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Business Math Demystified 1st Edition Allan Bluman
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Allan Bluman
ISBN(s): 0071464700
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.16 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
BUSINESS MATH
DEMYSTIFIED
 Demystified Series
Accounting Demystified Management Accounting Demystified
Advanced Statistics Demystified Math Proofs Demystified
Algebra Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified
Anatomy Demystified Medical Terminology Demystified
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Biotechnology Demystified Nanotechnology Demystified
Business Calculus Demystified OOP Demystified
Business Math Demystified Options Demystified
Business Statistics Demystified Organic Chemistry Demystified
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Calculus Demystified Pharmacology Demystified
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College Algebra Demystified Physiology Demystified
Corporate Finance Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified
Data Structures Demystified Precalculus Demystified
Databases Demystified Probability Demystified
Differential Equations Demystified Project Management Demystified
Digital Electronics Demystified Psychology Demystified
Earth Science Demystified Quality Management Demystified
Electricity Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified
Electronics Demystified Relativity Demystified
Environmental Science Demystified Robotics Demystified
Everyday Math Demystified Six Sigma Demystified
Forensics Demystified sql Demystified
Genetics Demystified Statistics Demystified
Geometry Demystified Technical Math Demystified
Home Networking Demystified Trigonometry Demystified
Investing Demystified uml Demystified
Java Demystified Visual Basic 2005 Demystified
JavaScript Demystified Visual C# 2005 Demystified
Linear Algebra Demystified xml Demystified
Macroeconomics Demystified
 BUSINESS MATH
DEMYSTIFIED

ALLAN G. BLUMAN

McGRAW-HILL
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Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except
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DOI: 10.1036/0071464700
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CONTENTS

Preface xi
CHAPTER 1 Fractions—Review 1
Basic Concepts 1
Operations with Fractions 4
Operations with Mixed Numbers 7
Quiz 10
CHAPTER 2 Decimals—Review 17
Rounding Decimals 17
Addition of Decimals 19
Subtraction of Decimals 20
Multiplication of Decimals 20
Division of Decimals 21
Comparing Decimals 24
Changing Fractions to Decimals 25
Changing Decimals to Fractions 27
Quiz 29
CHAPTER 3 Percent—Review 32
Basic Concepts 32
Changing Percents to Decimals 32
Changing Decimals to Percents 34
Changing Fractions to Percents 36
Changing Percents to Fractions 38
Three Types of Percent Problems 39
v
vi CONTENTS

Word Problems 43
Quiz 45
CHAPTER 4 Formulas—Review 49
Introduction 49
Exponents 50
Order of Operations 51
Formulas 55
Quiz 58
CHAPTER 5 Checking Accounts 61
Introduction 61
Recording the Transactions 61
Reconciling a Bank Statement 67
Summary 73
Quiz 73
CHAPTER 6 Payroll and Commission 76
Introduction 76
Yearly Salary 76
Hourly Wages 78
Piecework Wages 80
Commission 82
Payroll Deductions 85
Summary 87
Quiz 88
CHAPTER 7 Markup 91
Introduction 91
Markup on Cost 92
Markup on Selling Price 97
Relationships Between the Markups 103
Markdown and Shrinkage 106
Summary 113
Quiz 113
CHAPTER 8 Discounts 116
Introduction 116
CONTENTS vii

Trade Discounts 117

Trade Discount Series 121
Cash Discounts 126
Discounts and Freight Terms 132
Summary 135
Quiz 136

CHAPTER 9 Simple Interest and Promissory Notes 138

Introduction 138
Simple Interest 139
Finding the Principal, Rate, and Time 145
Exact and Ordinary Time 149
Promissory Notes and Discounting 157
Summary 164
Quiz 164

CHAPTER 10 Compound Interest 167

Introduction 167
Compound Interest 167
Effective Rate 173
Present Value 175
Summary 179
Quiz 180

CHAPTER 11 Annuities and Sinking Funds 182

Introduction 182
Annuities 183
Sinking Funds 188
Summary 191
Quiz 192

CHAPTER 12 Consumer Credit 194

Introduction 194
Installment Loans 194
Annual Percentage Rate 198
Rule of 78s 202
Credit Cards 207
viii CONTENTS

Summary 213
Quiz 214
CHAPTER 13 Mortgages 216
Introduction 216
Fixed-Rate Mortgage 217
Finding Monthly Payments 220
Amortization Schedule 224
Summary 228
Quiz 229
CHAPTER 14 Insurance 231
Introduction 231
Fire Insurance 231
Automobile Insurance 238
Life Insurance 240
Summary 243
Quiz 244
CHAPTER 15 Taxes 246
Introduction 246
Sales Tax 246
Property Tax 249
Income Tax 252
Summary 255
Quiz 255
CHAPTER 16 Stocks and Bonds 257
Introduction 257
Stocks 258
Bonds 265
Summary 269
Quiz 269
CHAPTER 17 Depreciation 272
Introduction 272
The Straight-Line Method 273
CONTENTS ix

Sum-of-the-Years-Digits Method 276

Declining-Balance Method 281
The Units-of-Production Method 285
The MACRS Method 287
Summary 287
Quiz 287

CHAPTER 18 Inventory 291

Introduction 291
Cost of Goods Sold 291
The Retail Inventory Method 300
Inventory Turnover Rate 303
Summary 308
Quiz 308

CHAPTER 19 Financial Statements 312

Introduction 312
The Balance Sheet 313
Income Statements 319
Summary 322
Quiz 322

CHAPTER 20 Statistics 325

Introduction 325
Frequency Distributions 325
Measures of Average 334
Measures of Variability 337
Summary 343
Quiz 343

CHAPTER 21 Charts and Graphs 346

Introduction 346
The Bar Graph and Pareto Graph 347
The Pie Graph 352
The Time Series Graph 356
The Scatter Diagrams 359
x CONTENTS

The Stem and Leaf Plot 363

Summary 366
Quiz 366

Final Exam 368

Answers to Quizzes and Final Exam 382

Index 387
 PREFACE

The purpose of this book is to provide the mathematical skills and knowledge
to students who are either entering or are already in the business profession.
This book presents the mathematical concepts in a straightforward, easy-to-
understand way. It does require, however, a knowledge of arithmetic (fractions,
decimals, and percents) and a knowledge of algebra (formulas, exponents, and
order of operations). Chapters 1 through 4 provide a brief review of these con-
cepts. If you need a more in-depth presentation of these topics, you can consult
another one of my books in the series entitled Pre-Algebra Demystified.
This book can be used as a self-study guide or as a supplementary textbook
for those taking a business mathematics course at a junior college, a community
college, a business or technical school, or a 4-year college. It should be pointed
out that this book is not for students taking a high-level course in mathemat-
ics for business with topics such as linear programming, quantitative analysis,
elementary functions, or matrices.
It is recommended that you use a scientific calculator for some of the more
complex formulas found in Chapters 10 through 13. Also, some calculators
are not able to handle several nested parentheses; that is, parentheses inside of
parentheses. If you get an error message while trying to do this, it is recom-
mended that you do some of the operations inside the parentheses first and use
these numbers omitting the parentheses.
I hope you will find this book helpful in improving your mathematical skills
in business and enabling you to succeed in your endeavors.
Good luck!
Allan G. Bluman

xi

Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
 xii PREFACE

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my editor Judy Bass for her assistance in the publication
of this book and Carrie Green for her helpful suggestions and error checking.
Finally I would like to thank my wife Betty Claire for her proofreading, typing,
and encouragement. Without her, this book would not be possible.

Note: All names of people and businesses in this book are fictitious and
are used to make the concepts presented more business-world oriented. Any
resemblance to actual persons or businesses is purely coincidental.

Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
BUSINESS MATH
DEMYSTIFIED
This page intentionally left blank
 1
CHAPTER

Fractions—Review

Basic Concepts
In a fraction, the top number is called the numerator and the bottom number
is called the denominator.
To reduce a fraction to lowest terms, divide the numerator and denominator
by the largest number that divides evenly into both.

28
EXAMPLE: Reduce .
36

SOLUTION:
28 28 ÷ 4 7
= =
36 36 ÷ 4 9

To change a fraction to higher terms, divide the smaller denominator into the
larger denominator, and then multiply the smaller numerator by that answer.

Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2 CHAPTER 1 Fractions—Review

3
EXAMPLE: Change to 30ths.
5
SOLUTION:
3 18
Divide 30 ÷ 5 and multiply 3 × 6 = 18. Hence, = . This can be written
5 30
3 3×6 18
as = = .
5 5×6 30
An improper fraction is a fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal
to its denominator; for example, 18 , 8 , and 77 are improper fractions. A mixed
5 3
number is a whole number and a fraction; 6 34 , 3 19 , and 2 78 are mixed numbers.
To change an improper fraction to a mixed number, divide the numerator by
the denominator and write the remainder as the numerator of a fraction whose
denominator is the divisor. Reduce the fraction if possible.
28
EXAMPLE: Change to a mixed number.
6
SOLUTION:

4 28 4 2
6 28 =4 =4
6 6 3
24
4

To change a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the denominator

of the fraction by the whole number and add the numerator; this will be the
numerator of the improper fraction. Use the same number for the denominator
of the improper fraction as the number in the denominator of the fraction in the
mixed number.
3
EXAMPLE: Change 7 to an improper fraction.
4
SOLUTION:
3 4×7+3 31
7 = =
4 4 4
PRACTICE:
10
1. Reduce to lowest terms: 30
.
45
2. Reduce to lowest terms: 48
.
27
3. Reduce to lowest terms: 33
.
3
4. Change 4
to 28ths.
CHAPTER 1 Fractions—Review 3

5
5. Change 8
to 72nds.
9
6. Change 10
to 40ths.
21
7. Change 15
to a mixed number.
13
8. Change 6
to a mixed number.
3
9. Change 5 7 to an improper fraction.
10. Change 9 18 to an improper fraction.

SOLUTIONS:
10 10 ÷ 10 1
1. = =
30 30 ÷ 10 3
45 45 ÷ 3 15
2. = =
48 48 ÷ 3 16
27 27 ÷ 3 9
3. = =
33 33 ÷ 3 11
3 3×7 21
4. = =
4 4×7 28
5 5×9 45
5. = =
8 8×9 72
9 9×4 36
6. = =
10 10 × 4 40

1 21 6 2
7. 15 21 =1 =1
15 15 5
15
6

2 13 1
8. 6 13 =2
6 6
12
1
3 7×5+3 38
9. 5 = =
7 7 7
1 8×9+1 73
10. 9 = =
8 8 8
 4 CHAPTER 1 Fractions—Review

Operations with Fractions

In order to add or subtract fractions, you need to find the lowest common
denominator (LCD) of the fractions. The LCD of the fractions is the smallest
number that can be divided evenly by all the denominator numbers. For example,
the LCD of 16 , 23 , and 79 is 18 since 18 can be divided evenly by 3, 6, and 9. There
are several mathematical methods for finding the LCD; however, we will use
the guess method. That is, just look at the denominators and figure out the LCD.
If needed, you can look at an arithmetic or prealgebra book for a mathematical
method to find the LCD.
To add or subtract fractions
1. Find the LCD.
2. Change the fractions to higher terms.
3. Add or subtract the numerators. Use the LCD.
4. Reduce or simplify the answer if necessary.
1 3 5
EXAMPLE: Add + + .
3 8 6
SOLUTION:
Use 24 as the LCD.
1 8
=
3 24
3 9
=
8 24
5 20
+ =
6 24
37 13
=1
24 24
11 7
EXAMPLE: Subtract − .
12 9
SOLUTION:
Use 36 as the LCD.
11 33
=
12 36
7 28
− =
9 36
5
36
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