropositive
7. Elements of this block (Except Be and Mg) show various color in flame test.

p-block elements: The elements whose last electron enters p-orbital are called p-block element. Elements
of group13-18(Except He) in the periodic table belong to this block. The total number of p-block elements is
36. General electronic configuration of valence shell of this block is ns2 np1-6. P-block elements are known
as representative elements.
Inter halogen compound: When less electronegative halogen
C-1s2 2s2 2p2
form covalent bond with more electronegative halogen to
Cl-1s2 2s2 2p6 3s22p5 produce covalent compound then they are called inter-halogen
compound. Example: IF5, IF7.
Characteristics of p-block elements:
1. Most of the elements are non metal, few are metalloid, Al and Pb are metals.
2. Most of the p-block element are electronegative.
3. Apart from metals, elements are non conductor of heat and electricity.
4. Most of the element variable oxidation number
5. They work as both of oxidizing and reducing agent.
6. They form colored and colorless compounds.
d-block elements: The elements whose last electron enters d-orbital are called d-block element.
The total number of d-block element is 41. General electronic configuration of valence shell of this block is
(n-1)d1-10 ns1-2.

Characteristics of d-block elements:

1. All d-block elements are heavy metal.
2. d-block elements have high melting and boiling point.
3. d-block elements are hard and solid (Except; Mercury, mp: -38.840C)
4. They are good conductors of heat and electricity
5. The ionization energy of d-block elements is higher than that of s-block elements but lower than that of p-
block elements
6. Most of the d-block elements are paramagnetic.
7. Most of the d-block elements are called transition element for their special properties.
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Transition elements: The d-block elements, which have stable ions with partially filled d-orbital (d1-9) in
the outer most level, are called transition elements.

Characteristic properties of transition elements: Number of s block elements → 14

(i) They form complex compound Number of p block elements → 36
(ii) They form colored compound Number of d block elements → 41
(iii) They show variable oxidation number Number of f block elements → 27
(iv) They act as catalyst
(v) They show magnetic property.

All transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not transition elements
The elements, in which the last electron goes to d-orbital during electronic configuration, are called d-block
elements.
On the other hand, the d-block elements, which have stable ions with partially filled d-orbital‘s in the outer
most level, are known as transition elements.
All transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not transition elements.
For example, Electronic configuration of Sc, Zn and Fe is given bellow:
Sc (21)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
Zn (30)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
Fe (26)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

As the last electron of these three elements enters d-orbital, so they are d-block element.
But Sc(21) and Zn(30) are not transition elements, although they are d-block elements. Because their stable
ions do not contains partially filled d-orbital (d1-9).
Sc3+ (21)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0
Zn2+ (30)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
Fe2+(26)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
In Sc3+ ion there is no electron in d-orbital and in Zn2+ ion the d-orbital is not partially filled but fully filled
with 10 electrons. Hence according to definition Sc and Zn are not transition elements.
On the other hand Fe (26) is a d-orbital and transition element both. Because its atom contains electron in d-
orbital and its Fe2+ ion contains partially filled d-orbital.
Therefore we can soy, all transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not
transition elements.

f-block elements: The elements whose last electron enters f-orbital are called f-block element.
The total number of f-block element is 27. General electronic configuration of valence shell of this block is
(n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0, 1, 2 ns2.[Here, n=6,7]

Characteristics of f-block elements:

1. They have high melting and boiling point.
2. They show variable oxidation state, the most common oxidation state is3.
3. They form colored salt because these salts absorb light of certain wavelength
4. Most of the elements of actinides are radioactive.
5. They have also high densities.
6. They are paramagnetic in nature.
7. Generally they are heavy metal.
Inner-transition elements: The f-block elements, which have stable ions with partially filled f-orbital
(f1-13) are called inner- transition elements.
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Formation of complex compound by transition elements:

Co-ordinate covalent bond/ Co-ordinate bond:
When one atom contributes one pair of electrons and the other atom without contributing any electron shares
this pair with the first atom to form a covalent bond, then the formation of this type of bond is known as
Co-ordinate covalent bond/ Co-ordinate bond.
NH4Cl
Complex ion: The ion which is formed by ligand and transition metal atom or ion is called complex ion.
Complex Compound: The compound having complex ion is called complex compound.
Ligand: The ions or molecules which provide the lone pair electrons to transition metal ion during
formation of complex compound are called ligand.
Example: NH3, H2O, CN-, Cl-,CO etc.
Coordination number: The amount of lone pair electron provided by ligand to the central metal atom/ion
during formation of complex compound are called the coordination number of that atom/ion.
Classification of ligand:
Based on electron donate ligand are three types
1. Monodentrate ligand: They can donate one lone pair electron.
Example; NH3, H2O, CO, OH, CN-, NO2- .

2. Bidentrate ligand: they can donate two lone pair electron. Example; H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2.
3. Ploydentrate ligand: They can donate three lone pair electron.
Example; Ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)
Question: Explain the formation of
[Fe(CN)6]3-, [Cr(NH3)6]3+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion.
Based on energy ligand are two types:
1. Strong field ligand: CO, CN-, EDTA, Ethelene di amine
2. Weak field ligand: NH3, H2O, OH-, Cl-, C2O42-

Naming of complex compound

1. In case of complex ion; Number and name of ligand + name and oxidation number of central atom.
2. If the complex ion is anion, the central atom name will end in –‗ate‘.
3. Neutral legand like; NH3 becomes Amine, H2O becomes aquo, CO becomes carbonyl, NO becomes
nitrosyl.
4. Anion ligand ends with ‗O‘; Chloride becomes chloro/chlorido, cyante becomes cyano/cyanido
Cationic complex compound:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Number and Name of Central metal atom Oxidation state in Roman Name of anion
ligand number

[Cu(NH3)4]SO4→ Tetramin copper (ii) sulphate

[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3→ Hexaquo iron (III) chloride
Anionic complex compound:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Name of cation Name and number of Name central metal atom Oxidation state in Roman
ligand with ‗ate‘ number

K4[Fe(CN)6] → Potassium hexacyano ferrate (II)

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ → Tetramin copper (ii) ion
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ → Hexaquo iron (III) ion
[Fe(CN)6]4- → Hexacyano ferrate (II) ion

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Lecturer of Chemistry
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Related Questions:
Define:
1. S-block element 10. Lanthanoids 18. Co-ordination number
2. P-block element 11. Actinoids 19. Catalyst
3. d-block element 12. Disproportionation 20. Crystal field theory
4. f-block element reaction 21. Paramagnetic substance
5. Representative Element 13. Ligand 22. Ferro- magnetic substance
6. Transition element 14. Strong field ligand 23. Diamagnetic substance
7. Inner transition element 15. Weak field ligand 24. Inter-halogen compound
8. Alkali metal 16. Complex ion
9. Alkaline earth metal 17. Complex compound

Comprehensive based Question

1. What do you mean by s/p/d and f block elements?
2. Write the characteristics of s/p/d and f block elements?
3. Why are the Be and Mg do form any special color in flame test? Explain.
4. Why does sodium metal is preserved in kerosene?
5. Why does Na/K called alkali metal?
6. Why does Mg/Ca called alkaline earth metal?

7. What do you mean by representative element?

8. How AlCl3 form dimer? Explain.
9. Al2O3 is an amphoteric substance. Explain.
10. What is the nature of aqueous solution of AlCl3 and Al2(SO4)3? Explain.
11. At room temperature CO2 is a gas but SiO2 is a solid substance? Explain.
12. CCl4 is not hydrolyzed in water but SiCl4 is hydrolyzed in water. Explain.

13. PCl5 possible but NCl5 is not possible. Explain.

14. NH3 is more basic than PH3. Explain.
15. NCl3 is hydrolysed with water but NF3 is not hydrolysed with water. Explain why?
16. PCl3 rapidly hydrolysed than NCl3. Explain Why?

17. Both of H2O and H2S show reducing property. Explain with reaction.
18. SF6 Possible but OF6 is impossible. Explain.
19. H2O liquid but H2S gas. Explain.
20. H2O is an amphoteric substance. Explain.

21. What do you mean by disproportionation reaction?

22. Cl2 can act as both of oxidant and reductant. Explain.
23. What do you mean by inter halogen compound?

24. Write the characteristics of transition elements?

25. How transition elements act as catalyst? Explain.
26. Explain the variable oxidation state of transition elements.
27. Explain the magnetic property of transition elements.
28. How transition elements form color compound? Explain.
29. How transition elements form complex compound? Explain.
30. What do you mean by transition metal?
31. Why is ―Fe‖ called transition metal? Explain.
32. All transition elements are d-block but all d-block elements are not transition element-Explain.
33. What do you mean by inner- transition metal?
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Lecturer of Chemistry
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Creative Questions
1.
Element Period Group
A 2 14
B 2 15
C 3 14
D 3 15
E 3 17
a) What is called transition element?
b) Why “Na” is preserved under kerosene?
c) Which one is more basic between the hydrides of B and D? Explain.
d) Which one is hydrolyzed between the compounds formed by the elements AE and CE? Analyze with logic.
2.

Element Electronic configuration of valence shell Value of n

P ns2np1 n=3
Q (n-1)d3ns2 n=4
R (n-1)d6ns2 n=4

a) Define: Co-ordination number

b) Melting point of which compound is more between NaCl and CuCl? Why?
c) How the element “Q” acts as catalyst? Explain.
d) Which one paramagnetic compound between [R(CN)6]4- and [R(CN)6]3- ? Analyze the reason.
3.

Symbolic Elements Electronic configuration of valence shell Value of n

P ns2 np2
Q ns2 np3
R (n+1)s2 (n+1)p2 n=2
X (n+1)s2 (n+1)p3
A (n+1)s2 (n+1)p5

a) Define: Lanthanoids
b) Why “Zn” doesn’t call transition element?
c) Are the physical state of oxide of element “P” and “R” same? Explain.
d) Analyze logically, the probability of formation of the compound QA5 and XA5.

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Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-10

Periodic Properties of Elements

Periodic Table: The table which shows the similarity of physical and chemical properties of elements and
also the order of changes of these properties is called the periodic table.

Periodic properties/Periodic function: When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number,
similar properties are repeated at regular intervals. Such properties are called periodic properties.

The most important periodic properties are:

(i) Atomic size/radius
(ii) Metallic properties
(iii) Non-metallic properties
(iv) Ionization energy/potential
(v) Electron affinity
(vi) Electronegativity
(vii) Melting and Boiling point
(viii) Valency

Atomic size: The distance between nucleus and outermost shell of atom is called atomic radius.
Determination of atomic radius is very difficult because the distance of outermost electron cloud from the
nucleus is uncertain. So, depending on the nature of the different elements their atomic size is expressed in
following ways:
(i) Covalent radius
(ii) Metallic radius Vander walls radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius
(ii) Vander walls radius
(iv) Ionic radius
Covalent radius: When two atoms of the same elements are bonded with a single covalent bond, the half of
the distance between the two nucleuses is called covalent radius.

Fig: Covalent radius

Metallic radius: The half of the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent metal atoms in a metallic cristal
is called metallic radius. Generally metallic radius is 10-12% more than covalent radius so metallic is
weaker than half of covalent bond.

Fig: Metallic radius

Vander walls radius: In a solid form of an element between two molecules the half of the inter nucleus
distance of two atoms is called Vander walls radius.

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Ionization energy: The amount of energy is required to remove one mole of electrons from the outermost
shell of one mole atom to form one mole unipositive ion in its gaseous state is called ionization energy or
ionization potential. Ionization energy is expressed by Ei, it is endothermic process.

Na(g) – e- → Na+(g) ∆H= +496kjmol-1

Mg(g) – e-→Mg+(g) ∆H= +738 kjmol-1
Second ionization energy: The amount of energy necessary to remove one mole of electrons from one
mole of uni positive gaseous ion to form one mole di- positive ion is called second ionization energy of that
element
Mg+(g)→Mg2+(g) + ∆H=+1450 kJmol-1
The ionization energy of elements is generally depends on the following factors:
(i) Atomic size: The ionization energy decreases with the increase of Atomic size→ group based relation.
(ii) Charge of nucleus: The ionization potential increase with the increase of charge of nucleus→ period
based relation.
(iii) Half- filled and full-filled orbital.
(iv) Sub shell: increase of sub shell increase of ionization energy → period based relation.
(v) Principal quantum number: group based relation.
(vi) Shielding effect
Shielding effect: Nucleus of every atom attracts electrons of valance shell. Similarly nucleus of atoms
containing many electrons attracts also their valance electron. But this attraction is comparatively law
because of the electrons of preceding shells of valence shell. The effect of electrons of intermediate shell is
known as shielding effect. Ionization potential decreases with increasing shielding effect in atom.

Question: How ionization energy is changed in periodic table?

Ionization energy: The amount of energy is required to remove one mole of electrons from the outermost
shell of one mole atom to form one mole unipositive ion in its gaseous state is called ionization energy.
Ionization energy is periodic property.

Period based relation: If we move left to right in a same period in the periodic table, ionization energy is
increased. Because, If we move left to right in a same period in the periodic table we can see,
(i) in every step one electron is increased
(ii) number of energy level is not increased
(iii) attraction force between nucleus and outermost energy level is increased
As attraction force is increased, therefore more energy is required to remove electrons from the last shell.
So, ionization energy is increased.
Group based relation: If we move top to bottom in a same group in the periodic table, ionization energy is
decreased. Because, if we move top to bottom in a same group in the periodic table we can see,
(i) in every step one energy level is increased
(ii) distance between nucleus and outermost energy level is increased
(iii) attraction force between nucleus and outermost energy level is decreased
As attraction force is decreased, less amount of energy is needed to remove electron from the last shell.
So, ionization energy is decreased.
Therefore, we can say if we move left to right in a same period in the periodic table, ionization energy is
increased and if we move top to bottom in a same group in the periodic table, ionization energy is decreased.

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Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-12

Electron affinity: The amount of energy released, when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of
neutral gaseous atoms of an element to produce one mole uninegative ions, is called the electron affinity of
that element. Electron affinity is expressed by Eea. Generally the value of electron affinity is negative.
F(g) + e- → F- Eea = -328 KJ/mol

Cl(g) + e- → Cl- Eea = -349 KJ/mol

Ne(g) + e- → Ne- Eea = + 29 KJ/mol > 0 KJ/mol

The electron affinity of elements is generally depends on the following factors:

i) Atomic size: Increase of atomic size decreases electron affinity → Group based relation.
ii) Increase of nuclear charge increases electron affinity→ period based relation.
iii) Increase of electron density in valence shell decreases electron affinity → Group -17(Cl>F>Br>I)

Valency: The combining capacity of any element with hydrogen or chlorine is called valency of that atom.

Oxygen based valency

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl2O7
Valency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hydrogen based valency

Hydride NaH MgH2 AlH3 HiS4 PH3 H2S HCl
Valency 1 2 3 4 (8-5)=3 (8-6)=2 (8-7)=1

Electronegativity: The ability of attraction of shared electron of a covalent compound by any element is
called electronegativity of that element.

Difference between electron affinity and electronegativity:

Electron affinity Electronegativity:

(i) Electron affinity of an atom is defined as the (i) electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of
amount of energy released when an electron is an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
added to a neutral atom in the gaseous state to towards itself.
form negative ion.
(ii) This is property of isolated atom. Electron (ii) This is the property of atoms in a compound.
affinity is fixed for a definite element. For This value can be changed at difference compounds.
example, the electron affinity value of S is 2.07 In SF6 and SCl2 the electronegativity values of S are
eV atm-1 or 200 kJ mol-1 different.
(1eV=96.49kJ)
(iii) Due to electron affinity the atom of any (iii) By the influence of electronegativity among the
element turns into negative ion after accepting atoms participating in covalent bond partially
one or more electrons positive and partially negative charge produced.
Cl(g) +e → Cl-; ∆H= -348.8 kJ mol-1 For example: H δ+- F δ-, H δ+-Cl δ-
F(g) + e → F; ∆H = -328 kJ mol-1
(iv) Electron affinity is the previous events of the (iv) Electronegativity is the event after the formation
information of ionic bond. of covalent bond.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-13

Question: Describe the nature /properties of oxides of elements of period no-3.

Answer: Oxide of elements of group-3 is given below:
Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO3, Cl2O7.
The nature of the oxides is discussed below:

Na2O reacts with water to form NaOH which is a strong alkali,

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
Magnesium oxide does not react with water to produce an alkali, but it is a base. It reacts with acids to give
salts and water.
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O
Aluminum oxide does not react with water, but it reacts with both of acid and base to produce salt and water.
It is an amphoteric oxide.
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3 H2O
This reaction proves the basic nature of Al2O3
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
This reaction proves the acidic nature of Al2O3
Silicon dioxide does not react with water or acid, but it reacts with alkali to give salt and water. So it is
acidic.
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
Phosphorus pentaoxide reacts with water to give phosphoric acid. It reacts with alkali to produce salt and
water. So it is acidic.
P2O5+ H2O 2H3PO4
P2O5 + 4NaOH Na2HPO4+ H2O
Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to give sulfuric acid which is very strong acid. It reacts with alkali to
produce salt and water
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
SO3 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
Chlorine heptaoxide reacts with water, to produce very strong acid perchloric acid. It reacts with alkali to
produce salt and water.
Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4
Cl2O7 + 2NaOH 2NaClO4 + H2O
It is to be noted that metallic oxide are basic and non-metallic oxide are acidic. So, from the properties of
oxides of elements of period 3, it is evident that the metallic nature of elements decreases and non metallic
nature increases from left to right in any period.
Define

1) Periodic properties 5) Effective nuclear charge 9) Electronegativity

2) Covalent radius 6) Ionization energy 10) Atomic radius
3) Metallic radius 7) Second ionization energy
4) Vander walls radius 8) Electron affinity
Applied based Question

1) Between ‗N‘ and ‗O‘ which is smaller in size? Explain

2) Na+ is formed but Na2+ is not formed? Explain why?
3) First ionization energy of Mg is +738 kjmol-1, but its 2nd ionization energy is +1450 kj mol-1. Explain
4) Ionization energy of Be is more than B. Explain
5) Ionization energy of N is more than O. Explain
6) Ionization energy of P is more than S. Explain

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-14

7) Ionization energy of Mg is more than Al. Explain

8) Electron affinity of ‗Cl‘ is more than ‗F‘.Explain
9) Flourine is the most electronegative element—Explain why?
10) Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide-Explain.
11) Explain the order of electron affinity of F, Cl, Br and I.
12) Explain the order of electron affinity of C, N and O.
13) How ionization energy is changed in a same period in the periodic table? Explain.

Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond: The attraction by which one atom is bonded with other atom is called chemical bond.
Chemical bonds are of three types;
1. Covalent bond
2. Ionic bond
3. Metallic bond
Covalent bond:
Overlap: To extend over and cover something
1. Sigma bond
2. Pi-bond
Sigma bond: When two orbitals of two atoms overlap face to face/ head to head to from a covalent bond,
then the produced bond is called sigma bond.
Formation of H2, HCl, Cl2 are given below:

Pi- bond: When two orbitals of two atoms overlap side by side and from a covalent bond, then the
produced bond is called pi-bond.
Formation of O2, N2 are given below:

Hybridization: The process in which two or more orbitals of almost equivalent energy combine together
and from equal number of degenerate (equivalent energy) orbitals is called hybridization.
The newly formed orbitals are known as hybrid orbital. On the basis of types and number of atomic orbitals
hybridization are of 7 types: sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2, sp3d3, dsp2.

sp3 Hybridization. The hybridization in which one s orbital and three p orbital‘s of valence shell of an atom
overlap each other and from four hybrid orbitals of same energy is called sp3 hybridization.
Related Questions:
1. Sigma Bond 4. Lone Pair Electron
2. Pi Bond 5. Hybridization
3. Bond pair electron 6. sp3/sp2/sp Hybridization
Comprehensive Based Question:
1) Explain the hybridization of CH4, H2O, NH3, BF3, CH2=CH2, CH≡CH, PCl5
2) Are the bond angles of NH3 and NF3 same? Explain.
3) Are the bond angles of NH3 and PH3 same? Explain.
4) Are the bond angles of H2O and H2S same? Explain.
5) Are the bond angles of CH4 and NH3 same? Explain.
6) Compare between sigma bond and pi bond.
7) Though the same hybridization occurs in CH4 and H2O/NH3 but their shapes are not same. Analyze the
statement.
Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain
Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-15

8) Complete the following chart:

Bond
Molecule Formula Hybridization Shape L.P
Angle
Methane
Water
Carbon di oxide
Ammonia
Sulfur tri oxide
Phophorous penta chloride
Methanal
Ethene
Butane
Phosphonyl chloride
Boron tri flouride
Beryllium di chloride
Sulfur tri oxide
Hydronium ion
Ammonium ion
Boron tetra fluoride ion
Carbonate ion
Sulphate ion
Phosphate ion
Nitrate ion

Ionic characteristics of covalent compound:

Electro negativity of elements and Polarity in covalent compound:

Covalent compounds are formed by sharing electron. This shared electron is supposed to remain in both
nucleus. But in case of hetero nuclear molecule (The molecule which is formed by two different atoms is
called hetero nuclear molecule. Such as: HCl, HF, H2O) one atom attracts this shared electron towards
itself.
As a result, partial negative charge forms on it and a partial positive charge forms on the other atom.
This ability of attraction on shared electron of a covalent compound is called electro negativity. Due to the
presence of two different poles (+δ and - δ) in a compound, such compounds are known as polar covalent
compound and the two poles on a compound are known as dipole.
The distribution of shared electron pair in polar HCl and H2O is given below:

Electronegativity: The ability of attraction of shared electron of a covalent compound by any element is
called electro negativity of that element.
Value of electro negativity of few elements: F=4, O=3.5, N=3, Cl=3, C=2.5, H=2.1

Dipole: The partial opposite charges or poles that forms at the two ends of a polar covalent compound is
called dipole.
Polarity: The property of formation of dipoles in a covalent molecule is called polarity.

Polar covalent compound: The covalent compounds where dipoles are formed are known as polar covalent
compound.
Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain
Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-16

Ionic Property of Covalent Compound; Effect of Electronegativity:

Ionic compound is formed by donating and receiving electron between metal and non metal. For this reason
it contain positive and negative ion. On the other hand, covalent compound is formed by sharing electrons
between two nonmetals. This is why no positive and negative charge is appeared in covalent compound. But
there are some covalent compounds which produce partial positive and partial negative ion. That means they
show polarity. The polarity of a covalent compound depends on the difference of electro negativity between
two atoms of that compound.
Which is as follows:
(i) If the electro negativity difference between two atoms of a molecule is zero(0), e.g. when two atoms are
of same element, then the molecule is pure covalent.
For example; H2, Cl2, F2, N2, O2are pure covalent molecule.
In case of H2; 2.1-2.1=0.
Therefore, H2 is a pure covalent molecule.
(ii) If the electro negativity difference between two atoms of a compound is below 0.5, then the compound is
nonpolar compound.
For example, electro negativity value of carbon and hydrogen is 2.5 and 2.1 respectively.
Therefore, In case of CH4, 2.5-2.1=0.4
So we can say, CH4 is a nonpolar compound.
(iii) If the electro negativity difference between two atoms of a compound is 0.5 to 1.9, then the compound
is a polar compound and the polarity increases with the increase of the difference of the electronegativity
values.
For example,
(a) Electro negativity difference between hydrogen and chlorine is (3- 2.1)=0.9.
So, HCl is a polar covalent compound.
(b) Electro negativity difference between hydrogen and oxygen is (3.5- 2.1)=1.4.
So, H2O is a polar covalent compound.

Question: HCl is a Polar Covalent Compound-Explain

Polar covalent compound: The covalent compounds where dipoles form are known as polar covalent
compound.
We know, if the electro negativity difference between two atoms of a compound is 0.5 to 1.9, then the
compound is polar. In case of HCl, value of electro negativity of Hydrogen and Chlorine is 2.1 and 3
respectively. So the electro negativity difference between Hydrogen and Chlorine is (3-2.1)=0.9
Therefore, we can say that HCl is a polar covalent compound.

Covalent characteristics of ionic compound:

Polarization: When a cation comes close to an anion, then the cation attracts the electron cloud of anion. At
the same time the cation repels the nucleus of anion. Due to these attraction and repulsion the shape of anion
is changed and its electron cloud is somewhat shifted toward the cation. This phenomenon is called
polarization or deformation of anion by cation.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-17

Polarizing power: The power of deformation of an anion by cation is called polarizing power of the cation.
With the increase of polarization;
i) Covalent characteristics of compounds is increased
ii) Ionic characteristics of compounds is decreased
iii) Melting point and boiling point of is decreased.
iv) Solubility of the compounds in water is decreased
v) Stability of metal carbonate is decreased
vi) Compounds become colorful
Fajan’s Rules: Polarization of anions by cation depends on some factors. These polarizing factors are called
Fajan‘s rule. Fajan‘s rules are discussed below;
(1) Charge of cation and anion:
(i) Charge of cation increase → polarization increase. Question: Melting point of
which one is more between
+ 2+ 3+
a) Na < Mg < Al → Polarization increase. FeCl2 and FeCl3? Why?
b) NaCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3 → Covalent properties increase
c) NaCl(801°C) > MgCl2(714°C) > AlCl3(190°C) → Melting point decrease

(ii) Charge of anion increased → polarization increased.

a) F- < O2- < N3- → polarization increase.
b) CaF2 < CaO → Covalent properties increase

(2) Size of cation and anion:

(i) Size of cation is decreased → polarization increased
a) Ba2+< Sr2+<Ca2+<Mg2+< Be2+ → Polarization increase
+
b) BaCl2<SrCl2<CaCl2<MgCl2<BeCl2 → Covalent properties increase

(ii) Size of anion increased → polarization increased.

a) F- < Cl- < Br- < I- → Polarization increase
+
b) CaF2<CaCl2,CaBr2<CaI2 → Covalent properties increase

(3) Electronic configuration of cation: Polarization power of cation having 18 electrons in the last shell is
more than the cation having 8 electrons in the last shell.
a) Na+ < Cu+ → Polarization increase Na+ (11)- 1s2 2s2 2p6
b) NaCl < CuCl → Covalent properties increase Cu+ (29)- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

Ionic potential: According to Fajan‘s rules, we know that the polarizing power of a cation increases with
the increase of its charge and decrease with the increase of it‘s radius. To compare the polarizing power of
different cations, a term is used, which is known as ionic potential of cation.
“The ratio of the charge of cation and its radius is called ionic potential. Ionic potential is expressed
by φ (phi).”

Ionic potential of cation, φ =

The cation whose ionic potential is more, its polarizing power is more. With the increase of polarization,
following characteristics of compounds can be seen;

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-18
1. Solubility in water decreases: Ionic compounds are soluble in water, but covalent compounds are less soluble in
water or insoluble. When anion of ionic compound is more polarized, then covalent property increases in that
polarized compound. With increase of size of anion it is polarized more. As a result that compound becomes less
soluble in water.
For example in four halides like AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, the anion in AgF is less polarized. Because size of F- ion is
smallest, So AgF has more ionic character than remaining 3 halides and AgF is soluble in water, but AgCl, AgBr, AgI
are water insoluble, because their anion are more polarized.
2. Color of compound: Generally d and f- block metal ions with unpaired electron become colored. Another cause
of being colored of a compound is its more polarized anion. Oxide and sulphate ions are more polarized. So the
compounds of these anions with Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+etc, become more polarized and colored like CuS, PbS, HgS
are black and CdS is yellow.
Among the AgF, AgCl, AgBr and AgI, F- ion and Cl- ion are less polarized, hence AgF and AgCl are colorless or
white; Br - ion is more polarized so AgBr is light yellow. Iodide ion(I-) is most polarized, so AgI is deep yellow.
The cause of color production in polarized compound is the transfer of electron from anion to vacant orbital
of cation. Then required energy is absorbed from visible light and the rest wave-length of visible light
produces color. Again when anion‘s size is small then less polarization may occur there more energy is
required for transitional transfer of electron. For this, energy with high frequency is absorbed from UV light
and that compound becomes colorless. For example, AgCl is white, but AgI is yellow; HgCl2 is white, but
HgI2 is red; PbCl2 is white, but PbI2 is golden yellow.

Stability of metal carbonate: When ionic potential of cation is much then electron cloud of carbonate anion
is more attracted by cation and anion is more polarized. Then thermal stability of that metal carbonate
decreases and dissociates to metal oxide and CO2 gas at lower temperature.

For example, the ionic potential of group-2 metal ions (M2+) decreases with increase of their size in the
group downwards; such as, Be2+> Mg2+> Ca2+>Sr2+> Ba2+. So thermal stability of those metal carbonates
increase in same order. So their dissociation temperature increases gradually.

BeCO3= 100°C, MgCO3=350°C, CaCO3=547°C, SrCO3= 778°C, BaCO3= 998°C

Related Questions:
Define:
1) Electronegativity 5) Polarizing power
2) Di pole 6) Ionic potential
3) Polarity 7) Coordinate covalent bond
4) Polarization
Comprehensive Based Question:
1) Melting point of which one is less between NaCl and CuCl? Explain why?
2) Melting point of which one is more between FeCl2 and FeCl3? Explain why?
3) Which one is more soluble in water between CaCl2 and AlCl3? Explain why?
4) Which one is more covalent between CaF2 and CaO? Explain why?
5) Are the both compound of AgF and AgCl soluble in water? Explain why?
6) Are the color of AgCl and AgI same? Explain why?
7) Are the color of PbCl2 and PbI2 same? Explain why?
8) Compare between polarity and polarization.
9) How many bonds are present in NH4Cl molecule? Explain.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-19

Vander Waals Force

We know, the force present in chemical substances is classified into two types;
1) Bonding force → Inter atomic attraction force → Chemical bond.
Chemical bond: The attraction by which one atom is bonded with other atom is called chemical bond.
i) Ionic Bond
ii) Covalent Bond
iii) Metallic Bond
2) Non bonding force → Inter molecular attraction force → Vander Waals force
Vander wall‘s force can be classified in the following ways;
i) Ion – dipole attraction force

ii) Di pole –Di pole attraction force

iii) Hydrogen Bond

iv) Ion – induced di pole attraction force Na+…….. Cl–Cl

v) Di pole – induced di pole attraction force H–Cl……. Cl–Cl

vi) Dispersion / London force Cl–Cl……. Cl–Cl

Vanderwall’s force: The force of attraction by which non polar covalent compounds attract each other is
called Vander Waal‘s attraction force.
Dipol moment: The measure of net molecular polarity in quantity is called dipole moment.
Dipol moment, µ= D x r [Here, D = amount of charge and r = the distance between two charges.
Hydrogen Bond: When hydrogen atom of one molecule is bonded with the highly electronegative atom
(F, O, N etc.) of another molecule of same or different compound then it is called hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bond two types;
i) Inter molecular hydrogen bond
ii) Intra molecular hydrogen bond.

Inter molecular hydrogen bond: When hydrogen bond is formed between the hydrogen atom of one
molecule and electronegative element of another molecule, then it is called inter molecular hydrogen bond.

Intra molecular hydrogen bond: When hydrogen bond is formed between the hydrogen atom and
electronegative element of same molecule, then it is called intra molecular hydrogen bond.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-20

Define:
i) Hydrogen bond iv) London force
ii) Inter molecular hydrogen bond v) Dipole moment
iii) Intra molecular hydrogen bond.

Comprehensive Based Question:

1) What do you mean by hydrogen bond?
2) Why does ice float on water? Explain.
3) Are the physical state of H2O and H2S same? Explain.
4) Boiling of which compound is more between H2O and H2S? Explain.
5) Melting point of which one is more between para nitro-phenol and ortho nitro phenol? Explain.
6) Are the physical state of F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 same? Analyze with reason.
7) Boiling point of which compound is more between HF and H2O? Explain.

Creative Questions

1. [Dinj.B-23]

Symbolic Electronic configuration of Value of

Elements valence shell n
2 3
Q ns np
X (n+1)s2 (n+1)p3 3
2 5
A (n+1)s (n+1)p
a) What is called green chemistry?
b) How fake taka is detected with help of UV radiation?
c) The oxide of element –A will be more acidic than the oxide of element –X of the stem. Explain.
d) Analyze logically, the probability of formation of the compound QA5 and XA5.
2. [Dinj.B-23]

a) What is called standard solution?

b) Why the value of equilibrium constant Kc is not zero. Explain.
c) The bond angles in the hydrides of –X and –A are different. Explain.
d) Analyze logically the curve of the stem is not show ideal periodic property.

3. [Dhaka Board-22]

a) Define: isotope,
b) Why is the ionic product of water dependent on temperature? explain.
c) Using the elements of the steam show that all d-block elements are not Transition Element.
d) [Q(CN)6]4- Diamagnetic but [Q(CN)6]3- paramagnetic -analyse the reason.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-21

4. [Dhaka Board-22]

a) What is Vinegar?
b) Why is Hund‘s rule not applicable for Beryllium?
c) Explain the reason for higher boiling point of A2B then that of AC.
d) Analyze the reason for the different value of Bond angels of A2B and A2D compound.
5. [Dinj.B-22]

a) What is solubility product?

b) Human blood is buffer solution- explain.
c) As per steam between C and D which has more ionization energy? explain with causes.
d) Analyze with proper reasons weather compounds AE4 and BE4 react with water or not.
6. [Dinj.B-22]

a) What is buffer solution?

b) Explain the Pauli‘s Exclusion principle with example.
c) At room temperature the physical states of compounds P2S and QS2 are different. Explain
d) Explain with argument bond angle of which of the two hydrides of elements Q and R will be greater.

7. [Dinj.B-22]

a) What is green chemistry?

b) Why pH value of pure water becomes 7 at 25oC
c) Physical state of hydrides of R and S are different -give argument in favour of your answer.
d) Analyze why the bond angles and shape of the compounds of Y with P,Q and R are different

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-22

8. [Cumilla Board-22]

a) Write down the Aufbau principal.

b) Why is the 2nd orbital not possible? Explain.
c) Explain with cause the structural difference of the hydrides of C and D.
d) Showed graph of the elements in the steam is not linear explain with cause.

9. [Cumilla Board-22]

a) What is called law of Mass education?

b) Why the range of pH skill from ‗0 to 14‘?
c) Explain the possibility of formation of compound PR5, QR5.
d) Analyze the utiliity of similarity of bond angels though the hybridization of the hydride of P and Q are same
10. [D.B-21]
Group→
Period↓
1 X
2 Y Z
3 M Q
a) What do you mean by solubility product?
b) Explain dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium.
c) Explain which of Z and Q will have higher electron affinity?
d) Analyze the reasons for the difference in physical state of X2Y and X2M.

11. [Raj.B-21]

Group→
Period ↓ 14 16 17
2 X Z
3 Y W
[Here X,Y,Z, and W are not traditional symbol of elements]

a) What is malt vinegar?

b) Why is fluorine the most electronegative?
c) Describe the reason of the difference in the physical phases of XZ2 and YZ2 under normal condition
with diagrams.
d) Analyze whether there any difference or not betweenXW4 and YW4 in Case of hydrolysis.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-23

12. [Raj.B-21]

Element Electronic configuration of valence shell Principle quantum number

A ns2np3 2
2 4
Q ns np 2
2 4
R ns np 3
[Here A, Q ,R are not traditional symbol of elements]

a) What is electron affinity?

b) Why 2d orbital is not possible?
c) Explain the hybridization structure of the compound AH3.
d) Explain the causes of different bond angles the compounds H2Q and H2R.

13. Atomic number of X, Y and Z are 1, 7 and 8 respectively. [Dnj.B-21]

a) Define pH?
b) H2O is polar compound?
c) Why ionization energy of Y is greater than that of Z?
d) The hybridization of the compounds formed by X, Y and X, Z is same but the shape is different—analyze
14. [Dnj.B-21]

Element Outermost electronic configuration

Q 2s2 2p2
R 3s 1
T 3s 2
X 3s 2 3p1
Y 3s 2 3p5
a) What is called acid dissociation constant?
b) Why the 37th electron Rb goes to 5s orbital instead of 4d orbital?
c) Describe the hybridization of the compound formed by Q and Y.
d) Arrange RY, TY2 and XY3 in order of covalent characteristics logically?
15. [Dnj.B-21]

A= [Ne][3s23p1]
D= [Ne] [3s23p5]
a) What is Orbit?
b) Explain the ionic product of water?
c) At low temperature atomic weight of AD3 becomes double –explain
d) Explain with reactions the nature of the oxides of the elements.
16. [Cumilla Board-21]

a) Write the law of mass action.

b) In between 4d and 4f in which electron will enter first and why?
c) Explain the causes of different bond angles of compound ‗A‘ and ‗B‘.
d) Describe the reasons of order of boiling points of ‗A‘, ‗B‘, ‗C‘ and ‗D‘—Compounds.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-24

17. [Cumilla Board-21]

Element Electronic configuration Value of n

A ns2np3 3
2 4
B ns np 3
X ns1 3
10 1
Y (n-1)d ns 4
[Here A, B ,X, Y are not traditional symbol of elements]
a) What is magnetic quantum number?
b) The electronic configuration of Cr is an exception. Why?
c) According to the stem in Between XCl and YCl which one is more soluble in Water? Explain.
d) Though the 1st ionization potential of ‗A‘ of the stem is greater than ‗B‘ but 2nd ionization potential is
less. Explain.
18. [J.B-19]

a) What is called ligand?

b) Why is Al2O3 an amphoteric oxide? Explain.
c) Compare the melting points of sodium salts of the elements containing atomic number shown in the figure.
d) Explain with arguments, the order of changing of electron affinity of the stem‘s elements.
19. [B.B-19]

Group → 2 14 16 17
↓Period

2nd P Q X
rd
3 Y
4th A Z
a) What is called alkali metal?
b) Why is concentrated HCl used in the flame test?
c) Explain the right order of the melting points of the three compounds formed separately by X,Y,Z
with the element -A.
d)― P forms hydrides using different types of hybridization but Q forms hydride using same
hybridization.‖- Analyze.
20. [B.B-19]

a) Define: Electronegativity .
b) Why is Cr called transition element?
c) In graph –I the size of atom -A is larger than that of- B but the size of the stable ion of -A is smaller
than that of- B ion – Explain.
d) Analyze the causes of different nature of these two graphs mentioned in the stem.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-25
21. Three consecutive elements of 2nd period separately from hydride with Hydrogen by the same hybridization.
[Ctg.B-19]
a) What is Hydrogen bond?
b) What types of bonds are present in NH4+? Explain
c) Determine the shape of the molecule in the stem?
d) Compare the solubility among the three compounds in the stem.
22. [Ctg.B-19]
Group→ 1 2 15 16 17
↓Period

2 A X L M
3 Z
[A, X, L, M and Z are not actual symbols of the elements.]
a) What is Vander Waal‘s force?
b) Why S-orbital dose not participate in the formation of pi (л) bond?
c) Explain the exception in the order of ionization potential of L and M.
d) Between AZ and XZ2 the melting point of which one is less? Analyze with logic
23. [All Board-2018]

Element Electronic configuration of

outermost shell

A (n-2)s1
B (n-1)s2(n-1)p3
C (n-1)s2(n-1)p4
D ns2np4
Here, n= 3.

a) What is polarity?
b) Why is Fe called transition metal?
c) A2D is a gaseous substance—Explain.
d) Which bond angle is higher between the Hydrides of B and C? Analyze.
24.
Group→
IA IVA VA VIA
Period↓
1 X
2 Y Z R
3 M

a) Define active nuclear charge?

b) Can transition elements act as catalyst? Explain.
c) Explain the causes of the difference of physical state of X2M and X2R.
d) The geometrical structures of YX4 and ZX3 are different but the hybridization of central atom is same—Analyze.
25. A2  [ Ne ]3s
B 2  [ Ar ]4 s
C 3   [ Ne ]3 s3 p
a) What is induced catalyst?
b) How can you identify NH 4 ion? Explain.
c) How Chloride of ‗C‘ forms dimer. Explain.
d) Between the two carbonates of A and B; which one is more stable? Analyze.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-26

26.
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17
Period↓
2 A B
3 M N O P Q R S
a) What is called transition element?
b) Why is the bond angle of NH3 1070? Explain.
c) Which one has more ionization potential between the elements ‗A‘ and ‗B‘? Explain.
d) Will the nature of the oxides of the elements M, N, O, R, S in aqueous solution be same? Analyze
with reaction.
27. Electronic configuration of an atom: [Ar](n–1)d6ns2. It shows two different oxidation state.
a) What is solubility?
b) How does AlCl3 form dimer?
c) How does the element from complex compound–explain.
d) Which chloride salt of the element in the stem has higher boiling point and melting point? Analyze
with logic.
28.
Elements Period Group
W 1 1
X 2 14
Y 2 15
Z 4 10
a) What is called conjugate acid?
b) Which acid is stronger between HNO3 and H3PO4? Explain.
c) How the element ‗Z‘ acts as catalyst? Explain.
d) Will the bond angle of the compound XW4 and YW3 be same? Analyze with figure.
29.
Element Period Group
A 2nd 14
rd
B 3 14
M 3rd 17
a) What is called pi ( ) bond?
b) Why is Na2O more basic than MgO?
c) Element M shows disproportion reaction–Explain.
d) BM4 is hydrolysed but AM4 does not–Explain it.
30.
A  ns2 P  ns2np5
B  (n+1)s2 Q  (n+1)s2(n+1)p5
C  (n+2)s2 R  (n+2)s2(n+2)p5
D  (n+3)s2 S  (n+3)s2(n+3)p5
M  (n+2)d10 (n+3)s1
[Here, n=2]
a) What is disproportionation reaction?
b) Why is the second ionization potential of magnesium more than the first ionization potential?
c) Explain the order of dissociation of different heat of dissociation among ACO3, BCO3, CCO3, and DCO3.
d) Are the color of MP, MQ, MR and MS Same? Analyze with logic.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry
 Pg-27

31.

Group→ 2 13 15
Period↓
2 X
3 P R Y
4 Q
a) Define: Green chemistry.
b) Which acid is the stronger between H2SO4 and HClO4? Explain.
c) Which one is more basic between the two hydrides of X and Y? Explain.
d) What will be the order of thermal stability of the carbonates of P, Q and R? Analyze with reason.

32. X, Y, Z are three elements. Their atomic numbers are 9, 17 and 35 respectively.
a) What is called inner-transition elements?
b) Which element is preserved under kerosene? Why?
c) Compare the melting points of sodium salts of the elements containing atomic number shown in the stem.
d) Analyze the order of changing of electron affinity of the stem‘s elements

33. (i) CH2=CH2 (ii) NH3 (iii) CH4

a) Define: Ionization potential
b) What do you mean by hydrogen bond?
c) Which hybridization occurs in the compound (i)? Explain.
d) Are the shape of the compounds (ii) and (iii) same? Analyze with logic.

34.
i) [Fe(CN)6]4-
ii) MgCl2
iii) AlCl3
a) What is malt?
b) First ionization energy of which one is more between N and O atoms? Explain.
c) By which bond (i) number ion is formed? Explain.
d) Analyze the order of melting point and solubility of the compounds (ii) and (iii).
35.
Element Period Group
A 2 14
B 2 15
C 3 14
D 3 15
E 3 17
a) What is called transition element?
b) Why Na is preserved under kerosene?
c) Which one is more basic between the hydrides of elements B and D? Explain.
d) Which one is hydrolyzed between the compounds formed by the elements AE and CE? Analyze with
logic.

Prepared By: Sakhawat Hossain

Lecturer of Chemistry