ENTROPY

1. A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at 300 K.

During a constant-pressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the
water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the
entropy change of the water during this process.
2. A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a sink at (a) 500 K and (b) 750
K. Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
3. A 50-kg block of iron casting at 500 K is thrown into a large lake that is at a
temperature of 285 K. The iron block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium
with the lake water. Assuming an average specific heat of 0.45 kJ/kg · K for
the iron, determine (a) the entropy change of the iron block, (b) the entropy
change of the lake water, and (c) the entropy generated during this process.
4. Air is compressed by a 12-kW compressor from P1 to P2. The air temperature
is maintained constant at 25°C during this process as a result of heat transfer
to the surrounding medium at 10°C. Determine the rate of entropy change of
the air. State the assumptions made in solving this problem.
5. Heat in the amount of 100 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at
1200 K to a cold reservoir at 600 K. Calculate the entropy change of the two
reservoirs and deter mine if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied.
6. In the previous problem, assume that the heat is transferred from the cold
reservoir to the hot reservoir contrary to the Clausius statement of the
second law. Prove that this violates the increase of entropy principle—as it
must according to Clausius.
7. Heat is transferred at a rate of 2 kW from a hot reservoir at 800 K to a cold
reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the rate at which the entropy of the two
reservoirs change and deter mine if the second law is satisfied.
8. A completely reversible air conditioner provides 36,000 Btu/h of cooling for a
space maintained at 70ºF while rejecting heat to the environmental air at
110ºF. Calculate the rate at which the entropies of the two reservoirs change
and verify that this air conditioner satisfies the increase of entropy principle.
9. A completely reversible heat pump produces heat at a rate of 100 kW to
warm a house maintained at 21ºC. The exterior air, which is at 10ºC, serves
as the source. Calculate the rate of entropy change of the two reservoirs and
determine if this heat pump satisfies the second law according to the
increase of entropy principle.
10.During the isothermal heat rejection process of a Carnot cycle, the working
fluid experiences an entropy change of 0.7 Btu/R. If the temperature of the
heat sink is 95°F, determine (a) the amount of heat transfer, (b) the entropy
change of the sink, and (c) the total entropy change for this process.
11.2-lbm of water at 300 psia fill a weighted piston cylinder device whose
volume is 2.5 ft3. The water is then heated at constant pressure until the
temperature reaches 500ºF. Determine the resulting change in the water’s
total entropy.
12.A well-insulated rigid tank contains 2 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture
of water at 100 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase.
An electric resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on
 until all the liquid in the tank is vaporized. Deter mine the entropy change of
the steam during this process.
13.An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a
constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside the cylinder
is now turned on, and 2200 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam.
Determine the entropy change of the water during this process.
14.A 50-kg copper block initially at 80°C is dropped into an insulated tank that
contains 120 L of water at 25°C. Deter mine the final equilibrium temperature
and the total entropy change for this process.
 HEAT TRANSFER
1. The inner and outer surfaces of a 4-m 7-m brick wall of thickness 30 cm and
thermal conductivity 0.69 W/m · K are maintained at temperatures of 20°C
and 5°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall, in
W.
2. The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm thick 2-m 2-m window glass in
winter are 10°C and 3°C, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the glass
is 0.78 W/m · K, deter mine the amount of heat loss through the glass over a
period of 5 h. What would your answer be if the glass were 1 cm thick?
3. The north wall of an electrically heated home is 20 ft long, 10 ft high, and 1 ft
thick, and is made of brick whose thermal conductivity is k 0.42 Btu/h · ft · °F.
On a certain winter night, the temperatures of the inner and the outer
surfaces of the wall are measured to be at about 62°F and 25°F, respectively,
for a period of 8 h. Determine (a) the rate of heat loss through the wall that
night and (b) the cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of
electricity is $0.07/kWh
4. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 20°C at all times. The
inner surfaces of the walls, floors, and ceiling of the house are observed to be
at an average temperature of 12°C in winter and 23°C in summer. Determine
the rates of radiation heat transfer between this person and the surrounding
surfaces in both summer and winter if the exposed surface area, emissivity,
and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m2, 0.95,
and 32°C, respectively.
5. Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m 4-m flat sur face at 30°C. If the average
convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2 · °C, determine the rate of
heat transfer from the air to the plate, in kW.
6. A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot-water pipe at 80°C is losing heat to
the surrounding air at 5°C by natural convection with a heat transfer
coefficient of 25 W/m2 · °C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection.
7. A hollow spherical iron container with outer diameter 20 cm and thickness 0.4
cm is filled with iced water at 0°C. If the outer surface temperature is 5°C,
determine the approx imate rate of heat loss from the sphere, in kW, and the
rate at which ice melts in the container. The heat of fusion of water is 333.7
kJ/kg.
8. Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant
temperatures of T1 290 K and 150 K that are L T2 to be black (emissivity e 2
cm apart. Assuming the surfaces 1), determine the rate of heat transfer
between the plates per unit surface area assuming the gap between the
plates is (a) filled with atmospheric air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with fiberglass
insulation, and (d) filled with superinsulation having an apparent thermal
conductivity of 0.00015 W/m · °C.
9. A1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room that is
maintained at 20ºC. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance
heating, and the surface temperature of the wire is measured to be 240ºC in
 steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric current through the wire
are measured to be 110 V and 3 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat
transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for
heat transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
10.The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an emissivity of 0.8 and a solar
absorptivity of 0.3. If solar radiation is incident on the spacecraft at a rate of
950 W/m2, determine the surface temperature of the spacecraft when the
radiation emitted equals the solar energy absorbed.
11.A thin metal plate is insulated on the back and exposed to solar radiation on
the front surface. The exposed surface of the plate has an absorptivity of 0.7
for solar radiation. If solar radiation is incident on the plate at a rate of 550
W/m2 and the surrounding air temperature is 10°C, determine the surface
temperature of the plate when the heat loss by convection equals the solar
energy absorbed by the plate. Take the convection heat transfer coefficient
to be 25 W/m2 · °C, and disregard any heat loss by radiation.
12.A 4-m 5-m 6-mroomisto be heated by one ton (1000 kg) of liquid water
contained in a tank placed in the room. The room is losing heat to the outside
at an average rate of 10,000 kJ/h. The room is initially at 20°C and 100 kPa,
and is maintained at an average temperature of 20°C at all times. If the hot
water is to meet the heating requirements of this room for a 24-h period,
determine the minimum temperature of the water when it is first brought into
the room. Assume constant specific heats for both air and water at room
temperature.
13.Consider a 3-m 3-m 3-m cubical furnace whose top and side surfaces closely
approximate black surfaces at a temperature of 1200 K. The base surface has
an emissivity of e 0.7, and is maintained at 800 K. Determine the net rate of
radiation heat transfer to the base surface from the top and side surfaces
14.A 50-cm-long, 2-mm-diameter electric resistance wire submerged in water is
used to determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient in water at 1 atm
experimentally. The wire temperature is measured to be 130°C when a
wattmeter indicates the electric power consumed to be 4.1 kW. Using
Newton’s law of cooling, determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
 GAS POWER CYCLE
1. An air-standard Carnot cycle is executed in a closed system between the
temperature limits of 350 and 1200 K. The pressures before and after the
isothermal compression are 150 and 300 kPa, respectively. If the net work
output per cycle is 0.5 kJ, determine (a) the maximum pressure in the cycle,
(b) the heat transfer to air, and (c) the mass of air. Assume variable specific
heats for air.
2. Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.6 kg of air. The
temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 1100 K, and the minimum and
maximum pressures that occur during the cycle are 20 and 3000 kPa.
Assuming constant specific heats, determine the net work output per cycle.
3. Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working
fluid. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 1300 kPa while the maximum
temperature is 950 K. If the entropy increase during the isothermal heat
rejection process is 0.25 kJ/kg·K and the net work output is 100 kJ/kg,
determine (a) the minimum pressure in the cycle, (b) the heat rejection from
the cycle, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (d) If an actual heat
engine cycle operates between the same temperature limits and produces
5200 kW of power for an air flow rate of 95 kg/s, determine the second law
efficiency of this cycle.
4. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 10.5, takes in air at 90 kPa and
408C, and is repeated 2500 times per minute. Using constant specific heats
at room temperature, determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle and the
rate of heat input if the cycle is to produce 90 kW of power.
5. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 278C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is
transferred to air dur ing the constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking
into account the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine
(a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat- addition process, (b)
the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective
pressure for the cycle.
6. A spark-ignition engine has a compression ratio of 8, an isentropic
compression efficiency of 85 percent, and an isentropic expansion efficiency
of 95 percent. At the beginning of the compression, the air in the cylinder is
at 13 psia and 608F. The maximum gas temperature is found to be 23008F
by measurement. Determine the heat supplied per unit mass, the thermal
efficiency, and the mean effective pressure of this engine when modeled with
the Otto cycle. Use constant specific heats at room temperature.
7. An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8.
The minimum and maximum tem peratures in the cycle are 540 and 2400 R.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a)
the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process, (b)
the thermal efficiency, and (c) the thermal effi ciency of a Carnot cycle
operating between the same tem perature limits.
8. ANSWER ITEM 9-39
9. ANSWER ITEM 9-50 AND 9-51