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Week 02 ProgrammingBasics 09022025 101952pm 2

The document provides an overview of programming basics in C++, covering topics such as program structure, variables, data types, operators, and standard streams. It references materials based on a textbook and includes examples of programming languages like HTML and COBOL. The lecture notes aim to introduce fundamental concepts essential for understanding C++ programming.

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4 views

Week 02 ProgrammingBasics 09022025 101952pm 2

The document provides an overview of programming basics in C++, covering topics such as program structure, variables, data types, operators, and standard streams. It references materials based on a textbook and includes examples of programming languages like HTML and COBOL. The lecture notes aim to introduce fundamental concepts essential for understanding C++ programming.

Uploaded by

zaras0647
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

1

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

Programming Basics
What will be discussed
2

 Structures of C++ program


 Variable and identifier
 Standard Data Types
 Standard Streams
 Constants and Operators
 Standard Streams
About TheLectureNote
3

 Large portion of the materials is based on the lecture note


supplied by the authors of the textbook “Computer Science : A
Structured Approach Using C++, 2nd Edition.”
Hierarchy of Programming
4
Language
Hierarchy of Programming
5

The movie “Matrix”

Can’t you
see? Neo is
here.
Computer Programmin g(CSC-113) - Fall 2019
Hierarchy of Programming
6

The movie “Matrix”

Now you can


pick Neo, but
not clearly.
Computer Programmin g(CSC-113) - Fall 2019
Hierarchy of Programming
7

The movie “Matrix”


Examples of Programming Language
- HTML(Hyper Text MarkupLanguage)

<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;
charset=euc-kr">
<title>▒경희대학교 전자정보대학▒</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="1*" cols="100%" border="0">
<frame name="electronic" scrolling="auto"
marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"
src="electronic/main.php">
<noframes>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"
link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
Examples of ProgrammingLanguage
- COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)

$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. Multiplier.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
* Example program using ACCEPT, DISPLAY and MULTIPLY to
* get two single digit numbers from the user and multiply them together

DATA DIVISION.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Num1 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Num2 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Result PIC 99 VALUE ZEROS.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Enter first number (1 digit) : " WITH NO ADVANCING.
ACCEPT Num1.
DISPLAY "Enter second number (1 digit) : " WITH NO ADVANCING.
ACCEPT Num2.
MULTIPLY Num1 BY Num2 GIVING Result.
DISPLAY "Result is = ", Result.
STOP RUN.
Brief History of C++

11
Structure of a C++ Program
11

Pre-compiler directive

Opening brace

Closing brace

Opening brace

Closing brace
Hello World!

Namespace std contains Without namespace


all the classes, objects and
functions of the standard #include <iostream>
C++ library. int main () {
std::cout << "Hello world!\n";
return 0;
}
Preprocessor Directives

#include <iostream>
“I want to use a predefined library called iostream”
Always start with a ‘#’
iostream: a library for inputs (from e.g., a user) and outputs
(to e.g., the monitor)
“using” Directives
14

using namespace s t d ;
 “I want to use objects in a name group

‘std’ ”
Tells the compiler where to look for names

in the library
Can deal with the situation where two or

more objects in different libraries share a


samename (namingconfliction).
Read Appendix N for more about
namespace
main function
15

i n t main()
 The main body of the program.

Compiler first tries to locate

“main()” to find where to begin the


program
 In the form of a function

I will cover “function” soon


Comment
16

 Internal program document


 Not considered as a program code

Start of comment

End of comment
Start of comment

End of comment
Nested BlockCommentsareInvalid
17
Variables
18

 Named memory locations that have a type


Named: identifier
Type: needs declaration

 What you can do with variables


Storing data
Modifying data
Reading data
Variables and Identifiers
19

Memory

Address of memory:

Hard to remember

Identifier: name of
address
Variables and Identifiers
20

Memory
Identifiers

studentID
studentGrade1

studentGrade2
Variables and Identifiers

Memory

studentID

studentGrade

studentName

Compiler keeps track


of [identifier-address]
table
Variables and Identifiers
22

In program

stu dent I D_Tot a l _Gr ade = s t udent G rade1 +


studentGrade2
Naming Identifiers
23

 Allowed characters: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _ (underscore)


 Not allowed to start with a digit. E.g., 3class (x),
class3(o)
 The identifier cannot duplicate a reserved word.
e.g., if, case, while…
 Good names  descriptive but short
 C++ is case sensitive; PI, Pi and pi aredifferent.
Standard Data Types
Integer and Floating Point Types
25

2 Bytes 4 Bytes

2 or 4 Bytes 8 Bytes

4 Bytes 10 Bytes

Size of value type depends on computer architecture


Maximum/Minimum of Integer

26
Value Type
Type Sign Byte Minimum value Maximum value
signed -32,768 32,767
short int/short 2
unsigned 0 65,535
signed -32,768 32,767
int (PC) 2
unsigned 0 65,535
signed -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
int (Mainframe) 4
unsigned 0 4,294,967,295
signed -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long int/long 4
unsigned 0 4,294,967,295
27
Variables Declaration
28
Variable Initialization
29

 Variable declaration ≠ variable initialization


 Should be initialized by a programmer before it is
used
e.g.,
i n t count;  declaration (o), initialization(x)
char grade = ‘ d ’ ;  declaration (o),initialization(o)
Constants
30

 Data values that cannot be changed during


program execution
 E.g.,
3.141592
‘d’
“Hello word”
‘\0’
ToRemember
32

 A character constant is enclosed by the single


quotes. (e.g. ‘a’)

 Use double quotes for string constants. (e.g. “Jeon,


Seokhee”)

 bool types are treated as a number. True: non-zero.


False: zero.
Operators
33

 Assignment Operators
 Arithmetic operators

+ (Addition)
- (Subtraction
* (Multiplication)
/ (Division)
% (modulo)
34
C++ ExpressionFormat
Operators
Operators
36

 Increment and decrementoperators


 Pre/ post increment
 Pre / postdecrement

 Sizeof operator
 Example
A=sizeof(b);
Compound Assignment
37

 Shorthand notation for a simple assignment

 Examples
Standard streams
38

 A mapping between data and input/output device


Usingiostream.h
39

 Include iostream.h instead of stdio.h


 Standard iostream objects:
cout - object providing a connection to the monitor
cin - object providing a connection to the keyboard
cerr - object providing a connection to error streem
 Toperform input and output we send messages to one
of these objects (or one that is connected to a file)
TheInsertion Operator (<<)
40

 Tosend output to the screen we use the insertion


operator on the object cout
 Format: cout << Expression;
 The compiler figures out the type of the object and
prints it out appropriately
cout << 5; // Outputs 5
cout << 4.1; // Outputs 4.1
cout << “String”; // Outputs String
cout << ‘\n’; // Outputs a newline
TheExtraction Operator (>>)
41

 Toget input from the keyboard we use the extraction


operator and the object cin
 Format: cin >> Variable;
 No need for & in front of variable
 The compiler figures out the type of the variable and
reads in the appropriate type
int X;
float Y;
cin >> X; // Reads in an integer
cin >> Y; // Reads in a float
More about cout
42

 w i d t h ( i n t ) function sets the width for printing a


value
 Only works until the next insertion command comes

i n t x = 42;
cou t. w idth (5 ) ;
cout << x << ‘ \ n ’ ; // Outputs 42
cout << x << ‘ \ n ’ ; // Outputs 42
More about cout
44

 f i l l ( c h a r ) function sets the fill character.


 The character remains as the fill character until set
again.

i n t x = 42;
cout.width(5);
cou t. f i l l ( ‘ * ’ ) ;
cou t << x << ‘ \ n’ ; / / Ou tput s * * * 42
More about cout
47

 Output Manipulators (not a function)


endl - outputs a new line character, flushesoutput
dec - sets int output to decimal
hex - sets int output to hexadecimal
o c t - sets int output tooctal

#include <iomanip.h>
i n t x = 42;
cout << o c t << x << e n d l ; / / Outputs 52\n
cout << hex << x << e n d l ; / / Outputs 2a\n
cout << dec << x << e n d l ; / / Outputs 42\n
Example codesreading (Program 2-2)

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace s t d ;
Welcome. This program adds
 int main (void)
three numbers. Enter three numbers
 {
in the form: nnn nnn nnn <return>
11 22 33
 int a;
 int b; The total is: 66
 int c;
 int sum; Thank you. Have a good day.
 cout << "Welcome. This program adds\n";
 cout << " t h r e e numbers. Enter three numbers\n";
 cout << " i n the form: nnn nnn nnn < r e t u r n > \ n " ;

 c i n >> a >> b >> c ;

 / / Numbers are now stored i n a , b , and c . Add them.


 sum = a + b + c ;

 cout << "\nThe t o t a l i s : " << sum << " \ n " ;


 cout << "\nThank you. Have a good d a y. \ n " ;
 return 0;
 } / / main
Example
Example
51
Conclusion
52

In this lecture …
What is structure of C++?
What is variable and Identifier?
What Is Standard Data Types?
What are operators in the language?
What are strems?

ANY QUERY?
53 Sample examples
See examples provided in chapter 4 on introduction to
programming in C++ BY Dian Zak

Exercise given on page 104 -107

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