BIT 2nd Year

Semester 3
IT 3505

Web Application Development II

Server Side Web Development (PHP &

MySQL) –
Part 4
Duration: 30 hours
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Instructional Objectives
 Install PHP in a windows environment
 Install PHP in Linux environment
 Explain basic features of PHP
 Articulate MVC architecture
 Differentiate available PHP frameworks
 Explain MVC
 Use web services with PHP
 Develop a web application with PHP

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Sub Topics
1.1 Introduction to PHP (Ref 01 Pg:271-278)
1.2. Configuring the environment (Ref 01 Pg : 76 - 85)
1.3. PHP Syntax and Semantics
1.3.1. Variables (Ref 01 Pg:281-287)
1.3.2. Constants (Ref 01 pg:287 - 296)
1.3.3. Conditional Statements (Ref 01 pg:320-335)
1.3.4. Loops (Ref 01 Pg:335-346)
1.3.5. Functions (Ref 01 Pg: 346-357)
1.4. Arrays and data processing with arrays (Ref 01 Pg: 296-307)
1.5. Form processing with PHP (Ref 02)
1.6. Session control and Cookies (Ref 01 Pg:437-446)
1.7. File system management (Ref 01 Pg: 366-389)
1.8. Email sending using PHP (Ref 03)
1.9. Object Orientation with PHP (Ref 01 pg :397-423)
1.10. Working with MySQL database (Ref 01 PG:515-528)
1.11. Introduction to PHP frameworks (Ref 5)
1.12. Fundamentals of MVC (Ref 6)
1.13. How to call web service using PHP (Ref 01 pg:541-553)

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Creating MySQL databases and
Tables

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Introduction to MySQL
• Released on 23rd May 1993.
• 12+ million web servers use this Database
Management System(DBMS)
• Open source
If you don't have a PHP server with MySQL, you can download it
for free from the site http://www.mysql.com

Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Wikipedia use MySQL

database as their standard database
PHP 5 and later can work with a MySQL database using MySQLi
extension or PDO (PHP Data Objects)

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating a Database
• There are 2 main ways of creating a database :
– With the command line
– By using a tool such as MySQL workbench ,
phpMyAdmin
• If you are using PHP , Apache , MySQL
package such as wamp or lamp , You
already have phpMyAdmin installed.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating a database by using
phpMyAdmin tool

1) Click on databases and give a suitable name . Click ‘Create’

2) Click ‘Create’

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating Databases-(with SQL
command)

1) Click on SQL tab

2) Type the
correct 3) Click on the Go button
command

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating Table (GUI)
• You can create tables in a selected DB by executing
the relavent command or by using the GUI

2. Type a suitable table name and number of columns for the

1. Select the database table

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating Table (GUI) …..
• Columns (Fields) of the table can be created by filling the
subsequent form as requited.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Creating Tables (By SQL command)

CREATE TABLE Persons ( PID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, FirstName CHAR(15),
LastName CHAR(15), Age INT )

CREATE TABLE Persons (

PID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT
PRIMARY KEY, FirstName CHAR(15),
LastName CHAR(15),
Age INT )

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Managing data stored in MySQL
DBs Through PHP

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Basic Steps in Processing data stored
in MySQL through PHP programs
1. Connect to a host server with MySQL installed.
2. Select a database
3. Create a SQL statement
4. Execute the SQL statement.
– Many SQL statements return the result of a SQL
statement as a record set
5. Extract data from record set using PHP
commands
6. Use the data as required
7. Close the connection

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Open a Connection to MySQL
• Opening a connection to a MySQL DB
<?php Usually "localhost"
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username"; By default – ‘root’
$password = "password";
$dbname = “myDB"; By default – ‘ ’

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password,
$dbname);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Database connection failed: " . $conn-
• O
>connect_error);
}
echo "Success. Connected to database";
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Close the Connection
• It’s always a best practice to close a
connection once you are done with working
with the database.
• Can close the connection using this syntax.
// if the connection object is
$conn
$conn->close();

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 mysqli_query()
• This is one of the most important and most
used function in php when dealing with
MySQL.
• mysqli_query() function is used to command
PHP to execute a SQL statement.
• It sends a query or command to a MySQL
DBMS through the connection object.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Inserting Data Into a Database
Table
• You can use INSERT INTO statement to add new
records to a database table.
• There are 2 different ways of writing insert quiaries
– INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
– INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
• The first form can be used if data is inserted to all columns of
the new record.
• The second form can be used if data is inserted only to a
selected set of columns in the new record.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Executing a SQL query through PHP
• The following PHP code segment inserts two record to the
table ‘Persons’
<?php Structure of the table
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", " ", Persons{
"myDB"); PID INT NOT NULL
if ($con->connect_error) AUTO_INCREMENT
die("Database connection failed: " . PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName CHAR(15),
$conn->connect_error); LastName CHAR(15),
Age INT )
mysqli_query($con,"INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,
LastName, Age)VALUES
('Nimal', 'Perera',35)");

mysqli_query($con,"INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,

LastName, Age)VALUES
('Amal', 'Silva',33)");

mysqli_close($con);
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Inserting data to a MySQL DB
through a HTML form.
• This HTML page requests the web server to execute
a PHP script named “insert.php” at the server side.
<html>
<body>
<form action=“insert.php" method="post">
Firstname: <input type="text“
name="firstname"><br>
Lastname: <input type="text"
name="lastname"><br>
Age: <input type="text"
name="age"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Insert Data Into a Database Table
Content of the PHP script insert.php
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","", “myDB");
if ($con->connect_error) die("Database connection failed:
“.$conn->connect_error);
$firstname = $_POST['firstname'];
$lastname = $_POST['lastname'];
$age = $_POST['age'];
$sql = "INSERT INTO persons (FirstName, LastName, Age)"
. "VALUES ( '$firstname', '$lastname', $age )";
if(mysqli_query($con,$sql)){
echo "Data inserted to the Table successfully";
}else {
echo "Error in inserting data". $con->error;
}
mysqli_close($con);
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Selecting and Displaying Data
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","",“myDB");
if ($con->connect_error) die("Database connection failed: " .
$conn->connect_error);
$sql = "select * from persons";
$result = mysqli_query($con,$sql);
if(!$result){
die("Error in executing the SQL" . $con->error);
}
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)){
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']. "<br>";
}
mysqli_close($con);
?>

selects all data stored in the “persons" table and display only the
content of the ‘FirstName’ and ‘LastName’ columns.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Select Data satisfying a where
clause
• We can use the Where clause to filter records
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","123456","bit Earlier example
");
selected all the
if ($con->connect_error) die("Database connection
Records from
failed: " .
$conn->connect_error); the table , but
$sql = "select * from persons where here we are
FirstName='Nimal'"; using a where
$result = mysqli_query($con,$sql); clause to filter
if(!$result){ data so that it
die("Error in executing the SQL" . $con->error); will only return
} records where
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)){ the First name
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName']. field is ‘Nimal’
"<br>";
}
mysqli_close($con);
?> IT3505 Web Application Development II
 MySQL Update
• Whenever you need to update a record which
exist in a table , you can use update query.
Here the ‘Where’
clause decide
UPDATE table_name
which records to
SET column1=value,
be updated. If you
column2=value2,...
remove the WHERE
WHERE some_column=some_value
clause, all records
will be updated

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Changing Data in the DB
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","",“myDB"
);
if ($con->connect_error) die("Database
This will
connection failed: " .
search for
$conn->connect_error);
records which
if(mysqli_query($con,"UPDATE Persons SET Age= 50
have the
WHERE FirstName='Nimal'")){
Firstname as
echo "Record updated successful";
‘Nimal’ and
} else {
change the
echo "Error in executing the SQL" . $con-
Age attribute
>error;
of those
}
records to ‘50’
mysqli_close($con);
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Delete Data In a Database Table
• The delete query is used when you need to remove a record
in a table
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column = some_value

<?php
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","123456","bit");
if ($con->connect_error) die("Database connection failed:
" .
$conn->connect_error);
if(mysqli_query($con, "DELETE from Persons WHERE
FirstName='Nimal'")){
echo "Record delete successful";
} else {
echo "Error in executing the SQL" . $con->error;
}

mysqli_close($con);
?> IT3505 Web Application Development II
OOP using PHP

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Object-Oriented Programming
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to the
creation of reusable software object-types /
classes that can be efficiently developed and
easily incorporated into multiple programs.
• In OOP an object represents an entity (a student,
a desk, a button, a file, a text input area, a loan, a
web page, a shopping cart).
• An object oriented application comprises of a
collection of objects that interact with each
other to solve a particular problem/s.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Object-Oriented Programming
• Objects are self-contained
– data and operations that pertain to the object
are assembled into a single entity.
• In OOP each Object has:
– An identity
– State
– Behavior

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Class and Object
• A “Class” refers to a blueprint. It defines the
attributes(variables) and methods the objects
of that class should support.

• An “Object” is an instance of a class. Each

object should corresponding to a class(es)
which defines its attributes and behavior.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 The Class
• The basic unit of code in object-oriented PHP is the class. A
class provides a mechanism to encapsulate related
functionality and data into a single entity.
• In PHP a class can be defined by using the keyword ‘class’ as
below.
• The class name can be any valid label and it cannot be a
PHP reserved word.
Class Name
class Circle
{
// Class properties and Properties
methods
} Methods
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Properties
• In PHP5, class properties are used as placeholders, to
store data associated with the objects of that class. The
visibility of a property can be defined by adding one of
the following prefixes to the declaration of the
property.
– public : the value of the property can be accessed from
everywhere. If no visibility is specified for a method, it
defaults to public visibility.
– protected : the value of the property can be accessed only
by the class and the derived classes(child classes).
– private : the value of the property can be accessed only by
the class that defines the member.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 A Class with Public and Private
Properties - Example

class Person{
public $name;
public $sex = "m"; //
default value
public $dob;
private $bank_account_no;
}

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Creating objects(Instances) of a
class
• In order to access the properties and use the methods of a class,
you first need to instantiate, or create an instance(object). This can
be done by using the keyword ‘new’ as below:

$c = new Person();
Classes should be defined before instantiation.
$c variable holds a reference to an instance (object) of the class
‘Person’.

Once an object is created, the individual (visible) properties and

methods of that object can be accessed by using an arrow (->)
operator as given below.

$c->name = “Sunil”;

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Object assignments
• When assigned an already created instance of a
class to a new variable, the new variable also
points to the same instance.
Example :
$p1 = new Person();
$p1->name = "Sunil";
$p2 = $p1 // $p1 and $p2 points to the same object

$p2->name = "Kamal";
echo $p1->name; // This will print the text “Kamal” as $p1 and $p2 points
to the same object

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Class Methods
• Class properties are used to hold data inside objects.
Functions can be created inside a class to manage its
property values. Such functions defined inside
classes are called its methods.

Syntax for method definitions:

visibility function function_name
(parameters)
{
// method implementation here
}

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Class Methods
class Person{
public $name;
public $sex = "m"; // default
value
public $dob;
private $bank_account_no = ; $this is a The
pseudo-variable.
Public function set_name($name){ It is used to
$this->name = $name; refer to the
} calling object to
which the
Public function print_name(){ method belongs.
echo $this->name;
}
}
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Constructors and Destructors
• In some situations when dealing with classes, you
might want to have a way to automatically
initialize object variables and/or to perform
certain pre-defined actions when the object is
created. For such situations, a constructor can be
used.
• A constructor is nothing more than a specially
named method that is automatically called when
an object is instantiated. In PHP5, to implement a
constructor, all you need to do is implement a
method named “__construct”.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Constructors and Destructors
• PHP5 now includes a special method
(destructor) that is called when an object is
destroyed.
• An object destructor is called when all
references to an object are removed, or it is
manually destroyed in your code.
• To create a destructor, add a method to your
class, and call it “__destruct”.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

Class Object
{
function __construct() {}
function __destruct() {}
}
$obj= newObject();
unset($obj);

IT3505 Web Application Development II

<?php
class Person{
public $name = null;
public $sex = "m";
public $dob;
private $bank_account_no;

function __construct($name,$sex,$dob,$acc){
$this->name = $name; $this->sex = $sex;
$this->dob = new DateTime($dob);
//$dob should be give as "2015-01-15"
$this->bank_account_no = $acc; Example
}
public function print_age($toData){
//$toDate should be give as "2015-01-15"
$interval = $this->dob->diff(new DateTime($toDate));
echo "Years - ". $interval->y . " Months - ".$interval->m ." Days -
".$interval->d ;
}
}

$p1 = new Person("Saman","m","1960-11-23","123456");

$p1->print_age("2015-02-06");
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Static Keyword
• Sometimes when using object-oriented
programming, you might need to assign
properties/methods with a class rather than
with its instances. This can be done by using
static propertie/methods. Static
properties/methods exist only with the class
but not with its instances.
• Static Properties/methods of a class can be
accessed by using the operator “::”.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 self::
• In order to access static variables within the
same class, you can use the self keyword
followed by the double-colon (“::”)
• Using self:: is similar to $this->, but it is used
for static members only.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

<?php
class Person{
public $name = null;
public $sex = "m";
private static $ObjectCount = 0;
function __construct($name,$sex){
$this->name = $name;
Example
$this->sex = $sex;
self::$ObjectCount++;
}
public function print_object_count(){
echo "Number of objects instantiated -".
self::$ObjectCount;
}
}
$p1 = new Person("Saman","m");$p2 = new
Person("Kamala","f");
Person::print_object_count();
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Class Constants
• It is possible to define class values that are
constant for the class. To define a class
constant, use the “const” keyword before the
constant name.
• Constants differ from normal variables in that
you don't use the $ symbol in their
declaration.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

<?php
class Person{
const office = "UCSC";
public $name = null;
public $sex = "m";

function
__construct($name,$sex){ Example
$this->name = $name;
$this->sex = $sex;
}

public function print_office(){

echo "Office name -".
self::office;
}
}

Person::print_office();
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Inheritance
• Allows you to define a base set of properties and methods
that belong to a base class and to extend that class by
– adding additional properties and methods and/or
– changing the behavior of existing methods.
• The subclass inherits all of the public and protected
properties and methods from the parent class. Unless a
subclass overrides a method, the subclass retains its
original functionality defined in the parent class.
• Inheritance facilitate the implementation of additional
functionality in similar objects without the need of re-
implementing all of the shared functionality.
• When defining a subclass the parent class must be defined
before defining the child class.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 The extends key word
<?php
The keyword
class Shape
{ extends is used
public $center = to build a
array(x=>0, y=>0); subclass
}

class Circle extends Shape

{ Parent
public $radius; Class
}

$c = new Circle();
print_r($c->center);
?> IT3505 Web Application Development II
 The final Keyword
• There are cases where, you want to restrict a
subclass from redefining a member that exists
in a parent class. You can prevent properties
and methods from being redefined(overriding)
in a subclass by using the final keyword.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Using parent:: References
• In some situations you may want to refer to a
property or a method of the parent class, in a
subclass. To achieve this, you can use the
parent keyword in conjunction with the ::
(double colon) you saw in the previous section
on static members.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

<?php
class Shape {
var $x;
function getName()
{
$this->x = “I’m a shape";
return;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
// we have var $x; from the parent already here.
function getParentName()
{
parent:: getName();
echo $this->x;
}
}
$b = new Circle();
$b-> getParentName(); // prints: " I’m a shape "
?>

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Abstract Classes
• When a class is defined as abstract, other classes
can extend it, but it cannot be instantiated. This
feature enables you to define classes as
templates.
• A class that contains at least one abstract
method is treated as an abstract class.
• Abstract methods only defines the signature of
the method, but not its implementation.
• When inheriting from an abstract class, all
methods declared as abstract in the parent class
must be defined by the child.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

<?php
abstract class Shape
{
public $origin = array(x=>0,
y=>0);
}

class Circle extends Shape

{
// Circle implementation
}

$c = new Circle();
echo $c->origin;
$s = new Shape();
echo $s->origin;
?>
IT3505 Web Application Development II
 Interfaces
• Another new object-oriented feature in PHP5 is the
ability to create and use interfaces. Interfaces, in a
nutshell, are a way to specify what methods a class
must explicitly implement. This is useful when dealing
with many interconnected objects that rely on the
specific methods of one another.
• In PHP5, an interface is defined using the interface
keyword, and implemented using the implements
keyword.
• All methods declared in an interface must be public.
• Interfaces can be extended like classes using
the extends operator.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Interfaces
interface TwoDimensionalOperations
{
public calculateArea() ;
}
class Circle implements
TwoDimensionalOperations
{
public calculateArea() ;
{
// Implementation of calculateArea,
specific to this Circle class
}
}

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Abstract Classes Vs Interfaces
• A child class can extend only one abstract
class, whereas a class can implement multiple
interfaces.
• An interface does not provide any
functionality (method implementations)
whereas an abstract class may provide some
functionality.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Magic Methods
• Magic methods is a set of methods designed to be
executed automatically in response to particular PHP
events.
• All names of magic methods starting with two
underscores.
• PHP reserves all function names starting with “__” as
magical, thus it is recommended not to start any user
defined function with “__”.
Eg:
– __call()
– __get and __set
– __toString

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 __call()
• Allows you to provide actions or return values when
undefined methods are called on an object.
• Can be used to simulate method overloading, or
even to provide smooth error handling when an
undefined method is called on an object.

public function __call($m, $a){

echo “The method ” . $m . “ was called.<BR> The arguments
were as follows:<BR>;
print_r($a);
}

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 __get and __set
• __get makes properties which actually don't
exist in a class to appear as if they do.
• __get takes one argument
– the name of the property,

– __set requires two:

• the name of the property and the new value.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 __toString
• __toString returns a custom string value that
is automatically used when the object is
converted to a string.
• Only called when used directly with echo or
print. If not implemented in a class the object
id will be returned by default.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

PHP Frameworks

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 What is a framework ?
• A software framework is a re-usable design that can
be used to build a software system (or subsystem).
A framework for a house is a
structure that engineers use to
build a house . Likewise ,a
software framework is a
structure with core functionalities
and data structures that enable
developers to build their
applications with ease.

Allows developers to develop

applications faster

A framework for a house

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 What is a framework ?
• Frameworks support for the development of
large-scale software systems. They provide higher
productivity and shorter development time
through design and code reuse.
• Software frameworks include support programs,
compilers, code libraries, tool sets, and
application programming interfaces (APIs) that
bring together all the different components to
enable development of a project or solution.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Library vs. Framework
• A library performs specific, well-defined
operations whereas a framework is a skeleton
(abstract design) where the application defines
what exactly to be done by filling out the
skeleton.
• The main objective of a library is the code reuse.
• Typically, in a framework there is a defined
control flow with predefined spots that you
should fill out with our code. Your inserted code
will be called by the framework appropriately.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Library vs. Framework

Your Code

Calls at
Calls when
appropriate
needed
places

Libraries Framework
Contains

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Why Frameworks ?
• Raw PHP, works very well with small
applications. HTML files can be easily
extended with dynamic content from the
database, form processing, etc.
• But , when applications grows, lots of code
repetition occurs across multiple pages.
• Its hard for a new developer to work on a
code someone else has written.
– It takes a long time to get familiar with the code.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Model-View-Controller design
pattern
• Most common and popular Web application
development frameworks are based on the
Model-View-Controller design pattern.
• Typically, application frameworks provide
basic building blocks needed by most
applications such as
– Database connections
– Business logic
– Form handling

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 Features of a good framework
• Supports a design pattern
• Provide libraries , plugins to make application
development easier.
• Support abstract layer for database
interactions
– Ability to work with a database without writing
queries
• A strong community
– If something goes wrong , a place to get support.

IT3505 Web Application Development II

 PHP Frameworks
There are many PHP framework. A number of
them are listed below
• CakePHP
• Symfony
• CodeIgniter
• Zend Framework
• Yii Framework

In this course emphasis is given on the

CodeIgniter framework.

IT3505 Web Application Development II