Question 1.

Highlight any one feature of the multi-polar world as visualized by both Russia and India. (All India
2017)
Answer:
A multi-polar world is characterised by the co-existence of multiple power centres in the international
system,
E.g., USA, Russia, China, Japan, etc.

Question 2.
Which one of the following statements about the Berlin war is false? (Delhi 2016)
(i) It symbolised the division between the capitalist and the communist world.
(ii) It was built immediately after the Second World War.
(iii) It was broken by the people on 9 November 1989.
(iv) It marked the unification of the two parts of Germany.
Answer:
(iv) It marked the unification of the two parts of Germany.

Question 3.
Which one of the following was NOT given primacy by the makers of the Soviet system? (AH India
2016)
(i) Abolition of private property.
(ii) A society based on the principle of equality.
(iii) No opposition party to be allowed.
(iv) No state control over the economy.
Answer:
(iv) No state control over the economy.

Question 4.
Define ‘Bipolarity’. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Bipolarity can be defined as a system of world order in which the majority of global economic, military
and cultural influence is held between two states.

Question 5.
Highlight any one major distinction between the Soviet economy and the capitalist economy. (All India
2015)
Answer:
The Soviet system was based on the principles of equality and the planned economy controlled by the
state.
Whereas in the capitalist economy, private ownership is dominant. Land and productive assets are
owned and controlled by the capitalist.

Question 6.
Highlight any one consequence of ‘Shock Therapy’. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The Shock Therapy ruined the economy and people of the entire region. The large state-controlled
industrial complex almost collapsed as about 90 per cent of its industries were put for sale.

Question 7.
How was the US benefitted by the Soviet disintegration? (AH Indio 2015)
Answer:
The US benefitted by the Soviet disintegration due to the economic crisis of the USSR. The Soviet
Union used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of
its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system.
Question 8.
What is the new name of the former USSR? (All Indio 2011)
Answer:
The new name of the former USSR is ‘Russia’.

Question 9.
For how many years did the Civil War continue in Tajikistan? When did it come to an end? (Delhi
2012: All India 2010)
Answer:
The Civil War in Tajikistan continued for 10 years. It came to an end in 2001.

Question 10.
The transition from an authoritarian socialist system to democratic capitalism was influenced by the
IMF and the World Bank. What was this transition known as? (All India 2010)
Answer:
The transition was called ‘Shock Therapy’.

Question 11.
Which two republics of the USSR have had violent secessionist movements at the time of its
disintegration? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Chechnya and Dagestan were the two republics of the USSR which have violent secessionist
movements at the time of its disintegration.

Question 12.
As a result of ‘Shock Therapy’, to which economic system, each state of the Soviet bloc was gradual to
be absorbed? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
As a result of ‘Shock Therapy’ each state of the Soviet bloc was gradual to be absorbed in the capitalist
system.

Question 13.
On which ideology was the Soviet political system based? (All India 2008)
Answer:
The Soviet political system was based on the ideology of socialism and communism.

Question 14.
Mention the name of the Eastern alliance led by the Soviet Union. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Warsaw Pact was the name of the Eastern alliance led by the Soviet Union.
Question 15
What was the significance of ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom? (All India 2017)
Answer:
The significance of ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’ was that it led to falling of dictatorship under the
Saddam Hussein and establishment of democratic government in Iraq.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
State any two features of the Soviet system. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Which were the two important features of the Soviet system? (All India 2013)
OR
List any two characteristics of the Soviet Union. (AH India (C) 2008)
OR
Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet political system. (Delhi 2012, 2008; All India 2008)
Answer:
The two features of the Soviet system were :

The Soviet system was based on state welfare where the state was engaged in mass production to meet
the needs of the people.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) controlled the government and dominated the
political decision-making.
Question 2.
What is meant of ‘Shock Therapy’? (All India 2014,2009; Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The dissolution of the USSR was correlated with the downfall of communism in the countries which
were members of the socialist bloc. These post-Soviet countries underwent a process of transition from
an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition came to be
called ‘Shock Therapy’. It was facilitated by the World Bank and IMF, the Bretton Woods institutions.

Question 3.
Mention any two characteristics of the Soviet economy during the Cold War days. (All Indio 2012)
Answer:
Two characteristics of the Soviet economy during the cold war days were as follows:

It had a complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel.
It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars.
Question 4.
Why is it said that the collapse of the Berlin Wall signified the collapse of the bipolar world? (HOTS:
Delhi; 2011.2009)
Answer:
The Berlin Wall was the hallmark of the Cold War. It symbolised the division between the capitalist and
the communist world; a bipolar world. But, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, people on 9th
November 1989 broke the wall marking it as a symbol of unification of the East and West Germany
into a single country with Berlin as its capital. The fall of the Berlin Wall was then followed by a line of
events which marked the end of the Cold War and more importantly collapse of the bipolar world.

Question 5.
List any two consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’. (Delhi 2010)
OR
Mention any two negative effects of ‘Shock therapy’. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Two consequences or the two negative effects ‘Shock Therapy’ were

It led to the gradual dismantling of the state-owned industrial sector.

It destroyed the old social welfare system of the state, pushing people to the margins of the economy.
Question 6.
Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Highlight any two arguments in support of your answer. Delhi
2010
OR
Mention any two main reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union. (All Indio 2009)
Answer:
The USSR disintegrated because :

The Soviet political and economic institutions had developed internal weaknesses which defied
people’s aspirations and needs.
Complimenting the administrative stagnation, there was an economic stagnation which cut short the
consumer demand and paved the way for the market failure.
Question 7.
List any two differences between the socialist and communist parties. HOTS; All India 2008
Answer:
Differences between socialist and communist parties follow

Socialist Party Communist Party

Socialist party believes in gradual change while The Communist party believes in radical and
fundamental change.
Socialist party aims at improvement and reform in society while The Communist party aims at a
restructuring of an entire society.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe any four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The term ‘Shock Therapy’ meant the transitional model from being a socialist country to a capitalist
country influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
Four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’ were :

‘Shock Therapy’ proved to be a real shock for the Soviet economy. It brought ruin to the communist
economies and the people of the region.
It led to the collapse of the state-controlled industrial units and high scale privatisation of the
government enterprises and subsequent auctioning of the state-owned industries which were called the
‘largest garage sale’ in world history.
The value of Russian currency, Ruble declined dramatically with a soaring rate of inflation pushing
people into poverty.
The old system of social welfare was pushed to ashes with the government withdrawing subsidies.
It widened the gap between rich and poor. It further reinforced the economic divide.
Question 2.
Explain any two reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Explain any four factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union were :

The most important factor for the fall of the Soviet Union was a lack of proper leadership. There was
no clear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was wielding
power.
Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of ‘Perestroika and ‘Glasnost’ proved to be disastrous for the economic
health of the USSR.
Anti-communists forces of the Soviet Union had the support of the USA and Western European
countries. Gorbachev due to his liberal policies did not try to uproot these forces.
No effort was ever made to create a socialist human being and a socialist culture.
Question 3.
Describe any four consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union were : (any four)

The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of the Cold War because the Cold War was the
culmination of the rivalries between the USA and the USSR. Thus, Cold War confrontations were put
to an end.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a dramatic change and upheaval in the power relations which
had implications for world politics. The disintegration left open the world space to be dominated by the
sole superpower called the USA or to have the dominance of several powers.
The Bretton Woods institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became
active players in the wake of developmental needs of the second world countries as they were
borrowing money from the World Bank and IMF. ‘
The world saw the emergence of many new countries with their own independent aspirations.
The Baltic states namely Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia joined the European Union and subsequently
became members of the NATO.
Undoubtedly the significant consequence of the withering away of the USSR was the inauguration of
the period of US hegemony in which capitalism was pronounced as the winner because socialism had
been dead.
Question 7.
What was ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
As a part of it’s Global War or Terror’, the US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ against all
those suspected to be behind 9/11 attack, mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afganistan.

Question 8.
What was the main objective of ‘Operation Desert Storm’? (Delhi 2015)
OR
Why was ‘Operation Desert Storm’ fought again Iraq? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The Gulf War codenamed ‘Operation Desert Storm’ was a war waged by coalition forces from 34
nations led by the United States against Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

Question 9.
How did the US respond to the 9/11 attacks? (All India 2015)
Answer:
The US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ in response to the 9/11 attacks. It was against all those
who are suspected to be behind this attack.
Question 10.
What was a 9/11 event? What was the US response to it? (All India 2008)
Answer:
On 11th September 2001, 19 hijackers from a number of Arab countries took control of four American
commercial aircraft and crashed them into the North and South Tower of World Trade Centre in New
York, Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia and Pennsylvania.

The US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ in response to the 9/11 attacks. It was against all those
who are suspected to be behind this attack.

Question 11.
What was ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’? (All India 2013,2012)
OR
Who was the target of ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ launched by the US as part of the war on
terrorism?
Answer:
The US launched ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ as a part of ‘Global War on Terror’, against all those
suspected behind the 9/11 attack mainly Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Although the
Taliban regime in Afghanistan was easily overthrown, terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda and the Taliban still
continue and more so against Western targets.
The target of operation made by the US forces was all over the world.
They arrest people without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested. These
persons were detained in secret prisons. Some of them were brought to Guantanamo Bay, a US Naval
base in Cuba, where they have neither protection of international law, nor their own country law on that
the US. Even UN representatives are not allowed to interact with these prisoners.
Question 12.
What is meant by ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’? Mention its main objective as well as the hidden
objective.
Explain any two consequences of this operation. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Operation Iraqi Freedom
It was the code name given to the invasion of Iraq by the US. This operation was launched on 19th
March. 2003. More than 40 other countries joined the ‘coalition of the willing’ after the UN refused to
give permission for the invasion.

Main objectives and hidden objective:

The main, as well as the hidden objective of the invasion, was to prevent Iraq from developing the
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). When no proof of WMD was found in Iraq, it was speculated
that the invasion was motivated by the other objectives which include controlling oil fields of Iraq and
installing a regime friendly to the United States.

Two consequences of the ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’

The US was not able to pacify Iraq even the government fell swiftly. A full-fledged operation was
reignited against the US by Iraq.
The US had lost over 3000 military personnel in the war. Since the US-led invasion, it was estimated
that 50000 Iraqi civilians have been killed.
6 Marks Questions
Question 1.
In what three ways did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect world politics? Explain. All India 2017
OR
Examine any six consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (All Indio 2014,2010; Delhi
2013, 2012,2008 [C])
Answer:
For the consequences of the disintegration of the USSR,
The consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union were : (any four)

The disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of the Cold War because the Cold War was the
culmination of the rivalries between the USA and the USSR. Thus, Cold War confrontations were put
to an end.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a dramatic change and upheaval in the power relations which
had implications for world politics. The disintegration left open the world space to be dominated by the
sole superpower called the USA or to have the dominance of several powers.
The Bretton Woods institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became
active players in the wake of developmental needs of the second world countries as they were
borrowing money from the World Bank and IMF. ‘
The world saw the emergence of many new countries with their own independent aspirations.
The Baltic states namely Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia joined the European Union and subsequently
became members of the NATO.
Undoubtedly the significant consequence of the withering away of the USSR was the inauguration of
the period of US hegemony in which capitalism was pronounced as the winner because socialism had
been dead.
Question 2.
Highlight any three positive and three negative features each of the Soviet system in the Soviet Union.
(Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The three positive features of the Soviet system were :

The Soviet economy was more developed than the rest of the world except the US. It had a complex
communication network, vast energy resources, machinery production and a transport system that
connected its remotest areas.
A minimum standard of living for all Answer: citizens was ensured by the Soviet
state and the government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, child care and other
welfare schemes.
State ownership was given more importance. Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by
the Soviet state.
The three negative features of the Soviet system were:

The Soviet system was very bureaucratised and authoritarian in nature. It turned the life of the people
into disorder.
Authoritarianism meant the absence of democracy and freedom of speech which angered the people.
The Soviet economy witnessed economic stagnation for a long time which led to market failure when
demand failed to meet supply in the market for consumer goods.
State Treasury had spent a huge fortune on building and maintaining nuclear arsenals and in developing
its satellite states in East Europe and within the Soviet system. It turned into a large economic burden
for the Soviet system.
Question 3.
How did the Soviet Union suddenly disintegrated? Explain any six reasons, (All India 2016)
OR
Describe any six factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain any three reasons for the disintegration of the USSR. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Examine any six factors which led to the disintegration of the former Soviet Union. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Following are the reasons for the disintegration of the USSR :

1. Leadership crisis It was the most important cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. There
was no dear cut line between the party and government as there was one political party which was
wielding power. The leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was placed at the
helm of affairs of the government/state. The CPSU managed to impress people for a substantial period.
However, later on, the leadership of the CPSU lost its sheen owing to corruption and simultaneously
lost people’s confidence.

2. Gorbachev’s policies Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Perestroika and Glasnost proved to be

disastrous for the economic health of the USSR. He did not create conducive conditions for the
implementation of the twin policies. Gorbachev ignored the presence of anti-community forces and did
not try to uproot them from the Soviet Union.

3. Anti-communist elements had reached at its peak Gorbachev’s ignorance and his liberal outlook, in
turn, strengthened the anti-communal forces in Eastern Europe. Consequently, Czechoslovakia,
Romania, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria and East Germany witnessed the downfall of the communist
regimes. These sudden developments paved the way for the disintegration of the USSR.

4. Economic stagnation The Soviet economy remained stagnant for many years which led to severe
consumer shortages. Much of the resources were used in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and
the development of its satellite states.
5. Stagnant administration The administration and political system of the Soviet Union became
stagnant. The Communist Party that ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not accountable to
the people. Rampant corruption, unwillingness to allow more openness in government led to the
collapse of the system.

6. Rise of nationalism and desires The final and the most immediate cause for the disintegration of the
USSR was the rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including
Russia and the Baltic Republics.

Question 4.
Describe the role of Gorbachev to reform the Soviet system and the effects of these reforms on the
USSR. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985. He
initiated reforms in the Soviet system and tried to normalise relations with the West He also tried to
democratise and reform the Soviet Union.

Some of the reforms initiated by Gorbachev are :

He introduced economic and political reform policies of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and ‘glasnost’
(openness).
He stopped the arms race with the US by signing apart to control over nuclear weapons.
He withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and Eastern Europe.
He helped in the unification of Germany.
The reforms initiated by Gorbachev had following effects on the USSR :

Common people became impatient to bring openness and restructuring of the system faster than these
were scheduled in the policy of Perestroika and Glasnost.
Bureaucrats and communist hardliners did not want to adopt these policies, they felt their powers and
luxuries would reduce.
As a result, Gorbachev had to suffer and subsequently, he resigned and a coup took place in 1991 in
which Communist Party hardliners were on one side and the staunch supporter of restructuring on the
other.
Gorbachev’s reform policy geared up nationalistic feelings and the desire for sovereignty within
various republics including Russia and Baltic Republics.
People preferred the capitalist economy over the centralised economy under which they were suffering.
Question 5.
Describe the factors that make most of the former Soviet Republics prone to conflicts and threats.
(Delhi 2015)
OR
Give any three examples to show that most of the former Soviet Republics were prone to conflicts and
tensions. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The present-day conflicts which the post-Soviet republics are confronted with can be traced to the old
days when the USSR had existed. With the downfall of the USSR, Russia has experienced high levels
of ethnic conflicts pertaining to exit claims by former satellite states that rose against the idea of
federation. Exit claims antagonised the state leading to a clash between the interest of the centre and the
constituent states resulting in massive human right violations in Chechnya and in other regions.

The three factors that make most of the former Soviet republics prone to conflicts and threats are:

1. Chechnya conflict which began in 1994 has led to the demand for independence. It has been the bone
of contention between separatists and the Government of Russia for decades. Russia has been criticised
for its actions which led to the mass killing of the people in Chechnya.
2. Tajikistan conflict Tajikistan also experienced a decade long Civil War fuelled primarily by a clash
between ethnic groups. It ended in 2001. The cause of the Civil War lies in the period after the end of
the Cold War where the legitimacy crisis erupted after presidential elections in Tajikistan. It took the
form of a Civil War.

3. Georgia conflict Like the other post-Soviet states, Georgia also fell prey to the internal conflicts and
instability which had accumulated since the days of the Soviet Union. Declaring independence, Georgia
witnessed two gruesome conflicts in the country. These conflicts proved to be painful for the country as
it created divided societies following divergent interests.

Question 6.
If the Soviet Union had not disintegrated and the world had remained bipolar, how would that situation
have affected world politics? (All India 2015)
Answer:
If the Soviet Union had not disintegrated, it would have affected world politics in the following
manner:

The USA would not have become so powerful and its hegemony would not have been established. It
would not be interfering in the world affairs more unilaterally.
The world would have headed towards a Third World War if there was no disintegration of USSR. The
war would have been more devastating and destructive.
The disintegration of USSR led to the independence of many countries which were part of erstwhile
USSR. This would have not been possible without the disintegration.
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the USA’s position in the UNO also became very strong.
Almost all the decisions in UNO were taken under the influence of the USA. This situation could have
been different if there was no collapse of USSR.
Most of the former Soviet Republics which are passing through conflicts and Civil Wars, would not
have gone through this agony.
Accumulation of nuclear weapons would have continued endlessly.
Question 7.
What was the Soviet system? Assess any four features of the Soviet system. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Soviet system was based on the critique of capitalism which declares that capitalism un avoiding
leads never-ending impoverishment and exploitation of the masses. It stressed that capitalism can never
equate itself with mass production for the satisfaction of human needs.

The Soviet system was largely pro-poor in orientation with social policies aimed at the welfare of the
masses. The Soviet system was constituted after the Russian Revolution of 1917, based on equality and
planned economy.

Four features of the Soviet system are :

In the Soviet system, the state was accorded an important role. The state was the saviour of the masses.
The Soviet system was an outcome of the socialist doctrine which seeks to create an egalitarian society.
The Soviet system’s economy was planned and controlled by the state. There were no private
enterprises or industries.
The Soviet political system gave primacy to the Communist Party with no scope for the opposition in
politics. It was a sign of authoritarianism.
Question 8.
Explain any six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the Soviet Union. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the USSR? (All Indio 2010)
Answer:
The six factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate reforms in the Soviet Union were :

The most important factor was to keep the USSR well aware of the revolutions taking place in the field
of information and technology in the West. Gorbachev was well aware of the standard of technology in
USSR.
Gorbachev wanted to make USSR an advanced country which could catch up with or outpace the
Western countries particularly the US. It was a step for democratisation.
Gorbachev was a liberal in his outlook. He favoured normalisation of ties of the USSR with the rest of
the world. Among his top priorities was to forge better relations with the Western countries.
Gorbachev faced administrative stagnation in the Soviet system because of lack of democracy coupled
with mounting corruption.
Gorbachev derived his motivation for reforms in the need to address the legacy of the economic, social
and political stagnation which took shape in the regime of Brezhnev. They marked the economic
decline of the decade 1976-1985 challenged the military and political supremacy of the USSR.
Foreign policy complications aided by the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 compelled
Gorbachev to reinvigorate the Soviet command economy to usher in the era of economic prosperity.
Question 9.
‘Although India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries, yet the strongest
relations are still between India and Russia?’ Explain the statement with any three suitable arguments.
(HOTS; Delhi 2012, 2010)
OR
Why are India’s relations with Russia considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy?
Explain. (All India 2012)
Answer:
India has maintained good relations with all the Post-Communist countries but it has the strongest
relation with Russia which continues to date. Following are some arguments to support the statement:
1. Indo-Russian relation is an important segment of India’s foreign policy. The relations between these
two countries are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular
perceptions. Famous Bollywood personalities are common names in Russia.

2. Both countries share a vision of a multipolar world order. A multipolar world is the co-existence of
several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated
settlements of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision-
making through bodies like the UN.

3. From this relationship, India gets benefits on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing
information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relations with China.
On the other hand, Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest
arms market for Russia.
The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia.

4. Russia is vital for India as it has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis. India
is trying to increase its energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.

5. Apart from this, Russia is important for India’s nuclear energy plants and assisted India’s space
industry. For example,
Russia has provided the cryogenic rocket when India needed it.
Dut to the above reasons, Russia is considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy.

Question 10.
What is meant by ‘Shock therapy’? Assess its consequences on the Post-Communist regimes? (Delhi
2009)
Answer:
For a meaning of Shock therapy,
The dissolution of the USSR was correlated with the downfall of communism in the countries which
were members of the socialist bloc. These post-Soviet countries underwent a process of transition from
an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition came to be
called ‘Shock Therapy’. It was facilitated by the World Bank and IMF, the Bretton Woods institutions.

For consequences of Shock Therapy on the post-communist regimes. The term ‘Shock Therapy’ meant
the transitional model from being a socialist country to a capitalist country influenced by the World
Bank and the IMF.
Four consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’ were :

‘Shock Therapy’ proved to be a real shock for the Soviet economy. It brought ruin to the communist
economies and the people of the region.
It led to the collapse of the state-controlled industrial units and high scale privatisation of the
government enterprises and subsequent auctioning of the state-owned industries which were called the
‘largest garage sale’ in world history.
The value of Russian currency, Ruble declined dramatically with a soaring rate of inflation pushing
people into poverty.
The old system of social welfare was pushed to ashes with the government withdrawing subsidies.
It widened the gap between rich and poor. It further reinforced the economic divide.
Question 11.
Examine India’s relationship with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
India and the former Soviet Union enjoyed a cordial relationship during the Cold War. The relation
between the two was a multi-dimensional relationship

Economic relation During the Cold Era, India’s public sector companies were assisted by the Soviet
Union. It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam as well
as machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited etc. Apart from this, the Soviet Union
accepted the Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange.
Political relation On the political front, the Soviet Union has supported India in the UN over the
Kashmir issue. India got support from the Soviet Union during major conflicts especially during the
war with Pakistan in 1971.
The Soviet Union on the other hand also got indirect support from India for its foreign policy.
Defence relation India received its military hardware from the Soviet Union when other countries were
willing to part with military technologies.
Culture In the Soviet Union, Hindi films and Indian culture were very popular. This has been proved as
many prominent Indian writers and artists paid a visit to the USSR.
Question 12.
‘India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship during the Cold War, which led critics to say that
India was a part of the Soviet camp.’ Do you agree? Support your answer with any two arguments.
(HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
Yes, the special relationship between India and USSR reflected this. First, India’s Non-Alignment was
said to be ‘unprincipled’. In the name of pursuing its national interest. India, it was said, often refused
to take a firm stand on crucial international issues.

Second, it is suggested that India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures. Having criticised
others for joining alliances, India signed the Treaty of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR for 20
years.

This was regarded, particularly by outside observers, as virtually joining the Soviet alliance system.
However, the Indian Government’s view was that India needed diplomatic and possibly military
support during the Bangladesh crisis and that in any case, the treaty did not stop India from having
good relations with other countries including the US.
Question 13.
Examine any six characteristics of the Soviet system during 1971-1991. (All Indio (C) 2008)
Answer:
The USSR contained 15 constituent republics, it was formed on 30th December 1924 with the adoption
of a federal Constitution. It was the largest country in terms of area.
Following are its six characteristics in the time period of 20 years

The USSR was federation only on a paper. In reality, it did not embrace the features of a federal
system. The fifteen republics were denied autonomy and there was centralisation of power around
Russia.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) controlled the government and dominated the
political decision-making. It strengthened the principle of democratic centralism which meant lack of
dissent on the decisions of the upper party bodies. Thus, the single-party system was the norm.
The most coloured feature of the Soviet system was the propagation of socialism to oppose the effects
of capitalism, though later on it was abandoned (Shock Therapy).
The Soviet economy was state-owned and state planned where the state was the owner of the means of
production thus, there was an absence of private property.
The Soviet system was characterised by a complex communications network with vast energy
resources like oil, iron and steel. The state has a vast network of transportation to manufacture or
transport goods to remotest areas.
The Soviet system was based on state welfare where the state was engaged in mass production to meet
the needs of the people.
Q 14. What had caused the Arab Spring?
Ans. Various economic and political causes including increased population leading to unemployment,
etc. were the causes that led to Arab Spring, a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed
rebellions. The end goal of the uprising was an increase in democracy and freedom.

Q 15. Which countries experienced uprisings due to Arab Spring?

Ans. Arab Spring was a wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that took place in the Middle
East and North Africa. The regions of protest include Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Syria, Libya and
Morocco.
Q 16 How did Arab Spring take its roots?
The 21st century witnessed emergence of new developments for democracies and democratization in
West Asian countries, one such event is characterized as Arab Spring that began in 2009. Located in
Tunisia, the Arab Spring look its roots where the struggle against corruption, unemployment and
poverty was started by the public which turned into a political movement because the people
considered the existing problems as outcome of autocratic dictatorship. The demand for democracy that
started in Tunisia spread throughout the Muslim-dominated Arab countries in West Asia. Hosni
Mubarak, who had been in power in Egypt since 1979, also collapsed as a result of the massive
democratic protests. In addition, the influence of Arab Spring could also be seen in Yemen, Bahrain,
Libya and Syria where similar protests by the people led to democratic awakening throughout the
region.

Passage-Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions (Delhi 2016)
Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy, which meant rooting
out completely any structures evolved during this period. Above all, it meant that private ownership
was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property. Privatisation of state assets and corporate
ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in. Collective farms were to be replaced by private
farming and capitalism in agriculture. This transition rules out any alternate or ‘third way’.
(i) Name any two countries which were required to make a total shift?
(ii) Why were the collective farms to be replaced by private farming?
(iii) Since the ‘third way’ has been ruled out, what were the only two ways of controlling the economy?
Answer:
(i) Two countries which were required to make a total shift were Russia and Kazakhstan.
(ii) The collective farms were replaced by private farming for making private ownership as a dominant
pattern of ownership of property.
(iii) The only two ways of controlling the economy were capitalist’economy and ‘Shock therapy’.

Question 2.
The value of the Ruble declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their
savings. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security, and the
government started to import food. The old trading structure broke down with no alternative in its
place. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government
subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty. (All India 2016)
(i) What is meant by subsidy?
(ii) How did the disintegration of the collective farm system lead to the loss of food security?
(iii) This passage is associated with which country? Why did the government start importing food?
Answer:
(i) A subsidy is a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business
keep the price of a commodity or service low.
(ii) The disintegration of the collective farm system led to capitalism in agriculture which left people
without food security because state-sponsored subsidies, food grains etc to poor were put to an end
under a capitalist system.
(iii) The given passage is associated with Russia. The government started importing food to meet the
shortage of food.

Question 3.
Study the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow (All India 2013)
The collapse of communism was followed in most of these countries by a painful process of transition
from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. Privatisation of state assets and
corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in.
(i) Why has the process of transition been ’ described as painful?
(ii) Which political system existed before the transition and which system replaced it, if any?
(iii) What does privatisation imply?
Answer:
(i) The transition has been described as painful because it underlined the collapse of communism which
was followed by a shift from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic system.
(ii) An authoritarian political system crystallised by the socialist model of development had existed
before the transition. It was replaced by a democratic capitalist system.
(iii) Privatisation means a reduction in state planning whereby state resorts to disinvestment and
encourages private ownership of property and means of production.
Added Portion.
BRICS grouping succeeded up to a point but it now confronts multiple challenges due to changes in the
geopolitical order. Comment.
Or
. Discuss the challenges confronting the BRICS in the new geopolitical order. Suggest a way forward
for maintaining relevance and utility of the group in the future.
Introduction
BRICS represents 42% of the world’s population, 30% of the land area, 24% of global GDP and 16%
of international trade. It acts as a bridge between Global North and South.The BRICs called for the
reform of multilateral institutions in order that they reflect the structural changes in the world economy
and the increasingly central role that emerging markets now play.
Body
Challenges With the BRICS
 Marred by Various Issues: Group has seen conflicts such as China's aggression in eastern Ladakh last
year brought India-China relations to their lowest point in several decades.There is also the reality of
the strained relations of China and Russia with the West, and of serious internal challenges
preoccupying both Brazil and South Africa.
On the other hand, China’s image at global level has also been tarnished due to the Covid-19. In this
backdrop, it is questionable whether BRICS matter or not. Heterogeneity: It is claimed by critics that
heterogeneity (variable/diverse nature of countries) of the BRICS nations with its diverse interests
possess a threat to the viability of the grouping.
China Centric: All the countries in the BRICS group trade with China more than each other, therefore
it is blamed as a platform to promote China’s interest. Balancing trade deficit with China is a huge
challenge for other partner nations.
Global Model for Governance: Amidst, global slowdown, trade war and protectionism, the critical
challenge for the BRICS consists in the development of a new global model of governance which
should not be unipolar but inclusive and
constructive.
The goal should be to avoid a negative scenario of unfolding globalization and to start a complicated
merging of the global growing economies without distorting or breaking the single financial and
economic continuum of the world.
Not Been Effective: The five-power combine has succeeded, albeit up to a point. However, China’s
economic rise has created a serious imbalance within BRICS. Also the group has not done enough to
assist the Global South to win their optimal support for their agenda.
What are suggestion to reform BRICS?
Cooperation Within the Group: BRICS need to shed the centrality from China and create a better
internal balance, reinforced by the urgent need for diversification and strengthening of regional value
chains, all exposed during the pandemic.
Policymakers have been encouraging an increase in intra-BRICS cooperation in diverse areas like
agriculture, disaster resilience, digital health, traditional medicine and customs cooperation.
BRICS did well in its first decade to identify issues of common interests and to create platform s to
address these issues. For BRICS to remain relevant over the next decades, each of its members
must make a realistic assessment of the initiative's opportunities and inherent limitations.
Commitment to Multilateral World: BRICS nations need to recalibrate their approach and to recommit
to their founding ethos. BRICS must reaffirm their commitment to a multi-polar world that allows for
sovereign equality and democratic decision making.
They must build on the success of the NDB and invest in additional BRICS institutions. It will be
useful for BRICS to develop an institutional research wing, along the lines of the OECD, offering
solutions which are better suited to the developing world.
BRICS should consider a BRICS-led effort to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement on
climate change and the UN's sustainable development goals. This could include e.g. setting up a BRICS
energy alliance and an energy policy institution.
BRICS nations should strive for peaceful and politico-diplomatic settlement of crisis and conflict in
various regions of the world.
Conclusion
Thus, the future of BRICS depends on the adjustment of the internal and external
issues of India, China and Russia. Mutual communication between India, China and
Russia is important for moving ahead.

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Why was ASEAN established? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural
development.
Question 2.
What does the logo on the ASEAN flag symbolise? (All India 2016)
Answer:
On the ASEAN logo, the ten stalks of paddy (Rice) represent the ten South East Asian countries bound
together in friendship and solidarity. The circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN.

Question 3.
Under which plan did the USA extend financial support for reviving Europe’s economy after the
Second World War? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The USA extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under the plan named
‘Marshall Plan’.

Question 4.
Name any two members of the EU, who are permanent members of the UN Security Council. (Delhi
2014)
Answer:
The two member states of EU, who are permanent members of the UN Security Council are :

Britain
France
Question 5.
Trace the evolution process of the European Union, (All indin 2014)
Answer:
The EU has gradually evolved from an economic union to a political union. It became more a nation-
state. It does not have its Constitution.

Question 6.
What was the objective of founding the European Union? (All indin 2013)
Answer:
The general objectives of the founding the European Union were

To have an area of freedom, security and justice without internal frontier.

Promotion of scientific and technological advance.
Question 7.
What is meant by ASEAN way? (All India 2012)
Answer:
It is a kind of interaction which is informal, unofficial, non-confrontationist and cooperative.

Question 8.
What is meant by the ‘Maastricht Treaty’? (All India 2009)
Answer:
‘The Treaty of Maastricht’ was signed on 7th February 1992, establishing the European Union (EU)
and laid the foundation for common foreign and security policy, cooperation and justice, home affairs
and the creation of a single currency.

Question 9.
In 1992 which regional organisation was formed? (All India 2009)
Answer:
The regional organisation formed in 1992 was the European Union.

Question 10.
What do ASEAN and FTA stand for? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
ASEAN stands for Association of South East Asian Nations and FTA stands for Free Trade Area.

Question 11.
Mention the full form of the following (Delhi (C) 2008)
(i) CTBT
(ii) ASEAN
Answer:
(i) CTBT—Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
(ii) ASEAN—Association of South East Nations

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
State any two features of the European Union that make it an influential organisation. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two features of the European Union that make it an influential organisation are :

EU has evolved over time from an economic union to political union. It has its own flag, anthem,
founding date and currency.
EU’s share of world trade is three times larger than that of the US.
Question 2.
When was the ASEAN regional forum established? What were its main objectives? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The ASEAN regional forum was established in 1994. The main objectives of ASEAN were :

To accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.
To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United
Nations Charter.
Question 3.
In the European Union Flag, what does the symbol of ‘twelve gold stars in a circle’ signify? (Delhi
2012, 2011)
OR
What does the circle with golden stars on the European Union flag stand for? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The circle stands for solidarity and peace among the people of Europe. It contains twelve stars which
symbolise perfection, completeness and unity.

Question 4.
Explain India’s improving relationship with China. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
After the end of the Cold War, significant changes have been seen in the relationship between India and
China. Rajiv Gandhi’s visit in December 1988 then both governments have taken measures to contain
conflict and maintain ‘peace and tranquillity’ on the border.

Cultural exchanges and cooperation agreements are signed by both. Increased transportation and
communication established more sound relationship.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of Panchsheel? (All India 2011)
OR
What does Panchsheel imply? (All India 2009)
Answer:
The five principles of peaceful coexistence are known Panchsheel which formed the bedrock of Indo-
China relationship. Their first formal codification in treaty form took place in 1954 when an agreement
between India and China was signed. Panchsheel act as guiding principle for Indo-China relation.

Question 6.
Mention any two steps taken by China to improve its economy. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Two steps taken by China to improve its economy are:

Deng Xiaoping in 1978, announced ‘Open Door Policy’. This aimed at the generation of high
productivity by investments of capital and technology from abroad.
Privatisation of agriculture and privatisation of industry was done.
Question 7.
What led to the formation of the European Union? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
European Union was formed after the end of the Cold War. After the disintegration of USSR, the
European Union was formed to consolidate the process of reviving the shattered economies of
European countries and to get massive US financial help under the Marshall Plan.

Question 8.
What was the Marshall Plan? How did it pave the way for the formation of OEEC (Organisation of
European Economic Cooperation)? (All India 2008: Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Marshall Plan was a plan under Mr George C Marshall, US Secretary. America extended huge financial
help for reviving Europe’s economy. New collective security structure was created under NATO. Under
the Marshall Plan, OEEC was created in 1948, to help West European states. It acted as a platform
where the West European states began to cooperate on trade and economic issues.

Question 9.
When was the European Union established? Mention any two kinds of influence that were exercised by
the European Union, (All India to 2008)
Answer:
European Union was established on 7th February 1992 after signing the Treaty of Maastricht.
Influences that were exercised by the EU are :

Economic influence
Political and diplomatic influence
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe India-China relations from 1947 to 1962. (All India, 2017,2016)
OR
Evaluate the causes of the strained relations between India and China. (All India 2015)
OR
Describe India’s relations with China from independence to 1962. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The India-China relations examined are as below: Friendly relations

After the Chinese Revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognise the communist
government.
Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai adopted Panchsheel, the Five Principles of
Peaceful Co-existence on 29 April 1954.
The Chinese invasion and strained relationship
China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries.
Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama had sought asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that India was
allowing anti-China activities in India.
Boundary disputes arose between the two countries over Aksai-China area in the Ladakh region and
NEFA in the Eastern region.
The boundary disputes led to a massive Chinese invasion in October 1962. Finally, China declared a
unilateral ceasefire but relations between the two countries remained strained.
Question 2.
What were the two major policy decisions taken by the Chinese leadership in the 1970s? All India 2016
OR
Describe any four new economic policies of China to make it grow at a faster rate. Delhi 2013
OR
Explain the new economic policies of China since 1978. (All India 2013)
Answer:
China’s economic success has been linked to its rise as a great power :
The major policy decisions new economic policies of China were :

China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishments of relations with the United
States in 1972.
Four modernisations (agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) were proposed by
Premier Zhou Enlai in 1973.
Den Xiaoping declared the ‘Open Door Policy’ and rapid economic reforms in China. It was meant to
generate higher productivity by investments of capital and technology from other countries.
The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998.
The trade barriers were eliminated only in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors
could set up enterprises.
Question 3.
In which four ways did the new economic policy of China benefit its economy? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The four ways by which the new economic policy of China benefitted its economy are :

Privatisation of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agriculture production and rural incomes.
The rural industry too grew due to high personal savings in the rural economy.
The SEZs led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade. It made China the most important destination for
foreign direct investment (FDI) anywhere in the world.
It helped in strengthening its relations with WTO in 2001 and plans to deepen its integration into the
world economy.
Question 4.
Mention any four significant changes in Indo-China relations that have taken place after the Cold War.
(Delhi 2016)
Answer:
End of the Cold War marked various changes in the relationship between India and China. Four
significant changes in Indo-China relations took place after the Cold war was:

Both India and China consider themselves as rising powers in international politics. After the visit of
Rajiv Gandhi in 1988, both governments tried to maintain ‘peace and silence’ on the border.
Agreements regarding cultural exchanges and cooperation were signed. Four border posts were also
opened.
Trade between India and China grew at 30 per cent per year since 1999.
An increase in bilateral trade from $338 million in 1992 to more than $ 18 billion in 2006 was seen.
India and China are following the same policies in international economic institutions like the World
Trade Organisation.
Leaders from both countries frequently visit each other’s nation and this way they get familiar with
each other. Through an increase in transportation and communication links and working on common
economic interests development of sound economic relationship has been taking place.
Question 5.
In spite of the improvement in the Chinese economy, there have been negative consequences affecting
the people of China. Mention any four such consequences. (Delhi 2016, All India 2016)
OR
Highlight any four drawbacks in the changed Chinese economic system. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Even though the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, there have been negative consequences
affecting the people of China.
The four negative consequences or drawbacks in the changed Chinese Economic System were :

The benefits of the reforms have not been equally received. Approximately 100 million people are still
unemployed.
Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as in Europe of the 18th and 19 th centuries.
Corruption and environmental degradation have increased.
There has been a rise in economic inequality between rural and urban residents and coastal and inland
provinces.
Question 6.
Assess the role of ASEAN as an economic association. (All India 2016)
OR
Why does ASEAN still remain principally an economic community? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
ASEAN was established primarily for accelerating the economic growth and through that ‘social
progress and cultural development,’ It still remains principally an economic community. Though the
ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan,
however, its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its
influence both in the region and beyond.

The objectives of the ASEAN are to create a common market and production base within ASEAN
states. ASEAN as an economic community also committed to improving the existing ASEAN. Dispute
Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes. ASEAN has focussed in creating a Free Trade
Area (FTA) for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already negotiated FTA with
ASEAN.

The current economic strength of ASEAN particularly its economic relevance as a trading and
investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China makes this an attractive
proposition. India signed FTA with two ASEAN members, Singapore and Thailand, and trying to sign
an FTA with ASEAN itself.

ASEAN’s strength, however, lies in its policies of interaction and consultation with member states,
with dialogue partners and with non-aligned organisations.

Question 7.
How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political
one? (Delhi 2015)
OR
What led the evolution of the European Union from an economic union to an increasingly political
one? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
In the following ways, the European Union was evolved from economic to political union :
Its aim was to make Europe politically, economically and culturally strong enough to face powers like
the USA, Russia.
In order to send grievances of European countries to the UN, two countries i.e. Great Britain and
France are members of the Security Council of UNO.
Due to the presence of some non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, the EU was able to
influence US policies.
It has its own flag, anthem, currency, founding date.
Question 8.
Explain the economic and military influence of the European Union. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Economic influence EU with more than $12 trillion (2005) is the largest economy in the world
surpassing even that of the USA. Euro can cause a danger to the US hegemony of the dollar. The share
of the EU is three times greater than that of the US and this makes the EU more powerful in trade
disputes with the US and China. Its economy is very impressive and thus, it becomes influential to its
neighbours and in Asia and Africa. It plays a significant role in the World Trade Organisation.

Military influence EU stands second in combined armed forces and on total spending on defence. Its
members France and Britain have over 550 nuclear warheads and arsenals. EU is the second largest
source of space and communication technology. Thus, this super national association has been able to
intercede in economic, political and social areas.

But in certain cases, member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies. For example,
an Iraqi invasion, where Britain and some other members of the EU joined US-led a coalition of
willing, whereas France and Germany opposed the same.

Question 9.
What is meant by the ASEAN way? Mention any two of its objectives. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
ASEAN way is a kind of interaction which is informal, unofficial, non-confrontationist and
cooperative.
The two objectives of ASEAN are :

To speed up the economic growth of member countries and through that growth, to bring social and
cultural development.
Promotion of regional peace and stability based on laws and principles of the UN Charter.
Question 10.
Explain any two causes which led to the formation of ASEAN. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The causes which led to the formation of ASEAN were :

The South East Asian Nations suffered the economic and political consequences of repeated
colonialisms before and during the Second World War.
The end of the Second World War confronted problems of nation-building, the ravages of poverty and
economic backwardness and the pressure to align with one great power or another during the Cold War.
Hence, South East Asian countries established the Association for South East Asian Nations in order to
solve the issues of South East Asian Countries.
Question 11.
What were the objectives behind the formation of the ASEAN in 1967? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Association of South East Asian (ASEAN) Nations was created in 1967 with the following objectives:

Primary objective It was to increase economic growth, which will result in social progress and cultural
development of the ASEAN. Thus, this objective was related to economic, cultural and social
perspectives.
Secondary objective Under United Nation Charter, principles and rules of law have been stated. So, the
secondary objective of ASEAN nations was to promote stability and regional peace based upon those
rules and principles.
Question 12.
Explain the role of emerging alternative centres of power in transforming the different countries into
prosperous economies. Delhi 2010
Answer:
The end of the bipolar structure in world politics in the early 1990s interpreted that all alternative
centres of economic and political power could limit the dominance by the US.

Two forces were established to compete with this factor. They were the European Union (EU) in
Europe and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in Asia.

Both EU and ASEAN have developed alternative institutions and agreements in international law, this
converted the countries into prosperous economies. Also, the economic emergence of China has made a
substantial impact on world politics.

Question 13.
Why did India and China both, view themselves as rising powers in global politics in spite of the
tension between them? Substantiate your answer by giving any four events that have brought cordiality
in their relationship. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Both India and China view themselves as rising powers in global politics, as their relations now have a
strategic as well as economic dimension. Both countries would like to play a major role in the Asian
economy and politics.

Four events of friendship between them are:

India’s nuclear tests sometimes justified on grounds of threat from China and did not stop their
interaction.
No issues created problems between both the countries be it Pakistan’s nuclear programme being
assisted by China.
Increasing transportation and communication link, common economic interests and global concerns
establish sound relations.
Mutual understanding of concessions’ policy to solve border problems.
Question 14.
How did the European Union exercise its political and diplomatic influence? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The political and diplomatic influence of the European Union has considerable significance. Its
members Britain and France are permanent members of the UN Security Council. Some non-permanent
members of the UNSC are also included in the EU. And this aspect has made EU impact some US
policies such as present US position on Iran’s nuclear programme. EU’s usage of negotiations,
diplomacy and economic investments proved more fruitful than US coercion and military force. This
can be seen in dealings with China on human rights and environmental issues.

Question 15.
Mention any four common features of the European Union. Delhi 2008; (All India 2008)
Answer:
Features of the EU are as follows:

EU’s share of world trade is three times larger than that of the US allowing it to be more assertive in
trade disputes with the US and China.
It has evolved from an economic union to a political one. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and
currency.
Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours and on Asia and Africa. It also
functions as an important bloc in an international economic organisation such as WTO.
EU has political, economic, diplomatic and military influence. GDP of the EU is slightly larger than
that of the US.
Question 16.
How can the Euro pass a danger to the US Dollar? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
European Union has a great economic influence in the world market including the market of the United
States. Euro is the currency of the EU.
Euro can pass a danger to the US dollar through:

The EU is the world biggest economy with a GDP of more than $ 12 trillion in 2005 and this was
slightly larger than the US.
Share of EU in world trade is three times larger than that of the US and this is the reason why the EU
can be more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China.
The economic power of the EU provides great influence over Asia, Africa and its close neighbours.
Many countries have joined the EU who are directly linked with the US and carry dollar as their
currency. These countries can take economic programmes which are against the interest of the US.
Question 17.
Describe any two aspects each of cordiality and tension in the relationship between India and China.
(Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
Two aspects of cordiality in the relationship between India and China are :

Bilateral trade between India and China has increased from $ 338 million in 1992 to more than $ 18
billion in 2006.
Lately, both countries have agreed upon to cooperate with each other in areas that could otherwise
create conflict between both nations.
Two aspects of tension in the relationship between India and China are :

When China attacked Tibet in 1950-51, Dalai Lama, a political and religious leader of Tibet took
shelter in India. As a result relation between the two countries became bitter.
Controversy over MacMohan line, the borderline between India and China and border conflict in 1962,
over competing for territorial claims in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
Question 18.
Describe any two similarities and two differences between the USA and the EU. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
EU and USA carry similarities as well as differences between them.

Similarities between them are :

Both have a democratic form of governments.

Both the USA and the EU are federal structures. USA states whereas the EU is a combination of
different states of regional blocs.
Differences between them are :

USA is a country with the US dollar as its currency, whereas the EU has Euro as its currency.
Basis of unity in the USA is political and military and EU has econ = nic cooperation as its basis r>l
unity.
Question 19.
Give any two reasons why regionally and globally China has become an economic power to reckon
with. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Regionally and globally China has become an economic power to reckon to believe with as:
The integration of China’s economy has considerable influence on trade partners.
Adjustments through economic considerations have been made with Japan, the US, ASEAN and
Russia. Its investments and help in American, African and Latin states have helped it to project itself a
major global player for developing states.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Evaluate any three major factors responsible for making the European Union a political force from
economic forces. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The European Union has gradually evolved from an economic union into a political union. It has
become more a nation-state. Though it does not have Constitution, it has its own flag, anthem, founding
date and currency. It has a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other states.

The areas of cooperation have been expanded by the European Union through admitting new members
from the former Soviet bloc. This shifting of power of the EU from economic to political force has not
been easy as people were not very enthusiastic. There are also reservations about including some new
countries within the European Union.

A major factor behind this is

Its aim was to make Europe politically, economically and culturally strong enough to face powers like
the USA, Russia.
In order to send grievances of European countries to the UN, two countries i.e. Great Britain and
France are members of the Security Council of UNO.
Due to the presence of some non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, the EU will be able
to influence US policies.
Question 2.
Analyse any two factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional
organisation. (All India 2015)
OR
Evaluate the role of the European Union as a supranational organisation. (All India 2011, 2009)
OR
How has the European Union risen to be a super-national organisation? What are its limitations? (All
India 2008)
Answer:
European Union is considered highly influential.
For types of influences
Economic influence EU with more than $12 trillion (2005) is the largest economy in the world
surpassing even that of the USA. Euro can cause a danger to the US hegemony of the dollar. The share
of the EU is three times greater than that of the US and this makes the EU more powerful in trade
disputes with the US and China. Its economy is very impressive and thus, it becomes influential to its
neighbours and in Asia and Africa. It plays a significant role in the World Trade Organisation.

Military influence EU stands second in combined armed forces and on total spending on defence. Its
members France and Britain have over 550 nuclear warheads and arsenals. EU is the second largest
source of space and communication technology. Thus, this super national association has been able to
intercede in economic, political and social areas. But in certain cases, member states have their own
foreign relations and defence policies.

For example, in the Iraqi invasion, where Britain and some other members of the EU joined a US-led
coalition of willing, whereas France and Germany opposed the same.
Limitations of the European Union European Union as a supranational association has been able to
intercede in economic, political and social areas. But there are certain limitations :

Member states of EU have their own foreign relation and defence policies, that often odds with each
other.
Presence of deep-seated ‘Euro-skepticism’ in some parts of Europe about the EU’s integrationist
agenda.
Question 3.
Explain the factors responsible for the rise of the Chinese economy. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
China is the third major alternative centre of power. It is the fastest growing economy. China at one
time was based on the Soviet model and at that time, it broke all the links with the capitalist world.
Following are the factors responsible for the rising of the Chinese economy :

Use of Soviet Model China accepted the Soviet model and relied on its resources. China decided to
substitute imports by domestic goods and create state-owned heavy industries from capital produced by
agriculture.
Development of Industrial Economy China used all its resources to develop an industrial economy. All
citizens were provided with education and health programmes.
Relationship with USA China established a relationship with the USA in 1972.
Modernisation Modernisations in the field of agriculture, industry, military, science and technology
were proposed.
Major Policies Announced Open Door Policy was announced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, which aimed
at a generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.
The era of Privatisation Privatisation of agriculture in 1982 and privatisation of industry in 1998 was
done.
Establishment of SEZ’s Special Economic Zones was set up. The state had a centralised role in setting
up of China’s economy.
Question 4.
Explain the vision of the ASEAN for 2020. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
ASEAN was established in 1967 with the objective to accelerate economic growth and through that
‘social progress and cultural development’.
ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation. It has a certain vision for 2020.
The features of the ASEAN vision 2020 are as follows :

Its vision 2020 has defined as an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region. Thus,
ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor Crisis and meets annually to
discuss East Asian cooperation.
ASEAN’s strength, lies in its policies of interaction and consultation with member states, with dialogue
partners and with other non-regional organisations.
It is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries and the
major powers can discuss political and security concerns.
Question 5.
Examine the changing Indo-China relations. (All India 2009)
Answer:
For India-China relationship
The India-China relations examined are as below: Friendly relations

After the Chinese Revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognise the communist
government.
Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai adopted Panchsheel, the Five Principles of
Peaceful Co-existence on 29 April 1954.
The Chinese invasion and strained relationship

China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries.
Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama had sought asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that India was
allowing anti-China activities in India.
Boundary disputes arose between the two countries over Aksai-China area in the Ladakh region and
NEFA in the Eastern region.
The boundary disputes led to a massive Chinese invasion in October 1962. Finally, China declared a
unilateral ceasefire but relations between the two countries remained strained.
Conflict of 1962 and Post-Cold Era marked a major change in Indo-China relations. Indo-China
Conflict of 1962 In 1962, border dispute regarding territorial claims in Arunachal Pradesh and in Aksai
Chin made India suffer military reverses. This had an impact on relations between both of them.

Till 1976, no progress was seen in the betterment of their relations, but after that, they improved slowly.
The change in China’s leadership allowed both countries to improve their relations. Border issues
resolution was also started in 1981.

Indo-China Relation After Cold War End of the Cold War marked various changes in the relationship
between India and China. Both India and China consider themselves as rising powers in international
politics.

After the visit of Rajiv Gandhi in 1988, both governments tried to maintain ‘peace and silence’ on the
border.
Agreements regarding cultural exchange and cooperation were signed. Four border posts were also
opened. Trade between India and China grew at 30 per cent per year since 1999. An increase in
bilateral trade from $ 338 million in 1992 to more than $ 18 billion in 2006 was seen. India and China
are following the same policies in international economic institutions like the World Trade
Organisation.

The nuclear tests by India in 1998 created tension between the two, but the process of normalisation
was continued. No issues created problems between both the countries, be it Pakistan’s nuclear
programme being assisted by China.

Leaders from both countries frequently visit each other’s nation and this way, they are becoming
familiar with each other. Through an increase in transportation and communication links and working
on common economic interests development of sound relationship has been taking place.

Question 6.
Analyse the basis of the projection of China to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by
2040. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
China is viewed to dominate the US by the year 2040. The basis of the projection are :

China is considered as the driver of East Asian growth because of the economic integration into
regions.
China is considered to be very powerful and factors such as population, land mass, resources, regional
location and political influence add to its strength.
China announced ‘Open Door Policy’ in 1978 which aimed at a generation of high productivity by
investments in capital and technology from abroad.
In the economic sector various steps were taken to encourage investment by Western entrepreneurs for
modernisation of:
Industry
Science and technology
Agriculture
Military
In 1980, China became a member of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
Privatisation of agriculture and industry helped in growing economy rapidly.
Foreign trade grew with the creation of SEZs and new trading plans This resulted in high foreign
exchange reserves and this way China became most significant for FDI. The above points show
China’s ability to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040.
Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What is the full form of ‘SAARC’? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The full form of SAARC is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 2.
Who controls the North-Eastern parts of Sri Lanka? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The LTTE controlled the North-Eastern parts of Sri Lanka. After its defeat the area is now under the
control of the Government of Sri Lanka.

Question 3.
Whose mediation resolved the ‘Indus River Waters Dispute’ between India and Pakistan? (All Indio
2012)
Answer:
The World Bank resolved the ‘Indus River Water Dispute’ between India and Pakistan.

Question 4.
Mention any two objectives of SAARC. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The two objectives of SAARC are :

Cooperation through multilateral ways.

Peace and friendly relations among the nations.
Question 5.
Mention any four names of the countries belonging to the SAARC. (All India 2013)
OR
Name the member countries of SAARC? (Delhi 2009, All Indin 2009)
OR
Mention any two member nations of SAARC. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Member countries of SAARC are :

India
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Pakistan
Nepal
Bhutan
Afghanistan
Question 6.
What does SAFTA stand for? (Delhi All 2008)
Answer:
SAFTA stands for South Asian Free Trade Agreement.
Question 7.
Mention the names of any four countries of South Asia. (All India 2008)
Answer:
The four countries of South Asia are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Pakistan.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Analyse the two political developments of 1940s that led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan.
(All India 2017)
Answer:
Two political developments of 1940s that led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan are following

Pakistan resolution passed by Muslim League in March 1940 demanding separate homeland for the
Muslim.
Massive Hindu-Muslim riots on 16 August, 1946 which was observed as Direct Action Day by Muslim
League.
Question 2.
Suggest any two measures to have good relations with Pakistan, (All India 2015)
Answer:
Two measures to have good relations with Pakistan are:

Pakistan must stop helping the terrorist.

Cultural delegates from both the countries must visit each other frequently.
Question 3.
State any two reasons for the instability of democracy in Pakistan. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The two factors for Pakistan’s failure of stable democracy are:

The social dominance of military.

Stiff confrontation for coming to power among political parties.
Question 4.
Before 1971, which two reasons were a source of resentment among the people of East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) against West Pakistan? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The two reasons which were source of v resentment (hate) among the people of Pakistan against West
Pakistan were :

West Pakistan dominated East Pakistan.

East Pakistan was forced to use Urdu language.
Question 5.
What were the two main consequences of Indo-Pakistan conflict of 1971? (All India 2013)
Answer:
The consequences of Indo-Pakistan conflict of 1971 are given below :

Eastern command of Pakistan military collapsed and East Pakistan was recognised as Bangladesh.
Over 93000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces making the largest surrender since Second
World War.
Question 6.
Explain any two common features relevant to the countries of South Asia. (All India [C] 2008)
Answer:
The common features relevant to the countries of South Asia are :
The nations of South Asia do not share same type of political system. Though, all countries of South
Asia prefer democratic form of government.
South Asian countries stand for diversity in every sense and yet constitute a geo-political space.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
‘Democracy is becoming the first choice of the people of South Asia’. Justify the statement. (HOTS;
All India 2015)
OR
‘Despite the mixed record of democratic experience, the people of all the countries of South Asia share
the aspirations of democracy.’ Explain. (HOTS; Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Democracy is becoming the first choice of the people of South Asia. According to a survey conducted,
the results show that all the five countries in the South Asia region supports democracy. People
belonging to different religions, ordinary citizens, rich as well as poor, all view the idea of democracy
positively and support the institutions of representative ‘ democracy. For instance :

Nepal has transformed into a democracy from monarchy.

Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system since their independence from the
British.
Bhutan transformed from monarchy to democracy.
Maldives from sultanate to Republic with a Presidential form along with Multi-Party system.
Thus, it can be concluded that, despite of mixed record of democratic experience, the people of all
countries of South Asia share the aspirations of democracy.

Question 2.
Explain any two points of conflict between India and Bangladesh. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any four issues of tension between India and Bangladesh. (Delhi 2012)
OR
Highlight any two issues of cooperation as well as confrontation each between India and Bangladesh,
(All India 2010)
Answer:
The issues of tension (negative aspects) between India and Bangladesh are :

Sharing of river waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra.

Indian Government is not happy with Bangladesh’s refusal to act on unlawful immigration to India.
Bangladesh’s support to anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to North-East region.
Bangladesh refused to export natural gas to India and allow Myanmar to do so through its territory.
The issues of cooperation (positive aspects) between both the countries are :

From the last decade, economic relations have been stregthened.

India’s Look East Policy does involve Bangladesh that links South-East Asia via Myanmar.
Cooperation is noticeable on the grounds of disaster management and environmental issues.
Area of cooperation is being broadened by identifying areas of common threat and by responding
sensitively to each others needs.
Question 3.
Explain any two reasons for the popular struggle in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West
Pakistan during 1971. Delhi 2014
Answer:
The two reasons for the popular struggle in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West Pakistan
during 1971 are following :
After Independence of both India and Pakistan, Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan and was called East
Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan imposed Urdu language forcefully on East Pakistan’s people.
The West Pakistan imposed its own culture and it led to unfair treatment on Bengali culture and
language. The people of East Pakistan also wanted fair representation in the administration and political
power.
Question 4.
Explain any four causes of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, (All India 2014)
Answer:
The four causes of ethnic conflict were :

The bone of contention was the region of Ceylon which was represented by the majority Sinhala group.
They opposed the migration and settlements of Tamilians from India in their region.
According to the group Sri Lanka was only for Sinhala people and not for Tamils. This attitude of
Sinhala people led to the establishment of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant
organisation, which desired for a separate country.
There was a pressure on the Government of India by the Tamils of Indian origin to intervene in the
matter. Hence, the Government of India tried to negotiate with the Government of Sri Lanka on Tamil
question. But direct involvement was in the year 1987. India conceded to sent troops to Sri Lanka for
the preservation of relations between Tamils and Sri Lanka Government. Eventually, the Indian troops
got into a fight with LTTE.
The presence of Indian troops was not liked by many Sri Lankans and hence in 1989, the Indian Peace
Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective.
Question 5.
How is democratisation going on in Nepal since 1990? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Nepal use to be a Hindu kingdom in the earlier period followed by constitutional monarchy in the
modern period for many years. The pro-democracy movements forced the king to allow new
democratic Constitution in 1990. But it had a short and troubled career.

There was a huge influence of Maoists in many parts of Nepal who believed in armed insurrection
against the monarch and the ruling elite. Hence, a triangular conflict among the Monarchist forces, the
democrats and the Maoists took place for sometime. The parliament was abolished and the government
was dismissed by the king in 2002.

Again in 2006, the king was forced to restore the House of Representatives after a massive country
wide pro-democracy protests.
The constituent assembly was formed to write the Constitution for Nepal. The Constitution has come
into effect with some amendment process going on.

Question 6.
What does SAARC stand for? Highlight its any three main objectives. (All India 2013)
Answer:
SAARC stands for the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation. It was founded in 1985. It is a
major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve cooperation through multilateral
meAnswer:
Objectives of SAARC are as follows :

To promote collective self-reliance through systematic economic growth in the region.

To suppress menace of terrorism and smuggling of drugs.
To promote mutual trusts and understanding.
Question 7.
Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (All Indio
2012)
Answer:
The factors that are responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building stable democracy are :

The social dominance of military, landowning aristocrats has led to frequent overthrowing of elected
governments and development of military governments.
Pro-military groups in Pakistan say that democratic government can harm security of Pakistan. And
thus, army’s stay is more powerful.
Question 8.
Explain India’s changing relationship with Pakistan. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
India and Pakistan just after independence got involved in conflict over certain issues. These included
Kashmir, control over Siachen glacier, sharing water of rivers etc.
These issues led to wars between them in 1947-1948, 1965 and 1971. The nuclear test by both the
countries in 1990’s further deteriorated the relations between them. Steps were taken to improve the
relations between India and Pakistan. Some of them include :

Both the countries signed an agreement in February 2007 on reducing the rise from accident relating to
nuclear weapons.
Both the countries have agreed to have a dialogue for reaching a peaceful settlement on all bilateral
issues, including Kashmir.
Leaders have meet at summits to understand each other better and to find solutions to the major
problems between the two neighbours.
Trade between the two parts of Punjab has increased substantially in the last five years.
The two countries have agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
A number of bus route have been opened up between the two countries.
Question 9.
Name the countries included in South Asia. How can peace and cooperation be enhanced in this region?
(Delhi Board 2010)
OR
What is meant by SAARC? How can peace and cooperation be enhanced through it? Delhi 2010
Answer:
The countries included in South Asia are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka and Afghanistan. Inspite of many conflicts, the significance of cooperation and friendly relations
is very well understood by the nations of South Asia.

To evolve the cooperation by multilateral means, a regional cooperation is being formed under the
name of SAARC i.e. the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It was established in 1985.
It is a major regional initiative to evolve cooperation through multilateral meAnswer:

SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2004 which promised the
formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia. It aims at lowering trade tarrifs by 20
percent by 2007.

6 Marks Questions
Question 1.
“Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship that has very few parallels in the world”. Justify the
statement with any three suitable arguments. (HOTS; All India 2017)
Answer:
Nepal and India share a very special relationship that can be illustrated with three suitable examples as
follows:

A treaty between the two countries allows the citizens of the two countries to travel and work in each
other countries without visas and passports.
Nepal being a landlocked country enjoys easier access to sea through Indian territory for the purpose of
trade and commerce with other nations.
Both countries share together trade, scientific cooperation, common natural resources, electricity
generation and interlocking water management grids.
Question 2.
Assess the positive and negative aspects of India’s relations with Bangladesh. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The issues of tension (negative aspects) between India and Bangladesh are :

Sharing of river waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra.

Indian Government is not happy with Bangladesh’s refusal to act on unlawful immigration to India.
Bangladesh’s support to anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
Bangladesh refused to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to North-East region.
Bangladesh refused to export natural gas to India and allow Myanmar to do so through its territory.
The issues of cooperation (positive aspects) between both countries are :

From the last decade, economic relations have been strengthened.

India’s Look East Policy does involve Bangladesh that links South-East Asia via Myanmar.
Cooperation is noticeable on the grounds of disaster management and environmental issues.
Area of cooperation is being broadened by identifying areas of a common threat and by responding
sensitively to each other’s needs.
Question3.
Like India, why could democracy not take roots in Pakistan despite the fact that both the countries
share a common past? (All India 2011)
OR
Explain the factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. Describe any two
pro-democracy factors present in Pakistan which can pave the way for establishing a lasting democratic
set up over there. (All indin 2010)
Answer:
Pakistan does not have a good experience with democracy. Several factors contributed to the failure in
building a stable democracy in Pakistan. They are as follows :

There was always social dominance of military, clergy, and landowning aristocracy which resulted in
the downfall of democratic government and the existence of military government.
Due to Pakistan’s conflict with India, pro-military groups in Pakistan got strengthened.
According to these pro-military groups, political parties and democracy are defective and there is a
chance of harm to the security of Pakistan by narrow-minded parties and disorganised democracy.
And this way, a justification for the army’s stay in power is provided.
Lack of international support has been there in Pakistan for democratic rule.
The US and some Western countries moved Pakistan towards authoritarian rule for their own benefits.
Military rule in Pakistan is supposed to be a protector of Western interests in West Asia, South Asia as
‘Global Islamic Terrorism’ and nuclear arsenal can only be controlled by the military.
Even though democracy has not been fully successful in Pakistan, there has been a strong pro-
democracy sentiment in the country. Pakistan has a courageous and relatively free press and a strong
human rights movement.
Question 5.
Analyse the common problems of South Asian countries. (All India 2011)
Answer:
South Asia includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives and Sri
Lanka. The various natural areas such as the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean are
part of this region.
The common problems among them are :

Poverty All countries of South Asia suffer from large masses living in poverty. In India, nearly 38 per
cent of people are living in poverty.
Violation of human rights There exists a great threat to human rights from anti-social elements,
communalist and from people with a negative attitude, thinking and approach.
A problem faced by democracy Several countries of South Asia aspire to be a democratic country but
face a problem.
Women employment Women are generally seen at a lower position in most of the South Asian nations.
They are restricted and are not as free as their counterparts.
Chapter 6 International Organisations
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Who is present Secretary-General of the United Nations? (Delhi 2014)
OR
Nalle the present General-Secretary of the Union Nations who belongs to Asia. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The present Secretary-General of the United Nations is former Prime Minister of Portugal, Antonio
Guterres. He succeeded Ban-ki-Moon (2007-2016).

Question 2.
What is the main objective of the United Nation? (Delhi 2014)
OR
State anyone important objective of the United Nation, (All India 2014)
OR
Mention any one objective of the United Nations. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The main objective of the United Nation is prevention of conflicts and facilitating cooperation Allong
states.

Question 3.
How many permanent members and non-permanent members does the UN Security Council have?
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The UN Security Council have five permanent members and ten non-permanent members.

Question 4.
Mention any one function of the World Bank. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
World Bank provides loans and grants to the member states, especially to the developing countries.

Question 5.
Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). (All India 2013)
Answer:
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an international organisation which sets the rules for global
trade.

Question 6.
What is the highest functionary of the UN called? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Secretary General is the highest functionary of the United Nations.

Question 7.
How many member states did the United Nations have until 2006? (Delhi 2012; All India 2010)
Answer:
United Nations had 192 members states All 2006.

Question 8.
How many founder states signed the United Nations Charter in 1945? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
There were 51 countries who signed the United Nations Charter in 1945.

Question 9.
State the main objective of the ‘Human Rights Watch.’ (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Human Rights Watch is an international NGO. Its main objective is to draws the global media’s
attention to human rights abuses and advocacy for human rights.

Question 10.
Mention the full form of IMF. How many member states does it have? (Delhi 2011, 2010)
OR
Write the full form of IMF. Whi 2010
Answer:
The full form of IMF is International Monetary Fund. It has 188 member countries.

Question 11.
What is the main function of Allnesty International? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Amnesty International is an international NGO which campaigns for the protection of human rights all
over the world.

Question 12.
What is meant by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organisation that seek to promote the peaceful
use of nuclear energy and to prevent its use for military purposes.

Question 13.
When was the World Trade Organisation (WTO) established? NAlle any country which used WTO to
advance its own interest. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was established in 1995 as a successor to GATT. US, EU and
Japan have used WTO to frAlle rules of trade to advance their own interests.

Question 14.
How many judges are there in the International Court of justice and what is their tenure? (All India
2010)
Answer:
There are 15 judges in the International Court of justice and their tenure is nine years.

Question 15.
What is World Health Organisation? (All India 2010)
Answer:
World Health Organisation (WHO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations. The objective of
WHO is to promote the highest possible level of health in all people.

Question 16.
What is ‘Amnesty International’ responsible for? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Amnesty International is an NGO which is responsible for the protection of human rights accross the
world and publishes report to prevent and end grave abuse of human rights.

Question 17.
What is meant by this statement?
“The United Nations was not created to take humanity to the heaven, but to save it from the hell. Dag
Hammarskjold (All India 2009)
Answer:
The statement means that the United Nations was not formed to make world a good and peaceful place
to live in rather to save the world from another World War.

Question 18.
Nalle the international agency relating to environmental progrAllme. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The international agency relating to environmental progrAllme is United Nations Environment
programme (UNEP).

Question 19.
What is the composition of the UN Security Council? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The UN Security Council consists of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What is Amnesty International? State its main functions? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Amnesty International is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights all over the world.
Main functions of Amnesty International are :

It promotes respect for all the human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
It believes that human rights are interdependent and indivisible.
It prepares and publishes reports on human rights.
Question 2.
Mention any two agencies of the United Nations. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two agencies of the United Nations are :

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Labour Organisation (ILO)
Question 3.
List any four principal organs of the United Nations. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Nalle any four main organs of the United Nations. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Four main organs of UN are :

WHO World Health Organisation

UNDP United Nations Development ProgrAllme
UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Commission
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund.
Question 4.
Mention any two functions of the World Bank. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Two functions of World Bank are :

World Bank works for human development, agriculture and rural development, environment protection,
infrastructure and governance.
It provides and grant loans to the member countries.
Question 5.
Why are international organisations like the UN required? (Delhi 2013)
OR
Why do we need organisations like the UN? (Delhi 2011, 2009)
OR
Mention any two advantages of having international organisation in the world. (All India 2010)
Answer:
We need international organisations like UN:

To resolve the conflicts and differences Among the nations.

To prescribe rules, regulations and mechanisms for cooperation to avoid mistrust and mismanagement.
Question 6.
Nalle one country each from the continents of America, Africa, Asia and Europe, wherein the UN
‘peace keeping operations’ were administered. (All India 2012)
Answer:
America Haiti in 2004 Africa Liberia in 2003 Asia India and Pakistan in 1949 Europe Georgia in 1993
and Cyprus in 1964

Question 7.
How many member countries have got veto power in the UN Security Council and why? (All indin
2011)
Answer:
All five permanent members of the UN have got veto power. The UN Charter gave the permanent
members a privileged position to bring about stability in the world after the Second World War.

Question 8.
Suggest any two major changes to improve the functioning of the Security Council. (All India 2011)
Answer:
TWO major changes to improve the functioning of the Security Council are :

Number of permanent and non-permanent members to security council of UN is to be increased.

Veto power of five permanent countries to be withdrawn instantly.
Question 9.
What is the main objective of Amnesty International? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Main objectives of Amnesty International are :

To promote respect for all human rights in the Universal declaration of Human Rights.
To prepare and publish reports on human rights.
Question 10.
List any two functions of the General Assembly of the UN. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Two functions of the General Assembly of the UN are :

To discuss and make recommendation on any issue under the Ambit of the UN charter.
To maintain International peace and security.
Question 11.
State any two objectives of the Human Rights Watch. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Human Rights Watch is an international NGO. Two objectives of its are :

It draws the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.

It aids in building international coalitions like the cAllpaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child
soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court.
Question 12.
Highlight any two objectives of Amnesty International. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Amnesty International is an NGO for the protection of human rights all over the world.
Its objectives are :

To promote respect for all human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
To prepare and publish reports on human rights.
Question 13.
Write the full form of any four of the following UN bodies. (All India 2010)
(i) UNESCO
(ii) OPCW
(iii) UNRISD
(iv) WMO
(v) UNHCR
Answer:
(i) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
(ii) OPCW Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
(iii) UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
(iv) WMO World Meteorological Organisation.
(v) UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees.

Question 14.
What is meant by security council? Mention its composition. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Security council is one of the principle organs of UNO. It consists of five permanent members and ten
non-permanent members. The permanent members have the ‘Right to Veto’ and the other members are
elected for a term of two years.

Question 15.
What is UNEP? Mention its any two main functions. (All India 2009)
Answer:
United Nations Environment programme (UNEP) is an international agency for the awareness of
environmental consequences of economic growth. Two main functions of UNEP are:

To hold international conferences

To promote detailed studies to get a more coordinated and effective response to environmental
problems.
Question 16.
Why do only the five permanent members of the security council have right to veto? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Permanent members are given the privilege of bringing stability in the world after the Second World
War.
Privileges enjoyed by them are :

Veto power
Permanency
These are not enjoyed by the non-permanent members.

Question 17.
Highlight any two jurisdictions of the United Nations. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The two jurisdictions of United Nations are :

Creation of a peace building commission.

Agreement to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Question 18.
Mention any two basic concerns about the reforms related to the processes and restructing of the UNO.
(Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The two basic concerns about the reforms related to the processes and restructing of the UNO are :

To increase the number of permanent and non-permanent members of security council.

US and other Western countries want improvements in the UN’s budgetary procedures and its
administration.
Question 19.
Give any two reasons why veto power of permanent members of Security Council cannot be abolished.
All India 2008
Answer:
Veto power of permanent members of Security Council cannot be abolished because :

No permanent member would allow to do this.

To maintain the interest of big powers in functioning of UN, veto power is significantly important and
without active participation of the permanent powers, the UN itself will become irrelevant.
Question 20.
Give any two arguments in support of India’s permanent membership to the UN Security Council. (All
India 2008)
Answer:
Arguments in favour of India to be the member of UN Security Council are :

India is the world’s second largest populated country which gives place to almost one fifth of the
people of the world.
India is the world’s largest democracy.
Question 21.
Give any two arguments of some countries, which oppose the inclusion of India in UNSC as a
permanent member. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Arguments of countries which oppose India’s inclusion as permanent member in UNSC are :

The conflict between India and Pakistan will make India ineffective as a permanent member.
With India’s inclusion in UNSC, prominent member countries like Brazil, Germany, Japan, South
Africa will demand for their inclusion too.
Question 22.
Mention any two reforms in the UN after the Cold War. (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
UN was restructured and reformed after the Cold War on following two basis:

Reform of the organisation’s structures and processes.

Review of the issues that fall under the jurisdiction of UN.
Question 23.
How is the International Court of Justice composed? Where is it based? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The International Court of Justice consists of fifteen judges who are elected for nine years by absolute
majority in both the General Assembly and the Security Council. It is based in Hague, Netherlands.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What is the full form of WTO? When was it set up? How does it function? (All India 2017; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The full form of WTO is World Trade. Organisation which sets the rules for global trade. It is an
international organisation. WTO replaced GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) in 1995.

It includes 157 members. Major economic powers such as EU, US and Japan have managed to use the
WTO to work in favour of them. And the developing countries complain about its non-transparent
procedures and it being influenced by big powers.

Question 2.
Why do some countries question the issue of India’s inclusion as a permanent member of the UN
Security Council? Explain. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
India desires to be a permanent member of the UN Security Council but many countries question the
issue of India’s inclusion as a permanent member.

It is not just Pakistan which is opposing India’s permanent membership, other countries are also
questioning it on the basis of India’s nuclear weapons capability. The view of some members is that the
conflict between India and Pakistan will make Indian membership ineffective.

Some other argue that with India’s inclusion, emerging powers such as: Brazil, Germany, Japan, South
Africa will also demand for their inclusion on the basis of their unrepresentative structure. And all this
makes India’s inclusion a difficult task.

Question 3.
What is Human Rights Watch? Describe its main contribution to the field of Human Rights. (All India
2016)
Answer:
The Human Rights Watch is an international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights.
Main contribution in the field of human right is stated in the points below:

It is the largest International Human Rights Organisation in the USA.

It draws the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.
It helped in building international coalitions like the cAllpaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of
child soldiers and to establish the international criminal court.
Question 4.
Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the
UN. (HOTS; Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Many difficulties are involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN. Some of
them are discussed below :
1. Many viewed that Security Council no longer represented contemporary political realities. Some
criteria were proposed for new permanent members and non-permanent members, such as a major
economic power, military power, a nation that respect democracy and human rights, etc. Each of these
criteria have some validity, but due to lack of clarity on certain points, the criteria were considered to
be problematic.
2. Change in the nature of membership was another proposed reform. Some insisted that ‘veto’ power
of the permanent members of the Security Council should be abolished. But permanent members do not
agree to such a reform. It is another major difficulty in reform.

3. Another difficulty was that how representation should be given to Asia, Africa, Latin America and
Caribbean. But selection of the basis of representation i.e. geography, economic development, culture
or civilisation etc creates a problem.

Question 5.
As decided by the member states in 2005 highlight any four steps to make the United Nations more
relevant in the changing context. (Delhi 2014)
OR
List any four steps suggested by the member states of the UN in 2005 in order to make the United
Nations more relevant? (Delhi 2012)
OR
Suggest any four reforms required to make the United Nations more effective (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The following steps were proposed to make the UN more relevant in the changing scenario :

Peace building commission will be created.

UN as an international community will accept its responsibility in case off failure of National
Government to save their citizens from atrocities.
Creation of Human Rights Council (operation since 19th June, 2006)
Agreements regarding achievement of millennium development goals.
To condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
Democracy fund will be created.
Agreement regarding dissolving the trusteeship council.
Question 6.
State any four criteria that have been proposed in the recent years for new permanent and non-
permanent members of the UN Security Council. (All India 2013)
OR
Describe any four proposed criteria for the new permanent and non-permanent members of the security
council in order to improve its functioning. (All India 2010)
Answer:
To be a new member following criteria should be fulfilled:

It should be a major economic power.

It should contribute substantially to the UN budget.
Population of the nation should be high.
Nation should respect human rights and democracy.
The inclusion of that country should make the security council look more vivid in terms of geography,
economic systems and culture.
It should be a major military power.
Question 7.
What steps should be taken to strengthen the UNO? (All Indin 2009; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
In order to strengthen the UNO following steps can be taken:

Reform of the organisation’s structure and processes. This step should be taken :
To increase the permanent and non-permanent member in the UN Security Council so that it can
represent contemporary world politics effective and better way.
To bring improvement in the UN’s budgetary procedure and its administration.
Review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organisation. It will facilitate the following:
Greater role of UN in maintaining world peace and security.
Limiting the role of UN to develop¬ment and humanitarian work.
Question 8.
Explain any four reasons as to why India should be given a permanent membership in the UN Security
Council. (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
The four reasons suggesting that India should be given a permanent membership in the UN Security
Council are :

India is the second most populous country which constitutes l/5th of the population of the world.
India is also the world’s largest democracy.
India actively participated in UN’s progrAllmes and played a material role in keeping and managing
place and cooperation.
The regular financial aid to UN and evolution of its economy support India’s desire to be the permanent
member.
Question 10.
How are international organisation helpful to the nations? (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
International organisation can be helpful to nations following ways :

They facilitate plateform where different countries can cooperate for better living condition for all of
us.
They help in managing the matter of war and peace.
They provide mechanisms, rules and human resources to the member states to deal with issues and
problems of global concern.
They develop a sense of shared responsibility for shared problems such as terrorism, climate change,
global warming etc.
They produce important information and conduct research which can be helpful for international
society to have better understanding of state of affairs.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Trace the evolution of the United Nations since its establishment in 1945. How does it function with the
help of its structures and agencies? (All India 2017, 2016)
Answer:
The United Nations was established in 1945 after the end of Second World War as a successor to the
League of Nations. The United Nations Charter was signed by 51 states for setting up of UN.

Objectives of UN.
The basic aim was to achieve what League of Nations was not able to achieve during the two World
Wars. The other objectives of UN are as follows:

Prevention of conflicts and facilitating cooperation Among nations.

To stop conflicts Among states resulting into war and if it takes the shape of war, to limit the effects of
war.
To reduce the reasons for conflict by bringing the countries together for improving social and
economic- development all over the world.
UN Structures and Agencies
UN includes many different structures for dealing with different issues. The issue relating to war and
peace, and differences between member states are dealt by discussion in General Assembly as well as
in the security council education. The other issues such as social and economic are dealt by a number of
agencies which include :

WHO World Health Organisation.

UNDP United Nations Development Program.
UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Commission.
UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund.
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Question 2.
Describe the two basic reforms of the UN on which almost everyone agrees that they are necessary
after the cold war. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
As reform and improvement are fundamental to any organisation, there have been demands for changes
in the UN from different countries.
The nature of reforms that are desired are of two types:

Reform of the organisation’s structure and processes.

Review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organisation.
The structural reform’s major area was the functioning of the security council. This covers the
increment of permanent and non-permanent members of UN Security Council so as to show in better
way the realities of present world politics. Whereas the proposed increment should be from Asia, Africa
and South America. The another area of reform for UN was its budgetary procedures and its
administration.

When the areas of jurisdiction are taken, some states and experts wish that the UN should have more
role in peace and security missions whereas others wish to restrict UN’s role in development and
humanitarian work like health, education environment, population control, human rights, gender and
social justice.

Question 3.
Which three complaints related to the UN Security Council were reflected in the resolution passed by
the UN General Assembly in 1992? Describe any three criteria that have been proposed for new
permanent members of the security council. (All India 2018)
OR
Describe any six criteria for the new membership of Security Council as suggested after 1997. (Delhi
2015)
Answer:
In 1992, with a view to bring reforms in the UN Security Council, a resolution was adopted by the UN
General Assembly.
The resolution was about following three main complaints:

The security council is not adequately representing the present political realities.
Decisions by security council are reflective of Western values and interests and dominance by a few
powers.
The representation is not on an equitable basis.
In view of reorganisation, UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into the ways of
reformation of UN on 1st January, 1997.

After the years of inquiry, following criteria have been suggested for the permanent and non-permanent
members of Security Council.

For criteria,
To be a new member following criteria should be fulfilled:

It should be a major economic power.

It should contribute substantially to the UN budget.
Population of the nation should be high.
Nation should respect human rights and democracy.
The inclusion of that country should make the security council look more vivid in terms of geography,
economic systems and culture.
It should be a major military power.
Question 4.
Describe the composition of the UN Security Council. What is the major difference in the privileges
given to its permanent and non-permanent members? (All India 2016)
Answer:
Composition of the UN Security Council. The Security Council is an important organ of the United
Nations Organisation (UNO).
It consists of five permanent members (China, United States of America, United Kingdom, Russia and
France) and ten non-permanent members who are elected for a period of two years).

The selection of the permanent members were on the basis of their being powerful immediately after
the Second World War and they being the victors in the war.
There is the major difference in the privileges given to the permanent and non-permanent members.

Privileges to Its Permanent and Non-Permanent Members The UN Charter gave the permanent
members a privileged position to bring about stability in the world. After the Second World War the
main privileges enjoyed by the permanent members are :

Permanency
Veto power
The non-permanent members are elected only for two years at a time and cannot be re-elected
immediately after completing two years. They are elected in a manner so that they represent all
continents of the world.

The non-permanent members do not have the veto power. When decisions are taken by security
council, voting is done. All members have one vote. But the permanent members can vote in a negative
manner so that even if all other permanent and non-permanent members vote for a particular decision,
any permanent member’s negative vote can stall the decision. This negative vote is the veto.

Question 5.
Assess any six steps suggested since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing
context. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The following steps were proposed to make the UN more relevant in the changing scenario :

Peace building commission will be created.

UN as an international community will accept its responsibility in case off failure of National
Government to save their citizens from atrocities.
Creation of Human Rights Council (operation since 19th June, 2006)
Agreements regarding achievement of millennium development goals.
To condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
Democracy fund will be created.
Agreement regarding dissolving the trusteeship council.
Question 6.
How far did the UN perform its role successfully in maintaining peace in the world? Explain. (HOTS;
All India 2010)
Answer:
The UN performs its role successfully in maintaining peace in the world. This can be justified from the
points below :

US leaders, in spite of their frequent criticism of the UN, do see the organisation as serving a purpose
in bringing together over 190 nations in dealing with conflict and social and economic development.
The UN provides an arena in which it is possible to modify US attitudes and policies.
Although the rest of the world is rarely united against Washington, and it is virtually impossible to
‘balance’ US power. However, the UN does provide a space within which argument against specific US
attitudes and policies are heard and compromises and concessions can be shaped.
The UN is an imperfect body, but without it the world would be worse off. Given the growing
connections and links between societies and issues-what we often call interdependence-it is hard to
imagine how more than seven billion people would live together without an organisation such as the
UN.
Technology promises to increase planetary interdependence, and therefore the importance of the UN
will only increase.
Peoples and governments also find ways of supporting and using the UN and other international
organisations
in ways that are consistent with their own interests and the interests of the international community
more broadly.
Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Define security. (Delhi 2014)
OR
What is meant by security? (Delhi 2013)
OR
What does security relate to? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Security mainly refers to freedom from threats. Existence of human being and life of a country is full of
threats, concludingly, security is related to extremely dangerous threats which could endanger to core
values and these values are not repairable.

Question 2.
Define cooperative security, (All India 2014)
OR
What is cooperative security? (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
Cooperative security means to achieve security with the help of cooperation among the countries at the
bilateral, regional or global level. It may include International Organisations, NGO’s, trade unions etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by disarmament? (All India 2014)
Answer:
Disarmament requires all states to give up certain types of weapons. For instance, the 1972 Biological
Weapons Convention (BWC) and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production
and possession of these weapons.

Question 4.
Mention any two new threats to the security of a state. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Two new threats to the security of a state are :

Poverty
Terrorism
Question 5.
How is balance of power a component of traditional security? (All India 2012)
OR
What is balance of power? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Balance of power refers to the maintenance of balance of military power in comparison to a
neighbouring country. The governments have to be very careful regarding balance of power between
nations, as at some point of time in future any government can opt to be aggressive.

Question 6.
How is alliance building a component of traditional security? (All India 2012)
Answer:
An association or an alliance is a partnership of states that coordinate with each other to deter and
defend against military attack. This is done to increases the effective power in comparison of other
countries.

Question 7.
Why human security is more important in the contemporary world than territorial security? (Delhi
2011)
Answer:
Human security has been given priority over territorial security because a secured state does not imply
secured people. If we look into the last 100 years, maximum number of people have been killed by
their own governments rather than foreign armies.

Question 8.
What is human security? (All India 2011)
OR
What is meant by human security? (All India 2009)
OR
What do you understand by human security? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
By human security we mean the security of integrity rights and self-respect of human being along with
their life, dignity and honour.

Question 9.
State any one measure to deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Terrorism is a new source of threat to security. International cooperation can work in dealing with
terrorism.

Question 10.
What in meant by global security? Delhi 2009; (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Global security means international cooperation to combat various international issues. The idea of
global security emerged in the 1990s in response to threats like global warming, terrorism, AIDS, etc.

Question 11.
What is meant by ‘territorial security’? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Territorial security means security against threats from across the borders and from within the country.
It protects and safeguards the territory of a country.

Question 12.
What is the basic difference between the ‘traditional’ and ‘non-traditional’ concept of security? (Delhi
2009)
Answer:
Traditional security deals with use or threat of use of military whereas non-traditional security go
beyond military threats and include threats that endanger human existence.
Question 13.
What did BWC (Biological Weapons Convention), 1972 decide? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972 decided to ban the production and possession of
biological and chemical weapons.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Mention any two human rights in the political field. (All India 2014)
Answer:
The two human rights in the political field are:

Right to freedom of speech

Right to assemble peacefully
Question 2.
Highlight any two threats to a country’s security as per the traditional notion of security. (All India
2014)
Answer:
Two threats as per the traditional notion of security are :

Military threats which endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
Balance of power which means some countries are bigger and stronger than other countries.
Question 3.
Explain the traditional concept of ‘security’. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What is the traditional notion of security? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Traditional security is mainly concerned with the use or threat of use of military force. In traditional
security, force is both the principle threat to security and the principle means of achieving security.

Question 4.
What is meant by the non-traditional notion of security? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Non-traditional notions of security extends beyond military threats. It covers various categories of
threats and dangers, which affect the conditions of human existence. Non-traditional notions doubts
traditional referent of security.

Question 5.
Which are the two forms of cooperative security as per its traditional notion? (All India 2013)
Answer:
The two forms of cooperative security as per its traditional notion are:

Disarmament
Confidence building
Question 6.
Mention any two components of India’s security strategy. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Describe any two components of India’s security strategy. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Two components of India’s security strategy are :

Strengthening of military capabilities as India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours.
Development of economy is another component of India’s security strategy.
Question 7.
Mention any four components of traditional security. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Four components of traditional security policy are:

Deterrence
Defence
Balance of power
Alliance building
Question 8.
Mention any four threats, except war, to human security, (All India 2008)
Answer:
The four threats to human security are:

Terrorism
Global poverty
Human rights violation
Migration
Question 9.
List any two new sources of threats to security. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Two new sources of threats to security are:

Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
Question 10.
What is the relationship between traditional security and cooperation? (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Traditional security is closely related with cooperation as it recognises the need for cooperation to limit
violence. This limit directly relates to both means and ends of the war. It has been universally accepted
that countries should go to war for genuine reasons, say self-defence or to protect other people from
genocide.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by alliance building as a component of traditional security policy? What are its
advantages? (All India 2016)
Answer:
Alliance building is the fourth element of traditional security policy. An association or an alliance is a
partnership of states which coordinate with each other to deter and defend against military attack.

Advantages of alliance building as a component or traditional security policy are:

Most alliances are made in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification who makes the
threat.
Alliances are formed based on national interest and can change when national interests change.
Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance.
Question 2.
Explain the concept of human security. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The concept of human security is concerned with protection of people. Though, human security and
state security are often considered the same, but secure states do not mean secure people. Protection of
citizens from foreign attack is necessary condition for the security of people, but not a sufficient one.
During the last 100 years, there have been more killing by their own governments rather than foreign
armies.

According to proponents (supporters) of human security, the basic goal is the protection of individuals.
There are however, differences over the threats from which individuals are to be protected. There are
basically two categories of proponents.

They are :

Narrow concept
Broad concept

Question 4.
Distinguish between the internal and external notion of traditional security. (HOTS; All India 2015)
Answer:
Differences between the internal and external notion of traditional security are
Question 5.
Explain any four components of India’s security strategy. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy. (Delhi 2012)
OR
Describe any two important components of India’s security strategy. (All India 2011)
OR
State the various components of India’s ‘security strategy.’ (All indin 2009)
Answer:
The security strategy of India involves four components:
1. Strengthening military capability This is the very first component of Indian security strategy because
India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours. It is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in
the South Asian region, so India first tested a nuclear device in 1974 was justified.

2. Strengthening International Norms and Institutions India took initiatives to bring about a universal
and non-discriminatory non-proliferation regime in which all countries would have the same rights and
obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.

3. Internal security The very third components of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting
security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as the Nagaland,
Mizoram, Punjab and Kashmir among others have, from time to time, sought to break away from India.
4. Development of economy India wants to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizen
are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

Question 6.
Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security. (Delhi 2013)
OR
How is global poverty a source of insecurity? Explain. (All India 2012)
Answer:
Four new threats to security are :

Terrorism It means political violence targeting civilians intentionally and non-selectively. International
terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country. Terrorist groups try to change the
political context which they do not like by force or threat of force. Civilians are targeted to terrorise the
public.
Human Rights They have been categorised into three types:
Political rights: It include freedom of speech and assembly.
Economic and social rights: It deals with rights related to economic and social nature.
Rights of colonised people: It deals with rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities
counts.
Global Poverty Due to the high per capita income and low population, rich countries become richer and
vice versa. Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern countries
of the world.
Migration International political frictions have been created due to large scale migration of people from
South to North. In order to seek better life and economic opportunities people have migrated to North.
Question 7.
What are the reasons behind the rise of international terrorism? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The reasons behind the rise of international terrorism are:

Islamic Fundamentalism Orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism and narrow mindedness which preaches
antagonistic feeling among different communities is responsible for this growth of International
terrorism.
US Hegemony US poliy of interference and its intentions of spreading its hegemony across the world
has been vehemently opposed by the people of Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Palestine, etc and the same is also
responsible for the spread of terrorism across the globe.
Failure of UN and other International Body The UNO has remained merely a debating forum under the
influence of major world powers and opinions and wishes of developing countries have been largely
ignored.
The same is responsible for the growth of International terrorism.
Uneven growth of economy Some part of the world is over developed whereas major part of the world
have remained underdeveloped and people in these countries are facing the problems of rampant
unemployment, illiteracy, hunger, poverty etc. Suffering of people in these countries is also responsible
for the growth of International terrorism.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by global poverty? Suggest any two ways to reduce disparity between the poor and the
rich at the global level. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Global poverty is another source of insecurity. At present, world population is 7 billion which is likely
to rise upto 9-10 billion in upcomming decades. Currently, half of the world’s population growth occurs
in just six countries India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Among the world’s
poorest countries, population is expected to triple in the next 50 years, whereas population is shrinking
in many rich countries.

High per capita income and low population growth make rich state or rich social groups get richer,
whereas low incomes and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor states and poor
groups get poorer. Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern
countries of world. Poverty in the South has also been causing large-scale migration to seek a better life
and economic opportunities.

Two ways to reduce disparity between the poor and rich at the global level are :
1. Quality education Provides children knowledge and life skills to realise their full potential.
Education is a means through which employable skills are imparted. To remove poverty globally,
governments must ensure quality education to each and every child. Education is a liberating force
which liberate the people from poverty, suppression, exploitation, etc.

2. Economic and social security: To overcome poverty, communities around the world must be
provided economic and social securities they need to thrive. Government accross the globe must extend
basic health care, education, housing, pension, disability insurance, survivor benefits and
unemployment insurence to the families living under poverty.
Apart from these, people living in poverty must be ensured to have skills and knowledge they need to
secure a livelihood, and support their families.

Question 2.
What is meant by traditional notion of external security? Describe any two components of this type of
security. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Traditional notion of external security means the greatest danger to a country is from military threats.
The very origin of this kind of insecurity is other nation, which by threatening the military action perils
the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Military action also endangers the
lives of ordinary citizens.

The two components are :

Deterrence It is concerned with prevention of war. It is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary

from taking an action which is not yet started.
Balance of power Not every country is equal in terms of power. When other countries are looked
around, it can be judged easily that who is threat for our nation in coming future. Some nations are
bigger and stronger in comparison to others.
The governments have to be very careful regarding balance of power between nations, as at some point
of time in future any government can opt to be aggressive.

Question 3.
Explain balance of power as a component of traditional security policy. How could a state achieve this
balance? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Balance of Power as a component of traditional security policy The balance of power is the third
components of traditional security policy. It means that not every country is equal in terms of power.
When other countries are looked around, it can be judged easily that who is threat for our nation in
coming future. Some countries are bigger and stronger.

For instance, a neighbouring country may not be preparing to attack. Infact there is no strong reason for
a war or attack to happen. But the fact that the country is strong and bigger is a kind of symbol that it
will attack in future if circumstances arises. On the basis of a speculation, governments are very
sensitive to the balance of power between their country and other countries.

It is important to maintain a favourable balance of power with the countries with whom they have
differences and with those they have had issues in the past.

In the following way state/nation can achieve balance of power:

Building up one’s military power is essential to have a balance of power.
Developing economic and technological power are also important since they are the basis for military
power.
Question 4.
What is meant by traditional notions of internal and external security? Explain. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Differences between the internal and external notion of traditional security are.

Question 5.
Describe any three new sources of threat to security giving examples for each. (All India 2016)
OR
What is meant by security? Evaluate the role of any four new sources of threat to security. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Security mainly refers to freedom from threats. Existence of human being and life of a country is full of
threats, concludingly, security is related to extremely dangerous threats which could endanger the core
values and these values are not repairable.
Four new source of threat four new threats to security are :

Terrorism It means political violence targeting civilians intentionally and non-selectively. International
terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country. Terrorist groups try to change the
political context which they do not like by force or threat of force. Civilians are targeted to terrorise the
public.
Human Rights They have been categorised into three types:
Political rights: It include freedom of speech and assembly.
Economic and social rights: It deals with rights related to economic and social nature.
Rights of colonised people: It deals with rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities
counts.
Global Poverty Due to the high per capita income and low population, rich countries become richer and
vice versa. Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern countries
of the world.
Migration International political frictions have been created due to large scale migration of people from
South to North. In order to seek better life and economic opportunities people have migrated to North.
Question 6.
What is meant by non-traditional notion of security? Differentiate between the narrow and broad
concept of human security. (All India 2016)
Answer:
Meaning of non-traditional notions of security It includes a wide range of threats and dangers which
affect the condition of human existence. The non-tredition notion of security go beyond military there
at. In traditional security conception focus has been on state, its territory and governing institutions
while in non-traditional conception, human kind has become concern along with state. Non-traditional
views of security have been called as ‘human security’ or ‘global security’.

Difference between ‘narrow’ and broad concept of human security Supporters of the ‘narrow’ concepts
of human security emphasis on violent threats to individuals or as Kofi Annan believes ‘protection of
communities and individuals from internal violence’.

On the other hand, proponents of the ‘broad’ concept of human security emphasis on the threat agenda
that should include hunger, disease and natural disaster that kill far more people than war, genocide and
terrorism together. Thus, human security policy, they argue, should protect people from these threats as
well as from violence.

Question 7.
What is meant by security? Mention any four components of Indian Security strategy. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Security mainly refers to freedom from threats. Existence of human being and life of a country is full of
threats, concludingly, security, is related to extremely dangerous threats which could endanger the core
values and these values are not repairable.
Components of Indian Security

The security strategy of India involves four components:

1. Strengthening military capability This is the very first component of Indian security strategy because
India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours. It is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in
the South Asian region, so India first tested a nuclear device in 1974 was justified.

2. Strengthening International Norms and Institutions India took initiatives to bring about a universal
and non-discriminatory non-proliferation regime in which all countries would have the same rights and
obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction.

3. Internal security The very third components of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting
security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as the Nagaland,
Mizoram, Punjab and Kashmir among others have, from time to time, sought to break away from India.

4. Development of economy India wants to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizen
are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources

1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Which one of the two is more essential-construction of mega-dams or an environmental movement that
opposes it and why? (Delhi 20160
Answer:
The construction of mega dams is necessary for the progress of the country. On the other hand,
environmental movement is also important because progress should not be done at the cost of the
environmental degradation.

Question 2.
Why should the ‘environmental concerns’ be part of contemporary global politics? (Delhi 2009; All
India 2008)
Answer:
The environmental concerns should be part of contemporary global politics because no single
government can address the environmental concerns in isolation.

Question 3.
Define indigenous population. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Indigenous population are tribals or native people whose interests and rights are imperialised by the
foreign people who migrated from time to time in territories.

Question 4.
Which world summit conference was held at Rio in 1992? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Earth summit was held at Rio in 1992.

Question 5.
Why were India and China exempted from the Kyoto Protocol? (All India 2008)
Answer:
India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of Kyoto Protocol
because their per capita emission was comparatively lower than it was in developed countries.

Question 6.
What were the recommendations of the Rio Summit Known as? (All indin 2008)
Answer:
The recommendations of the Rio Summit was known as ‘Agenda 21’.

Question 7.
Why have the issues relating to environmental degradation become part of world politics. (All India
2008)
Answer:
The issues relating to environmental degradation become part of world politics because such issues can
not be addressed by one country alone. Thus, they became the part of world politics as shared action is
necessary to deal with them.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Suggest any two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save environment. (Delhi
2015)
Answer:
The two steps to be taken by the government to check pollution and save environment are

Clean production and pollution prevention.

Ecosystem management.
Question 2.
Identify the most important outcome of the Rio summit. (All India 2015)
OR
Mention any two outcomes of the Rio summit. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The outcomes of the Rio summit were :

There was an agreement on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.

The summit started the environmental issues and discussions at global level.
Question 3.
Define geopolitics. (All India 2012, 2011)
OR
What is meant by geopolitics? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Geopolitics is related to the geographical political affairs which deals with allocation and distribution
of natural resources among the nation states of world. It is all about who gets what, when, where and
how.

Question 4.
Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights? (Delhi 2011)
OR
Explain the most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures from
various parts of the world overcome them. Also these people have threat to their survival due to loss of
land which is main source of their livelihood. This is the reason they require special protection to
protect their rights.
Question 5.
What is meant by the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’? (Delhi 2010)
OR
Explain the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ (All India 2009)
Answer:
Common but differentiated responsibility refers that all nations share common responsibility for
environmental degra¬dation but developed nations have greater responsibility than developing nations
because of their different contribution to environmental degradation.

Question 6.
How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment through:

Institutional safeguards like rules, regulation.

Creating social security net.
Question 7.
Which countries have control over Antarctica? (All India 2009)
Answer:
UK, Chile, Argentina, Norway, France, Australia and New Zealand have control over Antarctica.

Question 8.
What is meant by ‘common property’? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Common property represents common property for the group. The underlying norm here is that
members of the group have both rights and duties with respect to the nature, levels of use and
maintenance of a given resource.

Question 9.
What are global commons? List any two examples. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction of any one state. Hence they need
united control by the international community. They are called global commons.
Two examples are :

Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
Question 10.
Who are indigenous people? What institutions do they follow? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Indigenous people are those descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at
the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world
and overcame them. They follow the World Council of Indigenous People.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What are ‘global commons’? Why is it said that international cooperation over the global commons is
not easy? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
For global commons, In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction of any one
state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global commons.
Two examples are :
Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
The international cooperation over the ‘global commons’ is not easy because :
1. It is not easy to do cooperation over the ‘global commons: There have been many significant
agreements such as the Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Antarctic-
Environmental Protocol (1991). It is very difficult to achieve consensus on common environmental
agendas on the basis of vague scientific evidence and time frames.

2. In the same way, the history of the outer space as a ‘global commons’ clearly shows that the
management of these regions is completely influenced by North-South inequalities.

Question 2.
“The Indian Government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes
related to environmental issues”. Give any four examples to support the statement. (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
OR
Describe any three steps taken by the Indian Government to check the environmental degradation. (All
India 2015)
Answer:
Initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government in global efforts through a number of programmes to
check environmental degradation are :

India’s National Auto Fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act,
passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to reform energy efficiency.
The Electricity Act of 2003, supports the use of renewable energy. Presently,
India is importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies. It shows India’s
sincere efforts in this direction.
The Indian Government is also sincere to start a ‘National Mission on Biodiesel’. Nearly, 11 million
hectares of land is being used to produce biodiesel.
India has also one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.
Question 3.
Explain the role of environmental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation.
(Delhi 2018)
Answer:
The role of environmental movements to meet the change of environmental degradation is very
important. It is justified from the points below :

Some of the most significant responses to environmental challenges have come not from government
but rather from groups of environmentally conscious volunteers around the world.
Thee environmental movements are amongst the most vibrant, diverse and powerful social movements
all over the world. These movements creates new ideas and long-term visions. There are some
examples to show that diversity is a significant feature of contemporary environmental movements.
The Forest Movements of the South, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Continental Africa
and India are facing lots of pressure. The process of forest clearing in the Third World Countries is on
at an alarming rate, despite 30 years of environmental activism.
In the Philippines, a big network of groups and organisations campaigned against the Western Mining
Corporation. Vehement opposition to the company in its own country, Australia is based on anti-nuclear
sentiments and support for the basic rights of Australian indigenous peoples.
Another group of movements are involved in struggles against mega-dams In every country where
mega dams are being built, we find the environmental movements opposing the projects. Basically,
anti-dam movements are pro-river movements for more sustainable and equitable management of river
systems and valleys. “The Narmada Bachao Andolan” is one of the best known of these movements.
Question 4.
What was the ‘Earth Summit’? How far did the summit prove to be useful? Explain, (All India 2016)
OR
What were the outcomes of Rio summit? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Earth Summit
The growing focus on environmental issues within the coliseum of global politics was firmly
consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This was named as the ‘Earth Summit* in which 170 state, NGOs and
MNCs participated in this summit.

Usefulness of Summit
The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and
advocated a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21′. There were some significant differences
and difficulties which were left unsolved. There was an agreement on combining economic growth
with ecological responsibility and this approach came to be known as sustainable development’.

Outcome of Rio Summit Rio summit

Coined the term ‘global commons’ and differentiated responsibilities. It focused on ecological
conservation. Rio summit started the environmental issue and discussions at global level.

Question 5.
Explain the concept of ‘common property resource’ with the help of an example from India. (All India
2016; Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The concept of common property displays the similar and common property for group. The rule is that
the participants of the group have both rights and duties related to the nature, levels of use and
maintenance of a given resources.

Example
With the help of common belief and long-term practice, many village communities in India have set out
rights, and responsibilities of members. A combination of factors including privatisation, population
growth and ecosystem degradation have affected the poor masses to a great extent.

The international requirement for the conservation of the sacred groves on state-owned former forest
land is an example of the common property resources, which have been traditionally conserved by
village communities.

Question 6.
Explain India’s stand on environmental issues. (All India 2016, 2011; Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The following points highlight India’s stand on environmental issues:

India signed and approved the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in August 2002.
India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction
of that of the developed nations. On the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,
India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to cure this problem
as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.
A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India
in 1997.
India suggested that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global environment
issues, so that they have an upper hand.
Some of the steps taken by Indian Government for emission control are India’ National Auto-fuel
Policy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and Electricity Act of 2003 which encourages the use of
renewable energy.
The initiatives of importing natural gas and adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has
been making real efforts.
Indian Government is keen to launch National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of
land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012.
Question 7.
Explain the meaning of ‘Global commons’ and give any four examples of ‘Global commons’. (All
India 2014)
Answer:
For meaning of Global commons, In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction
of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global
commons.
Two examples are :

Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
In the same manner, in world context, some areas in the world are situated beyond a sovereign
jurisdiction of any one state and therefore, they need united control by the international community.
They are called as communis humanitatis and also known by global commons. Coordination over the
global commons is difficult. There are some revolutionary agreements such as 1959 Antarctic Treaty,
1987 Montreal Protocol, the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol.

Examples of global commons in global context are:

Earth’s atmosphere
Antarctica
Ocean floor
Outer space
Question 8.
“States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment” Analyse the statement
giving suitable examples. (HOTS; Delhi 2013)
Answer:
India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction
of that of the developed nations on the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,
India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to curb this problem
as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.

A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India
in 1997. There had been no meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional
environmentally-sound technology on friendly terms to developing countries, to enable them to meet
their commitments under UNFCCC. In India’s view SAARC countries should adopt a common
position on major global environment issues, so that they could have greater voice over environmental
issues.
Thus, it can be concluded that states have common but differentiated responsibilities towards
environment.

Question 9.
Explain any four steps taken by Governments of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases. (All
India 2013)
Answer:
Four steps taken by Government of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases are :

India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in the year 2002.
The government has recommended cleaner and better fuels for vehicles under National Auto Fuel
Policy.
The Energy Conservation Act was passed in 2001 as to initiate the process of improving energy
efficiency.
There has been encouragement for using renewable sources of energy through Electricity Act of 2003.
Question 10.
What is meaning of ‘Global Commons’? Explain any two reasons for the dwindling of global
commons. (All India 2013)
Answer:
For meaning of Global Commons In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction
of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global
commons.
Two examples are :

Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
Two reasons for the dwindling of Global Common are:

As the common do not belong to sovereign jurisdiction of any particular state, all the nations exploit
resources and problems like ecological degradation, hole in ozone layer have occurred.
The North-South inequalities influence the management of these common areas which dwindles them.
Question 11.
What is meant by ‘Global Commons’? Suggest any two steps for the protection of ‘global commons’.
(Delhi 2012)
OR
What is meant by the protection of ‘Global commons’ in the world? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
For meaning of Global Commons, In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction
of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global
commons.
Two examples are :

Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
For the protection of Global Commons some of the revolutionary agreements are :

Antarctic Treaty (1959)

Montreal Protocol (1987)
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol (1991)
In the same way it is proved that the management of outer space of the global commons is affected
drastically by the North-South differences. One of the main issue with the atmosphere and the ocean
floor is technology and industrial development.

Question 12.
‘Let the polluters pay’. Support this statement with any two suitable arguments. (HOTS; All India
2012)
Answer:
‘Let the polluters pay’ or ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ (PPP) means that the polluters are liable to pay
compensations to those affected due to the pollution created by them. It aims to determine how the lists
of pollution prevention and control can be allocated and how resources can by used efficiently.

The following arguments justify the above statement:

1. In order to control pollution and punish the polluters, the government has passed various acts such as
the Water Act, the Air Act, the Environment Act, the Wildlife Protection Act and the Forest
Conservation Act. This safeguards the nature and the ecosystems for the betterment of human beings.

2. Thermal power plants released harmful fly ash content which lend to air pollution, water pollution
due to heavy metals, toxic waste disposal and heating, soil pollution due to dumping of toxic waste. All
these pollutions are caused by humans and in turn these pollutions affects the humAnswer: And as a
result to control these pollutions, the government has taken initiatives by passing various acts to
safeguard both nature and human beings.

Question 13.
‘Global commons have not only common, but differentiated responsibilities’? Do you agree with this
view? Why? (HOTS; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement. There is a difference in approach by both North and South regarding
ecological conservation. Following are the reasons :

The developed countries of global North want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological
conservation.
Developing countries of global South state that maximum amount of degradation is because of the
industrial development done by global North.
The concept of common and differentiated responsibilities were emphasised upon in ‘Rio Declaration
at the Earth Summit’ in the year 1992.

Question 14.
Explain the importance and role of the concept ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ pertaining to
the environment. (All India 2010)
OR
What is meant by ‘common, but differential responsibilities’ in relation to environment? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Since the developing nations are on the way to achieve industrialisation, the rules and restrictions for
North and South should not be the same therefore, the separate requirements of the developing nations
should be considered in the entire process of rules and regulations of international environmental laws.
Thus, debate was accepted in the Earth Summit in 1992 in the Rio declaration and is called the
principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.

The most important part of the Rio Declaration says the ‘States shall cooperate’ in the sprit of global
partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of
the different contributions of global environmental degradation, states have common but differentiated
responsibilities.

Question 15.
What is the significance of Kyoto Protocol? Is India a signatory to this protocol? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Yes, India is a signatory to Kyoto Protocol. The significance of Kyoto Protocol is stated in the points
below :

Kyoto Protocol frames an action plan so as to reduce emission of greenhouse gases proportionately for
global North and global South countries of the world.
It had cleared the confusion regarding responsibilities of all countries belonging to global North and
global South.
United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has set out the principles and
allocated different targets for preserving global common.
It decided that global North will provide global South with financial and technological resources so as
to meet existing commitments.
India, China and other developing countries are exempted from the responsibility regarding reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions.
Question 16.
Describe any four issues relating to environmental degradation. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Following are the issues relating to environmental degradation :

The land is not expanding further, grasslands and fisheries have been over-exploited. There is hardly
any food production on the polluted and depleted water bodies.
Natural forests which help stabilise the climate, moderate water supplies and harbour a majority of the
planet’s biodiversity on land are being cut down and people are being displaced.
A steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to human
health.
Coastal waters are becoming increasingly polluted largely due to land-based activities, it will increase
deterioration in the quality of marine environment.
Question 17.
What is meant by environment?
Highlight the difference between the ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Environment It signifies the relationship between nature and scale of development. It is based on the
concept of ecological balance which states that proper care should be taken during the process of
industrialisation, so that minimum harm is caused to nature.

Differences between ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ are:

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of ‘Global Commons’. How are environmental concerns becoming important in
global politics? (Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain any three environmental concerns in global politics. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Describe any three environmental concerns that have become issues of global politics. (All India 2015)
OR
Explain any three environmental concerns in global politics. (All India 2013)
Answer:
For meaning of ‘Global Commons’ In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign
jurisdiction of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are
called global commons.
Two examples are :

Earth’s atmosphere
Ocean floor
The environmental concerns are becoming important in global politics due to following issues :
1. Loss of expansion and fertility Across the vast expanse of land, the fertility is no longer as before and
at the same time, the cultivable land is not expanding further, grasslands and fisheries have been over-
exploited. There is hardly any food production on the polluted and depleted water bodies.

2. Lack of safe water and sanitation The Human Development Report 2006 of the United Nations
Development Programme claims that 1.2 billion population in developing nations do not get the supply
of pure and safe water and 2.6 billion population do not have proper sanitation facilities which leads to
the loss of life of more than three million children per year.

3. Deforestation Forest have the power to control the climate, moderate water supplies and take care of
the bio-diversity. Fores are precious to our planet, unfortunately the act of deforestation takes place for
personal gains, removing the natural inhabitants. Hence we lose those lands that are rich n quality and
species.

4. Ozone hole The radiation in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere is known as ozone
hole. The ozone layer depletion is a great threat to ecosystem and human health. Some measures
instantly have to be taken to improve the conditions.

5. Coastal pollution The coastal waters, unlike the open sea waters, have become depleted as a result of
the actions taking place 01 land if proper measures are not take 1 the conditions will worsen across the
globe degrading the marine environment.

Question 2.
Define the ‘indigenous people’ and highlight any two threats to their survival. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Definition of indigenous people There are many definitions given for the indigenous people. But
United Nations provides exact definition of indigenous people.

“Population comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at
the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world
and overcame them.”

In the background of world politics, there are some mutual interests of almost 30 crore indigenous
people expanded throughout the globe. Among the 30 crore people, 20 lakh indigenous people belong
to Cordillera region of Philippines, 10 lakh Mapuche people of Chile, 6 lakh indigenous people belong
to Chittagong Hill in Bangladesh, around 35 lakh are North American natives, 50000 Kuna living in
East of Panama Canal whereas 10 lakh small people live in Soviet North. Just like other social
movements these people talk about their struggles, their problems and their rights.

Threats/problems of the indigenous people are :

1. The indigenous people in the global politics desire for the entry of indigenous people to the global
community as equals. Regions of Central and South America, Africa, India and South Asia are the
regions where most of the indigenous peoples are found and they are known as tribals in these regions.
The present day island states belonging to Oceania region which includes Australia, New Zealand, were
occupied by the Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian people for thousands of years.

2. They have requested the governments to retain the existence of indigenous people as enduring
communities with an identity of their own. These people use the expression ‘since times immemorial’
to refer to the occupancy of the lands from which they originated.
3. Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures
from various parts of the world overcome them. Also these people have threat to their survival due to
loss of land which is main source of their livelihood.

4. Despite institutional measures, they have not got much benefits of development. In fact they have
paid huge cost for development because they are forced to be displaced from their mother land owing
to developmental projects.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities. How and where was it emphasised
upon? (Delhi 2014)
OR
What is Agenda 21? What is meant by ‘common, but differentiated responsibilities? (Delhi [C] 2008)
Answer:
Agenda 21 It is a non-binding voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nation (UN) with
regard to sustainable developments. It is a product of the United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

The ’21’ in Agenda 21 means 21st century. It is a plan to reduce emission which increases Chloro
fluoro Carbons or greenhouse gases resulting in global warming. Concept of common but differentiated
responsibilities There are differences between the approaches of the countries, the global North wanted
everyone to equally share the ecological responsibilities whereas the global South claimed that the
ecological disturbances were created by the industrial development in the Northern states. Hence, it
should be the North’s responsibility to improve the conditions or repair the damage.

Since the developing nations are on the way to achieve industrialisation, the rules and restrictions for
North and South should not be the same therefore, the separate requirements of the developing nations
should be considered in the entire process of rules and regulations of international environmental laws.
Thus debate was accepted in the Earth Summit in 1992 in the Rio declaration and is called the principle
of common but differentiated responsibilities.

The most important part of the Rio Declaration says the ‘States shall cooperate’ in the sprit of global
partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of
the different contributions of global environmental degradation, states have common but differentiated
responsibilities.

The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of
sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of
the technological and financial resources they command.

Question 4.
Analyse India’s stand on any three environmental issues. (All India 2014)
OR
Analyse India’s stand on environmental issues. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The following points highlight India’s stand on environmental issues:

India signed and approved the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in August 2002.
India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction
of that of the developed nations. On the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,
India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to cure this problem
as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.
A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India
in 1997.
India suggested that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global environment
issues, so that they have an upper hand.
Some of the steps taken by Indian Government for emission control are India’ National Auto-fuel
Policy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and Electricity Act of 2003 which encourages the use of
renewable energy.
The initiatives of importing natural gas and adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has
been making real efforts.
Indian Government is keen to launch National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of
land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012.
Chapter 9 Globalisation
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is setting the rules for the promotion of
international trade.

Question 2.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation results in the erosion of state sovereignty? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The globalisation affects the state sovereignty to some extent because the State Government have to
follow the international decisions on various global issues.

Question 3.
How far is it correct to say that globalisation actually increases the activities of the state? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation has actually increased the activities of the state in political, economic and cultural fields.

Question 4.
What is globalisation? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the
world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these
must be adequately distinguished.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Mention any two benefits of globalisation, (All India 2015)
Answer:
Two benefits of globalisation are:

It provides job opportunities for the youth.

It provides the exchange of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one place to another.
Question 2.
Mention any two political consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What are the political consequences of there globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Following are the consequences of political globalisation

It has eroded the capacity of the state by reducing the ability of government to do what they want to do.
The concept of welfare state has been reduced to a more minimalist state all over the world.
Question 3.
How has technological advancement affected globalisation? (Delhi 2012)
OR
How have technological advancement and recognition of inter-connectedness affected globalisation?
All India 2008
Answer:
Technology remains an important factor with regard to globalisation. The technological inventions such
as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication between various global
factors. Hence, invention of printing laid basis for the creation of nationalism. Thus, technological
advancement and regonition of inter-connectedness affected globalisation.

Question 4.
What is cultural homogenisation? Give an example to show that its consequence is not negative. (All
India 2012)
Answer:
Globalisation which led to rise of a uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation. It is
intermingling of one culture with another one.

The consequenes are not always negative as jeans can even go well with khadi kurta. Now-a-days,
Americans also wear jeans and kurta.

Question 5.
Does globalisation lead to cultural homogenisation or cultural heterogenisation or both? Justify.
(HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Globalisation has affected our domestic life, food, drink, dress and ideas. It has even affected people’s
preferences leading to the fear to threatening world culture. This fear is true upto some extent as
globalisation has led to rise of a uniform culture known as cultural homogenisation.

On the other hand, cultural homogenisation has contrary effects too. It makes to each culture more
distinctive and unique. This process is called cultural heterogenisation.

Question 6.
What are the economic consequences of globalisation? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following are the economic consequences of globalisation:

It deals with increasing the trade in commodities all around the world. The restrictions imposed by
various states on each other’s imports have been removed.
Globalisation benefits some sections of society while other sections of society are left deprived.
Developed countries gain more as compared to developing countries.
Question 7.
Define cultural heterogenisation. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
When globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. It is called cultural
heterogenisation.

Question 8.
Mention any one problem created by protectionism. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Protectionism is practiced by states to protect the economic and business interest of domestic
industries, companies, traders etc.
In long-term, protectionism weaken the industry as without competition there will be no innovation,
efficiency which may result in lower quality and expensive production. This way domestic product can
not compete with foreign product.

Question 9.
What is meant by flows in relation to globalisation? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Flows in relation to globalisation refer to movement of ideas, capital, commodity and people from one
part to another parts of world, which causes the process of globalisation to exist.

Question 10.
What is meant by social safety nets? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Social safety nets refer to welfare measures implemented by states to provide social security to poor
and weaker section of society who is at the receiving end of economic development.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Explain any four economic consequences of globalisation. (All India 2017)
OR
Mention any four political consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any two economic consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any four consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Explain any three cultural consequences of globalisation. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Describe any two cultural consequences of globalisation. (All India 2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

Political consequences The political consequences can be understood through following points ;

It decreases the role of state. It leads to market state rather than welfare state.
It leads to the emergence of IMF, World Bank and WTO etc.
Market factors influences the decision-making process of the governments.
It has affected the traditional concept of state sovereignty.
Economic consequences The economic consequences can be understood through following points :

It focuses on the development of some elite groups of the society.

Economic globalisation enhances the disparities among the different classes of the society.
It also increases the role of WTO, World Bank and IMF.
Economic globalisation leads to consumerism which enhances the market’s role in society.
Cultural consequences The cultural consequences can be understood through following points :

It leads to cultural dominance that is the dominance of Western culture.

It also leads towards the unification of the culture that is cultural homogenisation.
Due to cultural homogenisation, cultural globalisation leads towards cultural heterogenisation.
It also leads to cultural colonialism.
Question 2.
Explain any two positive and any two negative effects of globalisation. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Positive Impacts of globalisation are (any two):

Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.

It attracts private foreign capital investment.
It creates new job opportunities.
It raises standard of living.
It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are (any two) :

Ths foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only in place of social welfare.
It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the poor more poorer.
Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in country.
Question 3.
What is globalisation? Highlight any three causes of globalisation, (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any four factors responsible for the development of globalisation. (All India 2013)
OR
Define globalisation. Explain any three causes of globalisation. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

The factors responsible for globalisation are :

Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days technology is the most important element.
The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication
between various global factors and hence, invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of
nationalism. The technology affects both our personal and collective lives.
The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital, commodities and people from one place
to another. The transfer of capital and commodities is likely to be wider and quicker, than the transfer
of people across different parts of the world.
It is not just the availability of improved communication which led to the emergence of globalisation,
rather the role of people in different parts of the world is also significant who recognise these
interconnections with the rest of the world.
The events taking place in one part of world have an influence, on the other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is not confined to only one nation. It has
affected the world as whole. Similarly, any major economic event would have an immediate impact on
the local, national or regional environment at the world level.
Question 4.
How has technology contributed to globalisation? Explain. (Delhi 2013; All India 2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

Technology has contributed to globalisation in the following ways:

The technological invention such as telegraph, telephone and the microchip has revolutionised
communication between various global factors and hence invention of printing laid the basis for the
emergence of nationalism. Thus, technology influences the way we think of our personal and collective
lives.
The sharing of ideas, capital, commodities and people throughout the globe has been made possible
only by technological advancement.
The transfer of capital goods and services is likely to be wider and quicker than the transfer of people
across the various parts of the world.
Technological advances has reduced the physical distances and increased inter connectedness world
widely.
Question 5.
Explain any four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? List any two forms of resistance to globalisation. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
For meaning of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :

Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation represents a global capitalism that makes the rich
richer and the poor poorer.
Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of its poor.
Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic and cultural effects.
The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people while harming their traditional culture.
Question 6.
“Globalsation has shifted power from nation-states to global consumers.” Justify the statement. (HOTS;
All India 2012)
Answer:
Globalisation has shifted power from nation-states to’global consumers because of the following
points:

Revolution in information technology and electronic media and development in the field of science and
technology.
Collapse of communism and the end of cold war with the disintegration of Soviet Union.
Advances in the field of transport and communication and growth of MNCs. These MNCs are the
efforts of the developed nations to make the whole world as one single market.
Rising debts of developing states that have forced the IMF and World Bank to ask developing states to
adopt the path of disinvestment and globalisation.
Question 7.
Define globalisation. How is it different from internationalisation? (All India 2011)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

It is different from internationalisation on the basis of following points :

Internationalisation believes in the integrity of community whereas globalisation believes in one

umbrella concepts and sharing of ideas between other states.
Internationalisation believes in the use of resources of all the world equally for the benefit of mankind,
but globalisation emphasise on the development of resources for the welfare and support of community.
Internationalisation also believes in the universal brotherhood and international peace whereas
globalisation believes in the concept of flows of ideas, people and commodities throughout the globe, it
also encourages the richer countries to support the poorer countries’ economy.
Question 8.
Define globalisation. It is a multi dimensional concept? Justify. (All India 2009)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

Yes, it is multi-dimensional concept because it has political, economic and cultural manifestations and
these are very different to each other. It is wrong to say that globalisation is purely economic concern
and would be purely cultural phenomena. Globalisation has, affected the globe unevenly. It is important
to avoid drawing general conclusions about the impact of globalisation.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Explain globalisation. How has technology contributed in promoting globalisation? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the
world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these
must be adequately distinguished.

Question 2.
Explain any three reasons for resistance to globalisation. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Explain the concept of globalisation and any two reasons for resistance to it. (All India 2013)
Answer:
For meaning of globalisation, Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people
across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and
cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.

The four reasons due to which globalisation is resisted are :

Leftist parties argue that contemporary globalisation represents a global capitalism that makes the rich
richer and the poor poorer.
Weakening of the state leads to a reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of its poor.
Rightist parties expresse anxiety over the political economic and cultural effects.
The cultural globalisation would harm age old values of people while harming their traditional culture.
Question 3.
Explain the positive impacts of globalisation on the present day world. (Delhi 2015)
OR
What is meant by globalisation? Highlight any of its two good and two bad aspects. (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
Positive Impacts of globalisation are (any two) :

Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.

It attracts private foreign capital investment.
It creates new job opportunities.
It raises standard of living.
It increases production, efficiency and healthy competition.
It attracts foreign direct investment also.
Negative impacts of globalisation are (any two) :

Ths foreign companies focus on their profit orientation projects only in place of social welfare.
It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the poor more poorer.
Globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in country.
Question 4.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the culture of a country. (All India 2015)
Answer:
The effects of globalisation on the culture of a country are :

Cultural globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But some times external influence simply
enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional
norms, e.g. the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does not pose any real challenge.
In the same way blue jeans can go well with a homespun khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside
influences is a new combination that is unique. This clothing combination has been exported back to
the country that gave us blue jeAnswer:
The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves it imprint on a less powerful
society, and the world begins to look more like a dominant power wishes it to be.
This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity for it leads to the
shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.
So we can say that globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.
Question 5.
Describe any three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Following are the three effects of globalisation on the economy of a country

Economic globalisation gives more importance to institutions like the IMF and the WTO.
It involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world.
As the restrictions imposed by different countries have been reduced, so, greater trade in commodities
across the globe can be seen.
It has led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries through internet and computer.
Economic globalisation has also brought economic ruin for the weaker countries, especially for the
poor within these countries.
Question 6.
Describe any three factors which are responsible for globalisation, (All India 2015)
Answer:
For definition of globalisation
Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the
world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these
must be adequately distinguished.

The factors responsible for globalisation are :

Globalisation is not caused by a single factor. Now-a-days technology is the most important element.
The invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip has revolutionised communication
between various global factors and hence, invention of printing laid the basis for the emergence of
nationalism. The technology affects both our personal and collective lives.
The technology has made it easier to exchange ideas, capital, commodities and people from one place
to another. The transfer of capital and commodities is likely to be wider and quicker, than the transfer
of people across different parts of the world.
It is not just the availability of improved communication which led to the emergence of globalisation,
rather the role of people in different parts of the world is also significant who recognise these
interconnections with the rest of the world.
The events taking place in one part of world have an influence, on the other part of the world.
Here, we can take an example of bird flu or tsunami, which is not confined to only one nation. It has
affected the world as whole. Similarly, any major economic event would have an immediate impact on
the local, national or regional environment at the world level.
Question 7.
Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The three benefits of globalisation are as follows:

(i) Economic benefits

It involves greater economic flows among various countries.

It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.
(ii) Technological benefits Technological equipments as telephone , internet, telegraph and microchip
have contributed to globalisation by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move
from one place to another at a fast pace under the process of globalisation.

(iii) Political Benefits

The primary status remains unchallenged basis of political community.

States have received a boost under globalisation to become more powerful and strong.
Question 8.
How has globalisation impacted India and how is India impacting globalisation? (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Globalisation affected India economically, socially and culturally. After adopting New Economic
Policy in 1991, India has removed restrictions on imports of goods. It also encouraged the investors to
invest in India. FDI to produce goods and services has increased, it also enhanced foreign exchange
reserves.

After adopting globalisation, USA and European culture spread in India. The food habit and dressing
style is changing. Families are converting from joint to the nuclear. Eating burgers and pizzas and
wearing jeans have brought dramatic change in our lives.

In India, information technology and space technology have been enhanced after globalisation. India is
also involved in trade and commerce with other nations. Even though at some places India plays a
leadership role. However, in India, resistance to globalisation has come from various quarters.

These are as follows:

Trade unions of industrial workforce, as well as social movements and farmer agitation against
monopoly MNCs, are also some forms of resistance to globalisation.
The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated
widespread opposition in India.
Passage-Based Questions

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions: (Delhi 2016)
At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity that is, the ability of
government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare sate’ is now giving way to a more
minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenace of law and order and the
security of its economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that
becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
(i) What do the words ‘erosion of state capacity imply? Explain with the help of an example.
(ii) Why is the concept of welfare state giving way to a minimalist state?
(iii) How has market become the prime determinant of social priorities?
Answer:
(i) The word ‘erosion of state capacity’ refers to reduction, of role of state in society and economy.
Today, state is not regulator of economy, it is determined by free market forces. State has started
reducing subsidies on food, petrol fertilisers, etc gradually.
(ii) The welfare state is giving way to minimalist state which performs certain core functions such as,
the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens because of changing role of state under
the forces of globalisation which has been reducing the role of state.
(iii) The market has become the prime determinant of social priorities. Today, state is acting, making
decision on the basis of market forces. It is the market which has been forcing the state and society
what to do and what not to do. Our societal priorities are being influenced by market. It is market which
determines what and how we have to eat, drink watch, dress etc.

Question 2.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (All India 2016)
Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be
unchallenged basis of political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not
ceased to matter in world politics. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and
order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to.
States continue to be important.

Indeed, in some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with
enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens.
(i) What are the two most essential functions of the state?
(ii) How do enhanced technologies enable the state to rule better?
(iii) Justify with the help of an example that globalisation gives a boost to the state capacity.
Answer:
(i) The two most essential functions of the state is to defend and secure the boundaries of the state to
maintain national security and to provide justice and maintain law and order.
(ii) Enhanced technologies, enable the state to collect important information about its citizens which
helps the state to keep surveillance on its people continuously.
(iii) Globalisation has given boost to the state capacity because it has made available advance
technology to state to rule its people better. Thus, globalisation has made state more powerful than
before.
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the leader of the freedom movement of India who was popularly known as Frontier Gandhi.
(Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.

Question 2.
Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states to join the
Indian Union. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Question 3.
Mention the main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission of 1953. (All India 2014)
OR
What was the basis of the report of the States Reorganisation Commission? (All India 2012)
Answer:
The basis of report of the States Reorganisation Commission was that the boundaries of the states
should reflect boundaries of different languages.
Question 4.
What is the ‘Two Nation Theory’ advanced by Muslim League? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
According to the ‘Two-Nation Theory’, India consisted of not one but two ‘people’, Hindus and
Muslims. That is why it demanded Pakistan, a separate country for the Muslims.

Question 5.
Which four princely states of India initially resisted to join the Indian Union? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur initially resisted to join the Indian
Union.

Question 6.
What was the huge obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence? (Delhi 2011)
OR
What was the biggest obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The huge obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence was to shape a nation that was
united, yet accommodative of the diversity in our society.

Question 7.
Why were the states reorganised on linguistic basis in India in 1956? (HOTS; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The states were reorganised on linguistic basis under the pressure of people and leaders and also it
helped to preserve the diverse culture of India.

Question 8.
Which two princely states refused to join either Pakistan or India at the time of Independence? (Delhi
2011)
Answer:
Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir refused to join either Pakistan or India at the time of Independence.

Question 9.
What do you understand by ‘instrument of accession’? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The ‘Instrument of accession’ was a legal document created in 1947. It was executed by Government of
India to princely states which was signed by most of the rulers.

Question 10.
When and by whom was the ‘tryst with destiny’ speech delivered? (Delhi, 2010)
Answer:
‘Tryst with destiny’ speech was delivered by JawAllar Lai Nehru at midnight on 14th-15 th August,
1947.

Question 11.
Which theory was behind the partition of India in 1947? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The two-nation theory of Muslim League was behind the partition of India in 1947.

Question 12.
How many princely states were in India at the time of its independence? (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
At the time of Independence there were 565 princely states in India.
Question 13.
Where was the ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech delivered by Pt. Nehru? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
Pt. Nehru delivered ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech from Red Fort, Delhi on 15th August, 1947.

Question 14.
Give the name of two provinces which were also divided during the partition of India? (All India 2008)
Answer:
The two provinces which were divided during the partition of India were Punjab and Bengal.

Question 15.
Why did the leaders of the National Movement cherish the ideal of the secular nation? Give any one
reason. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
The leaders of the National Movement cherished the ideal of the secular nation because they knew that
India i.e. Bharat is a land of many religions and faiths. So, in order to survive as a unified country India
had to follow secular ideals.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Analyse the two political developments of 1940s that led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan,
(HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
During 1940s in India, there were many political developments which led to the decision for the
creation of Pakistan.
Two prominent among them were :

The political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League was taking place. The
Congress wanted to make a nation that reflect democratic government, whereas the Muslim League
propounded Two-Nation Theory to gain power and status for minority community in politics.
The British were also playing their role of ‘divide and rule policy’ and accepted the Two-Nation Theory
for partition of India. Thus, in 1947 the two-nation i.e. India and Pakistan came into existence.
Question 2.
While the rest of the country was reorganised on linguistic lines in 1950s, why had Punjab to wait till
1966? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Except Punjab rest of the country was reorganised on linguistic lines in 1950s. Punjab had to wait till
1966 due to following reasons :

In Punjab, there were two linguistic groups, Hindi-speaking and Punjabi-speaking.

The Punjabi-speaking people demanded a separate state. Finally in 1966 Haryana and Himachal
Pradesh were separated from Punjab.
Question 3.
Identify any two consequences of the partition of India in 1947. (All India 2014)
OR
Highlight any two outcomes of partition or division of India into India and Pakistan, (All India, (C)
2008)
Answer:
Two consequences of the partition of India in 1947 are following:

There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border.

Political division of the country led to the administrative failure.
Question 4.
What is meant by ‘Two Nation Theory’? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The ‘Two Nation Theory’ means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities
between the two major communities living in India; Hindus and Muslim. This theory gave rise the
demand of two separate countries/nations one for Muslims (Pakistan) and one for Hindus (India).

Question 5.
Name the original states from which the following states were carved out.
(i) Meghalaya
(ii) Gujarat (All India 2012)
Answer:
Meghalaya was carved out from Assam in 1972. Gujarat was carved out from Bombay state in 1960.

Question 6.
What two challenges were faced by India at the time of her independence? (Delhi 2012; 2008 (C); All
India 2010)
OR
Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence. (Delhi 2012)
OR
Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence. (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The two challenges faced by India just after independence were:

Challenge to shape a nation which is accommodative of the diversity in our society.

Challenge to establish democracy.
Challenge to ensure development and well-being of the entire society.
Question 7.
What was meant by princely states? How many princely states were there in India at the time of
independence? (All India 2011)
Answer:
During colonial period there were several large and small states ruled by princes were called Princely
States. There were 565 princely states at the time of independence.

Question 8.
Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the unification of princely states in India. (Delhi 2011, 2009)
OR
Mention the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel towards India’s integration. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Sardar Patel played following roles in the unification of princely states in India

He procured letter of accession from the princely states through diplomacy and negotiation.
He used force and persuation with the states of Hyderabad, Junagadh, Manipur and Kashmir for their
merger.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What does the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 mean? (All India 2014)
Answer:
After partition Hari Singh, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ with the
Government of India. Sheikh AbdullAll who was against joining Pakistan, became the Prime Minister
and Indian Government agreed to maintain the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir
was given a special status in Article 370 of Indian Constitution.
Jammu and Kashmir is included in the first schedule as one of the states after signing the instrument of
Accession. Article 370 says that except defence, foreign affairs, communication and ancillary matters,
the Indian Parliament needs the permission of State Government’s for applying all other laws.

Article 370 grant special autonomous status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Thus, the state has
separate set of law, including those related to citizenship, ownership of property and Fundamental
Rights.

Question 2.
How did the state of Hyderabad became a part of the Indian Union after partition? (HOTS; All India
2009)
Answer:
Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states covered almost l/3rd part of South India. Nizam signed
Standstill Agreement with the Government of India and state emerged as an independent state after
India’s independence. Many movements took place in Hyderabad; State specially in Telangana region
where many peasants were victimised and oppressed by Nizans

Nizam sent his para-military force, Razakars. Razakars murdered, raped and looted particularly the
non-Muslims. Therefore, Central Government ordered the army to tackle the situation on 13th
September, 1948, Indian army marched in Hyderabad and on the 17th September, 1948. Hyderabad
surrendered. This way Hyderabad became a part of the Indian Union after partition.

Question 3.
What was the approach of the Government of India towards the princely states immediately after the
partition of India in 1947? All India 2009
Answer:
At the time of India’s independence, there were 565 princely states. Immediately after partition
communal violence was at its culmination. In this environment, the government’s approach towards
princely states was guided by following three considerations:

Firstly, the people of most of the princely states clearly wanted to become part of the Indian union.
Secondly, the government was prepared to be flexible in giving autonomy to some regions. The idea
was to accommodate plurality and adopt a flexible approach in dealing with the demands of the
regions.
Thirdly, in the backdrop of partition which brought into focus the contest over demarcation of territory,
the integration and consolidation of the territorial boundaries of the nation had assumed supreme
importance.
Question 4.
Describe the outcomes of States Reorganisation Commission appointed in 1953. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 states and 6 Union
Territories. Earlier there were demands of separate states on the basis of linguistic line, but leaders did
not support this.

Thereafter a lot of movements occurred and provinces suffered from it therefore under popular
pressure, finally decision was taken in favour of linguistic states. It was hoped that if we accept the
demand of linguistic claims then the separatism and division would be reduced. Thus, these divisions
reflected the true democracy.

Question 5.
Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The major problems faced by India at the time of partition were as follows :
The country faced communal riots in almost every parts of India.
Problem of integration of the territories which were divided on the basis of language, religion and
culture.
Problem of well being of the entire society particularly the minorities and other weaker sections.
Challenge to shape a nation which just got the independence.
Challenge to establish democracy and make a constitution for all.
Question 6.
Describe how the princely states of Manipur and Junagadh acceded to India. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Accession of Manipur After the independence in 1947, MAllaraja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh,
signed the Instrument of Accession with Indian Union on the assurance that the internal autonomy of
Manipur would be maintained. Under the pressure of people of Manipur, MAllaraja held the election in
June, 1948 and state became a constitutional monarchy.

Thus, Manipur was the first state to hold an election on the basis of adult franchise. The legislators of
the regional parties of Manipur did not want to merge with India but state Congress wanted to.

Government of India pressurised the Manipur MAllaraja and succeeded to do so. MAllaraja accepted
the agreement and signed it without consulting the Legislative Assembly. This led to lot of anger and
resentment in Manipur, the repercussions of which are still being felt.

Accession of Junagadh In case of Junagadh, the Nawab of Junagadh wanted to merge with Pakistan or
wanted to remain independent. The people of Junagadh wanted to merge with Indian Union. This lead
to several events and also a plebiscits which resulted in the integration of Junagadh into India.

The successful negotiations brought many states to sign Instrument of Accession which means that
states wanted to accept the sovereignty of India.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Analyse any six consequences of the partition of India in 1947. (HOTS; All India 2016)
OR
Assess any six consequences of the partition of British India in 1947. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any three consequences of partition of British India in 1947. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Explain any two causes of the partition of India in 1947. Analyse its any four major consequences.
(Delhi 2011)
OR
Assess any two causes of the partition of India in 1947. Explain any four of its consequences. (All India
2010)
OR
What were the consequences of partition of India in 1947? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Muslim League advanced ‘Two-Nation Theory’ which advocated India consisted of not one but two
‘people’, Hindus and Muslims. That is why Muslim League demanded Pakistan, a separate country for
the Muslims. The two main causes of partition in 1947 were as follows :

Political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League.

The role of Britishers in dividing the Hindus and Muslims by their policy of ‘divide and rule’.
The consequences of partition of India in 1947 are as follows:
1. Division of provinces according to majority The implementation of partition was very difficult
because there was no single belt of Muslims majority in British India. The concentration of Muslims
were in Punjab which was in the West and Bengal which was in East. The problems lied in these areas
as concentration of non-Muslims were more. Therefore, it was decided that these two provinces would
be bifurcated according to the majority at the district or even lower level.

2. Exploitation of minorities Further there were problems with the minorities on both side of the
borders, they were easily targeted and there was no option except to leave their own land and homes
and go across the border.

This transfer is said to be most abrupt, largest and unplanned transfer known in the human history.
There were killings and atrocities on both sides of border in the name of religion. The minorities on
both sides fled from their homes and often secured temporary shelter in refugee camps. Even they were
not safe in refugee camps so, they travelled to the other side by all means railways, roads and by foot.

3. Exploitation of women During this journey, women were oftf n attacked and killed. Women were
abdi cted and raped and also forcefully conve :ted to other religion. Therefore, family members killed
their girls and women. 80 lakh people migrated across the new border and between 5 to 10 lakh people
were killed during partition. Thus, partition of India established the deep trauma within minds of the
citizens.

4. Problem with refugee Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. For
lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in ‘refugees camps’, for months and
sometimes for years.

5. Administrative failure There were competing political interests behind communal conflicts. The
Muslim league was formed to protect the interests of the Muslims in colonial India. It was in the
forefront of the demand for a separate Muslim nation. Similarly there were organisations, which were
trying to organise the Hindus in order to turn India into a Hindu nation. This situation led to
administrative failure in the country.

6. Distribution of financial assets The financial assets and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-
clips, books and also musical instruments of the police band were divided. The employees of the
government and the railways were also ‘divided’. It was a violent separation of communities who had
hitherto to lived together as neighbours.

Question 2.
“The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more
democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments, (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
This statement can be justified by following three arguments:

Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an
aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. A large and diverse democracy like India must deal with
regional aspirations on a regular basis.
The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through
suppression.
Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination.
Regional imbalance is a fact of India’s development experience.
Question 3.
How did the reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain. (All India
2014)
OR
What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the States Reorganisation Commission in 1953?
Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new states formed after 1956. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain the process and basis of the Reorganisation of States of Indian Union. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What was the States Reorganisation Commission? When was it constituted? What was the most
important recommendation of this commission? (Delhi 2010)
OR
What was the States Reorganisation Commission? What were its important recommendations? (Delhi
to 2008)
Answer:
State Reorganisation Commission The formation of Andhra Pradesh spurred the struggle for making of
other states on linguistic basis in other parts of the country. These struggle forced the Central
Government into appointing a States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to look into

Recommendations of State Reorganisation Commission were :

To look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states.

This commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries
different languages. On the basis of its report the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956.
Process and the basis of Reorganisation of States of Indian Union After partition the challenge was to
draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states. The boundaries had to be drawn in a way so that the
linguistic and cultural plurality of the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the
nation. Indian National Congress and many leaders recognised the linguistic principle as reorganisation
of new states’ boundaries.

But our leader further felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and
disintegration and would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the
country faced.

Thus, protests began in the Telugu speaking areas of the old Madras province. The Vishalandhra
Movement (the movement for a separate Andhra) demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be
separated from the Madras province and be made into a separate Andhra province.

The movement gathered momentum. Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a Veteran Gandhian, went
on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days. This caused great unrest and resulted in violent
outbursts in Andhra region. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra
State in December 1952.

New States formed after 1956 were :

This commission led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand are the new states formed after 1956.
Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand from Bihar all of
these created in 2000.
In 2014, another state is created after bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, namely Telangana. As a result
Gujarat was formed out by Bombay. Haryana was from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh was formed out
from Punjab. Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh were created from AssAnswer:
Question 4.
Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any three challenges that India faced at the time of her independence. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The major challenges faced by India at the time of its independence are as follows:
1. To shape a United Nation Immediately after independence, there was a challenge to make India an
unified nation. There were diversities of cultures, languages, religions etc increased the questions on
India’s future.

2. To establish democracy However, India is seventh largest country in the world and has different
values, cultures norms etc. According to the Constitution, India has adopted the democratic government
on the basis of adult franchise. The challenge was how to maintain democracy.

3. To ensure the development and well-being The Constitution laid down in Fundamental Rights that all
citizens are equal and all of them are free to practise their own religion. In DPSP laid down welfare
state. Although the Preamble of the Constitution laid down that the Principles of justice, liberty,
equality and fraternity were adopted to develop the society. However, the challenges were how to
overcome the poverty and how to develop economy of India through the peoples’ participation.

4. Integration of princely states After independence, there were 565 Princely States. The Independence
Act, 1947 says that British India divided into two nations India and Pakistan. And Princely States may
be merged with both the countries or stayed independent. The British left India with multiple problems.
This was certain and very serious challenge raised in front of India.

Question 5.
What were the major challenges of building democracy in India? (All India 2011)
Answer:
There were three major challenges of building democracy in India. These were as follows :
1. Communalism Indian polity is secular in nature, but communalism is thriving in the country and now
it constitutes a serious problem of Indian states. India respects all religions and the major religious
communities are Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis, Christians and Anglo-Indians The Muslims
constitute the largest minority community. The Hindus constitute more than 80 per cent of population
of the country. Most of Hindu leaders believed that India does not have diverse communities.

2. Caste This is the biggest threat to India as political parties candidates are of the same caste as that of
the majority voters, who favour him on caste basis although politics has moved towards casteism. It has
brought a balance in caste equation, because not only the advanced castes but other castes also are
eligible for participation in a representative democracy. The association of politics with caste has led
democracy to a greater rationality vis-a-vis the caste system. The political parties while selecting the
candidates, see whether the candidate will be able to get the support of voters of his caste or not.

3. Multi-party system After independence, many regional parties have formed, whether on religious
basis or caste basis or any other basis. These multi-party systems further lead to coalition government
this is also big threat to Indian democracy.

Question 6.
Discuss the problem related to Kashmir between India and Pakistan. (HOTS: All India 2010)
Answer:
The Congress party has evolved its politics on Kashmir on the basis of major global and domestic
developments.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru repeated his commitment to find the will of the people of Kashmir in the
Constituent Assembly of India. The problems of Kashmir between Indian and Pakistan are :
1. Accession to India India was satisfied that the most important political leader and party of Kashmir
had accepted accession to India. The leader like Sheikh AbdullAll of National Conference represented
the democratic will of the people of Kashmir and they were unambiguously acceeded to India. The
Congress party also assured internal autonomy to the people of Jammu and Kashmir through the
Constitution of India.
2. Article 370 and political consensus The Article 370 of Constitution can be altered in favour of the
centre. Many other parties have supported this article, but Bharatiya Jan Sangh (now BJP) rejected
every premise and every policy of the Congress and wanted to omit Article 370. Two extremely
polarised position on Kashmir are represented by Congress and the BJP and it is impossible to evolve
any minimal national consensus on Kashmir in India.

3. Emergence of terrorism Further the emergence of terrorism in the valley has accentuated polarisation
among political parties in India because Pakistan is directly involved in terrorist activities.

4. Inter-regional dispute Another dimensions that Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh have involved is,
inter-regional disputes and competition. Ladakh’s political parties say that Kashmir discriminated them.
But after the entry of centre all the movements were discontinued. If Jammu and Kashmir valley are
separated from each other, then another two-nation theory could be faced by Indian Union. That’s why
the political parties have to maintain legitimacy and democracy with all.

Question 7.
What were the main consideration for bringing princely states with Indian Union? Who played the
historic role in this task? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The British paramountacy was over on the princely States after independence and these states may go
with India or Pakistan or stay independent. There were 565 princely states.

Problem started because of following reasons:

The decision was totally upto the ruler not on the people this was a serious problem and big threat on
the existence of a united India.
After Independence ruler of Travancore declared himself ‘ independent after a few days Hyderabad
made same declaration.
Nawab of Bhopal was averse to join Constituent Assembly. This kind of differences might futher divide
India into small states or countries.
Government Approaches Government took forward step and negotiated with the Princely State ruler
and saw that the people of these states wanted to become a part of the Indian Union. Then government
adopted flexible diplomacy and gave autonomy to some states. India held plebiscite and acceded the
Princely States into Indian Union and operations which government operationalised accessed the
Princely States, e.g., in Junagadh Government held plebiscite, operation Vijay in Goa and operation
Polo in Hyderabad. Therefore, after all these efforts integrated Princely States.

Sardar Patel who was the Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister that time, played an important
role in negotiating with Princely States rulers and brought them into the Indian Union.
Chapter 11 Era of One-Party Dominance
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
During the first three general elections, Congress won more seats than any other party. Which party
stood at number two during these elections? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The Communist Party of India.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Bhartiya Jana Sangh? (All India 2014)
Answer:
The BJS was started by Shyamla Prasad Mukherjee on 21st October, 1951 in Delhi.

Question 3.
Which political party laid emphasis on the idea of one country, one culture and one nation? (Delhi
2014)
Answer:
Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Question 4.
In which year was the first general election to Lok Sabha held? (Delhi 2014)
OR
In which year was the first general election held in India. (All India 2012)
OR
In the first general election, how many seats did the Congress win? How many seats did the next largest
party win? (Delhi 2010)
OR
Which party emerged as the second largest party in the 1952 General Elections? (All India 2009)
Answer:
First general election held in 1952. Congress won 364 seats and Communist Party of India (CPI) won
16 seats and emerged second largest party.

Question 5.
When was the Constitution of India ready and signed by members of the Constituent Assembly? When
did it come into effect? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Constitution was ready and signed by Members of Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949.
It came into effect on 26th January, 1950.

Question 6.
Name the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. What name was given to this party after
1948? (Delhi 2013)
OR
Name the political party of India which was founded by Acharya Narendra Dev before independence.
(All India 2013)
OR
When was the Congress Socialist Party formed in India? (All indin 2009)
Answer:
The Congress Socialist Party was founded by Acharya Narendra Dev in 1948.
The party was named after 1948 as Communist Party.

Question 7.
When and where was the first non-Congress State Government formed after India’s independence?
(Delhi 2011)
OR
In which state did the Indian National Congress face defeat in March 1957 Assembly Elections? (All
India 2009)
OR
Where and when did the Communist Party come to power in the world for the first time through
democratic elections? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Congress party face defeat in Kerala in March 1957 Assembly Elections. The Communist Party won
the largest number of seats in the Kerala Legislature winning 60 out of 126 seats.

Question 8.
What were the election symbols of the Congress Party and Bhartiya Jana Sangh in the first general
election of 1952? (All India 2011)
Answer:
In the first general election of 1952 the pair of oxen was the symbol of Congress party and lamp
(Deepak) was the symbol of Bhartiya Jana Sangh.

Question 9.
Differentiate between ‘one party dominance, and ‘one party system’. (HOTS; All India 2011)
Answer:
‘One party dominance’ simply means dominance of one party in a democratic set up e.g. Congress
Party in the early years of independence. On the other hand one party system, means existence of only
one party in the country for e.g. Communist Party in China.

Question 10.
Bhartiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on which two main ideas? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Bhartiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on the following ideas :

Reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat.

One country, one culture and one nation.
Question 11.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. The Commission of India was set up in January, 1950. (Delhi
2010)
Answer:
Election

Question 12.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Dr BR Allbedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

Question 13.
Why did the critics think that elections in India will not be a success? Mention any two reasons.
(HOTS; All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The two reasons are as follows :

India was a poor and illiterate country.

Till mid of the 20th century many countries of Europe had not given uniform rights to all women. In
this context India’s experiment with Universal Adult Franchise appeared very bold and risky.
Question 14.
Since 1989 until the elections of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha? (Delhi
2008)
Answer:
Since 1989 until the elections of 2004 Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) was gaining strength in Lok Sabha.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a
democratic set-up in India? (HOTS; Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections helped in establishing a democratic
set-up in India in following ways :

The coalition nature of the Congress Party tolerated and in fact encouraged various factions.
It accommodated all the shades of the centre i.e. the revolutionary with pacifist, conservative with
radical, extremist with moderate and the right with left.
Question 2.
In spite of token representation in the Indian legislatures during the fifties, what role did the opposition
parties play? (HOTS; All India 2014)
Answer:
The opposition parties play the following roles:

These parties offered a sustained and often principled criticism of the policies and practices of the
Congress Party.
This kept the ruling party under check.
Question 3.
Highlight any two features of the ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Mention any two important features of Bhartiya Jana Sangh’s ideology. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Features of the ideology of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh are :

It emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation.
It believed that the country could become modern, progressive and strong on the basis of Indian culture
and traditions.
Question 4.
Explain the major difference of ideology between that of the Congress and the Jana Sangh. (Delhi
2014)
Answer:
The major difference of ideology between Congress and Bhartiya Jana Sangh was that Bhartiya Jana
Sangh emphasised on one party country, one culture, one nation i.e. Hindu nation or Hindutva. Whereas
Congress formed ideological and social coalitions, accommodating social diversities.

Question 5.
When was the Election Commission of India set-up? Who was its first Chief Election Commissioner?
(All India 2013: Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen became the first Chief
Election Commissioner.

Question 6.
How did the Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967? (HOTS; All India 2011)
Answer:
Following reasons are responsible for dominance of Congress Party till 1967

The Congress was already well-organised party and by the time other parties could think of a strategy,
the Congress had already started its campaign.
Congress had an organisational network down to the local levels.
Question 7.
What is meant by ‘one-party dominance’ in the Indian context? (All India 2009)
Answer:
One-party dominance means dominance of Congress party in first three general elections held in 1952,
1957 and 1962 in both Lok Sabha as well as in State Assemblies. In 1952, Congress won 364 seats out
of 489, in 1957, 371 out of 494 and in 1962 won 361 out of 494 seats Lok Sabha elections.

Question 8.
How has the method of voting changed from the General Election of 1952 to the General Election of
2004? (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Method of voting has changed from General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004 in
following ways

After the first two elections the ballot paper carried the names and symbols of all the candidates and the
voter was required to put a stamp on the name of the candidates they wanted to vote for.
By 2004 the entire country had shifted to the Electronic Voting Machine (EVMs).
Question 9.
List any two differences between the socialist and communist parties. (HOTS; All India [C] 2008)
Answer:
The two differences between the socialist and Communist Party were :

Communist Party believed in revolutionary socialism whereas Socialist party believed in ideology of
democratic socialism.
The Communist Party’s ideology was titled towards the Soviet Union and China whereas Socialists had
no such ideological inclination.
Question 10.
What is meant by coalition government? When was the coalition government formed for the first time
at the centre? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Coalition government is a government which is formed by different political parties coming together on
the basis of common minimum programme. In 1977, the first time coalition government was formed at
the centre under the PM Morarji Desai.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from the one-party dominance in
other countries? Explains, (All India 2017)
OR
What distinguished the dominance of the Congress Party in India from other examples of one party
dominance in other countries? Explain. (Delhi 2016)
OR
How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one-party dominance in
the world? (HOTS; Delhi 2008)
Answer:
One-party dominance in India and other country have dissimilarities. Indian political system is multi-
party system. During 1952 to 1962, in every election Congress party won the elections. Elections held
at regular intervals in India in free and fair atmosphere.

Many other political parties also participated but charismatic, effective and inspiring leadership of
Congress leaders and the glorious legacy of Congress party continue the dominance of the Congress
party in India. In Countries like China, Cuba, Syria and Mexico, Constitution permit only a single party
to rule the country.

The Mexico’s PRI dominated for about 6 decades, but finally it turned into dictatorship. In these
countries, election were often rigged and manipulated but in India all things have been done in the light
of democracy.

Question 2.
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections.
(All India 2016, Delhi 2013)
OR
Describe any four factors which were responsible for the dominance of the Congress Party in India till
1967. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The Congress party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to the following reasons :

The Congress party was supported by elites, educated business classes and middle classes people. It
also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature.
It had many popular faces like Jawaharlal Nehru, C Rajgopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. Moreover
Jawaharlal Nehru was charismatic and a very popular leader.
Congress worked at upper level as well as at grass root level. Congress was popularised due to the
participation in civil disobedience movement.
During period of Nehru Ji, Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of
Congress continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
The traditional localities made Congress, a one-party dominance.
Question 3.
Who founded the Swatantra Party in 1959? Describe any three policies and progrAllmes of this party.
(All India 2013)
Answer:
Swatantra Party was founded by C Rajagopalachari in 1959. Three policies and progrAllmes of party
were :

The Swatantra Party wanted the government to be less and less involved in controlling the economy. It
believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom.
It was critical of the development strategy of state intervention in the economy, centralised planning,
nationalisation and the public sector. It instead favoured expansion of a free private sector.
The Swatantra Party was against land ceilings in agriculture, and opposed cooperative farming and
state trading.
Question 4.
Explain any four problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General
Election. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950 and the commission discovered that it
was not going to be easy to hold free and fair election in a country of India’s size. Following were the
problems before the Election Commission of India for holding the First General Election :

Holding an election required delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies.
It also required preparing the electoral rolls, or the list of all the citizens eligible to vote.
Only 15 per cent of eligible voters were literate.
The vast size of country was a big challenge.
Question 5.
Highlight the changes introduced in the voting methods in India after 1952. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Describe any two significant changes in the method of voting in India since 1952. (All India 2010)
OR
How has the method of voting changed in India after the first two general elections and until 2094?
(Delhi to 2008)
OR
What was the methoa of voting adopted in the first two general elections in India? (All India to 2000)
Answer:
The following changes introduced in the voting methods in India afte’ 1952 :
(i) During the first general election a box was placed in each pooling booth with the election symbol of
candidates. Each voter got a blank ballot paper and had to drop into the box of the candidate they
wanted to vote for. Initially about 20 lakh steel boxes were used for this purpose.
(ii) In 3rd to 13th general election, ballot paper carried the nAlles and symbols of all the candidates an l
votes had put a stAllp on the candidal *s’s nAlle. This technique worked for 40 years.
(iii) In the end of 1990s, the Election Commission introduced Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and in
2004 it was used extensively all over the country.

Question 6.
Briefly explain the role of opposition parties in India (All India 2000)
OR
What is meant by opposition in a democratic system? Describe any two activities of the opposition
during the first two Parliament ents of 1952 and 1957. (Delhi 2010)
OR
During the early years of independence, despite the fact that the opposition parties had a token
representation, they played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system. How?
(All India 2008)
OR
List any four activities of the opposition during the ParliAllents of 1952 and 1957. (Delhi to 2000)
Answer:
At the time of Independence, there were many opposition parties and after independence it increased,
but it gained only token representation in the Lok Sabha and also in state assemblies. Yet their presence
played a crucial role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

The four activities of the opposition during the Parliament of 1952 and 1957 are as follows :

These opposition parties offered sustained and principled criticism of the policies and practices of the
Congress Party. This phenomena indicated the check and balance of power of the Congress.
In 1957, in Kerala, Congress was defeated by CPI and made government, but after that Congress
dismissed the Kerala Government under Article 356. It was criticised by the opposition leaders and said
that it was the first instance of the misuse of constitutional emergency powers.
In 1950, BJS was able to secure 3 seats and in 1957 it secured 4 seats. The party played the role of
opposition and started agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language and also
advocated for the development of nuclear weapons.
the opposition parties prevented the resentment with the system from turning anti-democratic. These
parties also groomed the leaders (young citizens) who wanted to shape
the India as developed and powerful state.
Question 7.
Explain the functioning of the Communist Party of India from 1920 to 1950. (All India 2009)
Answer:
In 1920 Communist Party of India (CPI) was inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia and it
advocated socialism as the solution to all problems affecting the country.
CPI worked under the umbrella of Congress from 1935 with different ideologies.

In 1941, CPI supported the British against Germany in World War therefore, its relation with Congress
was hAllpered. The party raised the voice in Constituent Assembly and said that India was real or
merely a facade.

It also encouraged violent uprising in Telangana. There after CPI decided to participate in general
election.

Question 8.
How did the prevalence of ‘one-party dominance system’ adversely affect the democratic nature of
India politics? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The one party dominance system tried to establish anarchy and tyranny and brought crisis of the
constitutional order. It made the party so powerful that the party dared to challenge the verdict passed
by the courts. It also found opportunity to establish wrongful collusion of executive with bureaucracy
and thus, atrocities were inflicted. People were gradually denied their FundAllental Rights and
wrongful Allendments were made in the Constitution of the Country.

ExAllple of one-party dominance affecting the democracy in India politics can be seen as :

In 1951 and 1975, Nehru and Indra Gandhi, imposed emergency in Kerala and Punjab respectively.
In 1975-1977 red-tapism witnessed.
Defiance to the order of AllAllabad High Court and Supreme Court of India by Indira Gandhi.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
“For a long time, Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement
(HOTS; Delhi 2014)
OR
“Congress had remained a social and ideological coalition for a long period” Justify the statement.
(HOTS: All India 2013)
Answer:
After its origin in 1885 Congress Party evolved as an ideological and social coalition which gave it an
unusual strength.
There were many factors for its coalition-like character :

The Congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking, upper caste, upper middle-class and
urban elite.
With every civil disobedience movement it launched, its social base widened.
It brought together diverse groups, whose interest were often contradictory.
Peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers, workers and owners, middle, lower and upper
classes and castes, all found space in the Congress.
By the time of Independence, the Congress was transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition
broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages and
various interests.
Question 2.
Analyse the reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general election. (Delhi
2014)
OR
ExAlline any three reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections in
India. (All India 2014)
OR
Evaluate any three factors that helped the Congress to continue to dominate the Indian political
scenario for almost three decades after independence. (Delhi 2012)
OR
ExAlline the main factors responsible for the rise and fall of the Congress Party’s dominance in India.
(All India 2009)
OR
The period from 1952 to 1966 in Indian politics has been termed as an ‘era of one party dominance’.
Do you agree? Explain any three factors that helped it in its dominance. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to following reasons :

The roots of this extraordinary success of the Congress Party go back to the legacy of the freedom
struggle. Congress was seen as inheritor of the national movement. Many leaders who were in forefront
of the struggle were now contesting elections as Congress candidates.
The Congress Party was supported by elites educated business classes and middle classes people. It
also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature.
It had many popular faces like JawAllarlal Nehru, C Raja gopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel etc. Moreover
JawAllarlal Nehru was charismatic and a very popular leader.
Congress worked at upper level as well as at grass root level Congress was popularised due to the
participation in civil disobedience movement.
During period of Nehru Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of Congress
continued to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
The traditional loyalities made Congress, a one party dominance.
Question 3.
How was ‘one party dominance’ in India different from the ‘one party system in Mexico? In your
opinion, which of the two political system is better and why? (All India 2012)
Answer:
There was a difference between one party dominance in India and One Party system in Mexico. In
Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because :

In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI) of Mexico ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship.
In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico,
elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI.
In our opinion one party dominance-like India is better because this sort of dominance :

Accommodates social diversities

Encourage large number of participation
Ensure democratic spirit as well as maintains the sAlle.
Bear respect even for opposition.
Question 4.
Explain how the general elections of 1952 in India were a landmark in the history of democracy all
over the world. (All India 20o0)
Answer:
Election and people’s representation is the guiding principle of democratic philosophy. And India’s first
general election was the big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country.

The significance of India’s first general election held in 1952 could be understood as follows:

It was held between 25th October, 1951 and 21st February, 1952. Earlier democracy had existed only in
the prosperous countries i.e., mainly in Europe and North Allerica where nearly everyone was literate.
In this regard, India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. Some,
scholars state that it was the biggest gAllble in history.
Organiser of magazine nAlled ‘Organiser’, wrote that JawAllarlal Nehru would live to confess the
failure of universal adult franchise in India.
The first general elections which were conducted for 489 constituencies, represented 26 Indian states.
At that time there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats. It
becAlle a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.
It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty
or lack of education.
It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world.
Following steps were taken to hold the first general election :

The Election Commission of India was set-up in January 1950.

Electoral roll of eligible voters was prepared.
Delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies was completed.
Over 3 lakh officers and polling staff to conduct the elections were trained.
Question 1.
Who is the ex-officio chairperson of the Planning Commission of India? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Prime Minister of India

Question 2.
What was ‘Bombay Plan’? (All India 2013)
Answer:
A section of the big industrialists got together in 1944 and drafted a joint proposal for setting up a
planned economy in the country. It was called the Bombay Plan. They wanted the state to take major
initiatives in industrial and other economic investments.

Question 3.
What was significant about PC Mahalanobis? (All India 2013)
OR
Who was PC Mahalanobis? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
P. C. Mahalanobis was the founder of Indian Statistical Institute (1931). He was chief architect of
Second Five Year Plan. He supported rapid industrialisation and active role of the public sector.

Question 4.
Who was popularly known as ‘the milkman of India’? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Verghese Kurein was popularly known as the milkman of India.

Question 5.
What was the main objective of the second Five Year Plan? (All indin 2012)
Answer:
The main objective of the second five year plan was quick structural transformation by rapid
industrialisation.

Question 6.
When was India’s New Economic Policy launched? Who was its chief architect? (All India 2009)
Answer:
India’s New economic policy was launched in 1999. Its chief architect was Dr. Manmohan Singh.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between the capitalist and the socialist models of development. (HOTS; All India 2014)
Answer:
The capitalist economic model allows free market conditions to drive innovation and wealth creation.
The socialist-based economy incorporates elements of centralised economic planning, utilised to ensure
conformity and to encourage equality of opportunity and economic outcome.

Question 2.
Differentiate between the main objective of the First and the Second Five Year PlAnswer: (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
There were some differences between First and Second Five Year Plan which are elaborated below (any
two) :

The First Five Year Plan totally focussed on agriculture whereas Second on industrial sector.
The First Five Year plan started all round balanced development which would ensure increase in level
of national income 22.6 per cent allocation was done on education, health, housing etc whereas Second
Plan reflected the goal of socialist pattern of society and it allocated only 19.7 per cent on social
services.
First Five Year plan allocated 15 per cent on agriculture, 17 per cent on irrigation and food control
whereas. Second Five Year Plan allocated only 11.8 per cent on agriculture and 10 per cent on irrigation
and food control.
Question 3.
What is meant by decentralised planning? (All India 2014, 2012)
Answer:
Decentralised planning is a strategy to involve people directly in development activities through
voluntary citizens’ organisations. The state also takes initiatives to involve people in making plants at
the panchayat, block and district level.

Question 4.
Mention any two merits of Green Revolution. (All India 2013)
Answer:
The two merits of Green Revolution were :

After launching this revolution, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Poor farmers also
get benefit from this revolution.
Due to this, the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh flourished more and here the
living standards also improved.
Thus, first socially, then politically and economically the status of farmers in these states was risen.

Question 5.
Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was adopted by India?
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The two models of development are :

The liberal capitalist model as it was in much in Europe and US.

Socialist model as it was in USSR. India adopted a mid way path of both the models i.e. mixed
economics.
Question 6.
Write the meaning and importance of economic planning in the Indian context. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Planning always plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country. Economic Planning is
a strategy to achieve the goal of economic development by pursuing a policy of planned economy.
Planning opens new opportunities for development for people and also enhance the standard of living.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Evaluate the major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy. (All India 2016)
OR
Critically examine the major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy. (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy :

Private sectors and public sectors flourished well.

State controlled the key industries and provided industrial infrastructure.
The enlarged public sector provided powerful vasted interests that built enough hurdles for private
capital by way of installing the license and permit system.
The state intervened into areas where private soctor made profits. The policy of state restricted import
of goods and production in the domestic market.
Question 2.
Which two models of modern development were there before India on the eve of independence? Which
model did India decide to choose and why? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
On the eve of Independence, India had two models of modern development before it, they were the
liberal-capitalist model as in much of Europe and the US and the socialist model as in the USSR. India
decided to choose socialist model of USSR because :

There were many in India then who were deeply impressed by the soviet model of development.
These included not just the leaders of the Communist Party of India but also those of the socialist party
and leaders like Nehru within the Congress.
Question 3.
Describe the strategy adopted by the Government of India to promote the Green Revolution, (All India
2015)
Answer:
Following strategies were adopted by Government of India to promote the Green Revolution :

The New Agricultural strategy was adopted in India during the Third Five Year Plan i.e. during 1960.
The government decided to shift the strategy followed in agricultural sector of the country.
The government introduced a pilot project known as Intensive Area Development Programme (IADP)
in selected areas.
In Kharif season, in 1966, India adopted High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) for the first time.
Question 4.
Explain any two merits and two demerits each of the Green Revolution. (Delhi 2015)
OR
List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any two positive and two negative outcomes of the Green Revolution. (All India 2010)
Answer:
For merits of Green Revolution
The two merits of Green Revolution were :

After launching this revolution, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Poor farmers also
get benefit from this revolution.
Due to this, the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh flourished more and here the
living standards also improved.
Thus, first socially, then politically and economically the status of farmers in these states was risen.

Demerit/Negative Outcomes

This revolution created a valley between poor farmer and richer ones. Discrimination and exploitation
of poor farmers by the landlords became a wide set practice. Some political parties started politics on it
and managed seats in Assemblies and Lok Sabha elections.
This revolution also increased the power of middleman who worked as mediators between poor farmers
and affluent landlords.
Therefore the middleman created a condition due to which farmers were impoverished. The political
strength of the middleman also increased.

Question 5.
State any two differences between the First Five Year Plan and the Second Five Year Plan. (All India
2015. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
There were some differences between First and Second Five Year Plan which are elaborated below (any
two) :
The First Five Year Plan totally focussed on agriculture whereas Second on industrial sector.
The First Five Year plan started all round balanced development which would ensure increase in level
of national income 22.6 percent allocation was done on education, health, housing, etc whereas Second
Plan reflected the goal of socialist pattern of society and it allocated only 19.7 percent on social
services.
First Five Year plan allocated 15 percent on agriculture, 17 percent on irrigation and food control
whereas. Second Five Year Plan allocated only 11.8 percent on agriculture and 10 percent on irrigation
and food control.
Question 6.
Describe any four consequences of the Green Revolution? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
For merits of Green Revolution
The two merits of Green Revolution were :

After launching this revolution, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Poor farmers also
get benefit from this revolution.
Due to this, the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh flourished more and here the
living standards also improved.
Thus, first socially, then politically and economically the status of farmers in these states was risen.

Demerit/Negative Outcomes

This revolution created a valley between poor farmer and richer ones. Discrimination and exploitation
of poor farmers by the landlords became a wide set practice. Some political parties started politics on it
and managed seats in Assemblies and Lok Sabha elections.
This revolution also increased the power of middleman who worked as mediators between poor farmers
and affluent landlords.
Therefore the middleman created a condition due to which farmers were impoverished. The political
strength of the middleman also increased.

Question 7.
Question 9.
How was the Planning Commission of India set up? Mention its scope of work. (All India 2010)
Answer:
The Planning Commission was set-up by a simple resolution passed by Government of India in March
1950.
The Planning Commission has a advisory role and its recommendations become effective when
government approves them.
Scope of Work of Planning Commission
The Planning Commission drafts the Five Year Plans for India keeping all resources in mind when it is
drafted. The resolution which set-up the commission defined the scope of its work in the following
terms:

The Constitution of India has guaranteed certain Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India.
It enunciated certain Directive Principles of State Policy in particular. According to it, the state shall
strive to promote the welfare of the people by sfecuring and protecting a social, order in which justice,
social economic and political shall direct its policy towards securing among other things.
Question 6.
What led the policy-makers to reduce the importance of state in India’s economy from 1980s onwards?
(Delhi 200B; All India 2008)
Answer:
Following factors led to reduce the importance of state in India’s economy from 1980s onwards:
The period’of 1980s is seen as a period of rising regional aspirations for autonomy, often outside the
framework of the Indian Union.
Movements for autonomy involved armed assertions by the people, their repression by the government,
and a collapse of the political and electoral processes.
Most of those movements were long drawn and concluded in negotiated settlements or accords between
the Central Government and the groups leading the movement for autonomy.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Examine the different areas of agreement and disagreement with respect to the model of economic
development to be adopted in India after independence, (HOTS; Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Agreement of Economic Model After independence, there were lot of discussion with respect to the
model of economic development to be adopted in India. ‘Development’ was about becoming more
‘modern’ and modern was about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West.

Indian planners did not follow any of the two known models of development i.e. capitalist model of
development and socialist model of development.

India adopted both elements of these models that is why Indian economy is called Mixed Economy.
Private sectors and public sectors flourished well. In India, state controlled the key industries and
provided industrial infrastructure.

Disagreement of the Economic Model A mixed economy was criticised by many scholars and they
argued that the planners had refused the private sector with enough space and the stimulus to grow. The
enlarged public sector provided powerful vested interests that built enough hurdles for private capital
by way of installing the license and permit systems.

Some critics have opinion that the era of public sectors where poverty did not decline even number of
poor were adversally increased. The public sector did not spend much money on health care and
education.

The state intervened into areas where private sector made profits. The policy of state restricted import
of goods and production in the domestic market. Little or no companion left the private sector with no
incentive to improve their products and make them cheaper.

After all this criticism government adopted the policy of globalisation, liberalisation and privatisation
in 1991. This policy is called new economy policy where private firms enjoy their independence and
government interferes only in economic matters.

Question 2.
Assess the outcomes of the early phase of planned development in India. (All India 2016,2013)
OR
Assess the outcome of planned development towards the foundation of India’s economic growth and
land reforms. Delhi 2011
Answer:
In 1938, Indian National Congress set-up a Planning Committee to formulate a plan for the
development of India’s future. After independence in April, 1951 India adopted the planned
development procedure. It was felt that the procedure of planned development created a sound
economic development and land reform.

Some points which relates with the planned development towards the foundation of India’s economic
growth and land reforms are mentioned below :
In 1950, Government of India passed a resolution and set-up the Planning Commission to prepare a
plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the countries resources.
The Planning Commission initiated the process of development which would increase the living
standard and provide new opportunities.
According to the long term objectives laid originally, it was to double the per capita income and to raise
communication standards by 70% by 1977.
The First Five Year Plan brought with it an era of a planned country with total outlay of ? 2249 crore
which had two fold aims.
The revolution like green revolution attained the record of production of food up to 75.6 million tonnes.
The Kerala model was also very effective in terms of land reforms, public distribution system, poverty
alleviation, health and literacy rates.
Zamindari systems was abolished, consequently, lands were distributed among the landless farmers.
Also White Revolution and Blue Revolution raised the development of country.
In 1990, we adopted the mixed economy due to this planning of development increased and allowed
investment in public sectors also.
Research work, technologies in field of agriculture has been adopted therefore, India became self
sufficient in food.
In 1991, Indian Government adopted the new economy policy i.e., globalisation, privatisation and
liberalisation. It helped a lot in development. Thus, the planning led to India’s growth in terms of
literacy, intrastructures moreover in GDP.
Question 3.
Describe briefly the composition and any four functions of the Planning Commission of India. (All
India 2011)
Answer:
Composition of Planning Commission :

The Prime Minister of India is the chairman of the commission.

The commission has a deputy chairman.
The finance minister and planning minister are the ex-officio members of the commission.
The commission has four to seven full time expert members.
Four Functions of the Planning Commission are :

To make an assessment of material, capital and human resources of the country and investigate the
possibilities of augmenting them.
To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the country’s resources.
To determine priorities and to define stages in which the plan should be carried out.
To indicate the factors that retard economic development.
Note: Planning commission no more exists today. It has been replaced by NITI Aayog (National
Institution for Transforming India).

Question 4.
What were the early initiatives taken by the Planning Commission for building a new India? (All India
2011)
Answer:
After the independence India was suffering from poverty, literacy rate was very low. Therefore,
Government of India passed a resolution and set-up a Planning Commission in March 1950. The
Planning Commission planned a structure of development in terms of five Years Plans and mixed
economic policy.

First Five Year Plan The First Five Year Plan emphasised on agricultural sector, dams, irrigation
facilities. It also increased the literacy rate. It focused on saving, therefore the per capita income was
increased.
Second Five Year Plan The Second Five Year Plan focused on industrial development and
infrastructural development. So that agricultural sector also grew to meet the demand of agricultural
products in industries.

Mixed Economic Policy India adopted the mixed economic policy. Therefore, the two sectors private
and public could do better in development of India. The state controlled the heavy industries and
provided industrial infrastructure, regulated trade and some important intervention in agriculture. This
all buildup a new India.

Question 5.
What was Green Revolution?
Mention its any two positive and any two negative consequences. (Delhi 2012,2008; All India
2011,2008)
Answer:
It was a governmental approach towards reforms in agricultural sectors to attain rapid growth in
production of agriculture. Because Indian agriculture, which had been stagnant and asleep for centuries
needed a revolution and this government initiative is known as green revolution. Its aim was to –
ensure self-sufficiency in foodgrain production. It took place in Third Five Year Plan. It had some
essentials

Use of chemical fertilisers.

Use of HYV seeds.
Use of better irrigation planning.
Use of developed tools for farming.
Positive Consequences
For merits of Green Revolution the two merits of Green Revolution were :

After launching this revolution, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Poor farmers also
get benefit from this revolution.
Due to this, the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh flourished more and here the
living standards also improved.
Thus, first socially, then politically and economically the status of farmers in these states was risen.

Demerit/Negative Outcomes

This revolution created a valley between poor farmer and richer ones. Discrimination and exploitation
of poor farmers by the landlords became a wide set practice. Some political parties started politics on it
and managed seats in Assemblies and Lok Sabha elections.
This revolution also increased the power of middleman who worked as mediators between poor farmers
and affluent landlords.
Therefore the middleman created a condition due to which farmers were impoverished. The political
strength of the middleman also increased.

Negative Consequences
For merits of Green Revolution the two merits of Green Revolution were :

After launching this revolution, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production. Poor farmers also
get benefit from this revolution.
Due to this, the states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh flourished more and here the
living standards also improved.
Thus, first socially, then politically and economically the status of farmers in these states was risen.

Demerit/Negative Outcomes
This revolution created a valley between poor farmer and richer ones. Discrimination and exploitation
of poor farmers by the landlords became a wide set practice. Some political parties started politics on it
and managed seats in Assemblies and Lok Sabha elections.
This revolution also increased the power of middleman who worked as mediators between poor farmers
and affluent landlords.
Therefore the middleman created a condition due to which farmers were impoverished. The political
strength of the middleman also increased.

How are the principles followed by the NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile
Planning Commission in India?
Body:

The principles followed by these two organisations differ from each other in the following dimensions:

Bottom-up approach: NITI Aayog has followed a bottom-up approach in policy formulation unlike
Planning Commission which followed a top-down approach.
Fundamental basis: Planning Commission worked on the ideals of socialism which became largely
irrelevant post LPG reforms. NITI Aayog aims for competitive federalism between states in a free
market economy.
Competitive federalism: NITI Aayog has prepared online dashboards to rank the states on various
indicators of development such as Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index, Health Index,
School Education Quality Index, Digital Transformation Index etc. This helps in replicating the best
practices in different States in various sectors.
Decentralization: NITI Aayog works on participatory decision making along with states while the
Planning commission was largely a centralized decision-making body.
The involvement of chief ministers in the planning process of India improves the spirit of cooperative
federalism and participatory planning unlike Planning Commission which was usually headed by union
ministers or technocrats.
No Financial powers: The Planning Commission used to allocate funds to states while NITI Aayog is
only an advisory body.
Inclusive growth: The NITI Aayog focuses on inclusive growth and aims to address regional
imbalances and disparities in development. The Planning Commission also had similar goals, but its
approach was often criticized for being top-down and not sufficiently inclusive.
Coordination between Centre and States: NITI Aayog has helped in bringing convergence among
central and state government and across different ministries to push the agenda of development forward
through initiatives like 115 Aspirational Districts.
Distanced from government: NITI Aayog is a think tank and while generating new ideas, it maintains a
respectable intellectual distance from the government of the day. The Planning Commission on the
other hand was deeply related to the government.
Conclusion:
Although socio-economic transformation lies at the heart of both NITI Aayog and Planning
Commission, NITI’s approach is more modernised, forward-looking, less bureaucratic and less status-
quo oriented than the erstwhile Planning Commission. NITI Aayog is playing a pivotal role as a think-
tank for economic growth, human development and good governance in India.
Chapter 13 India’s External Relations
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Which two objectives Jawaharlal Nehru wished to achieve through the strategy of non-alignment?
(Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Two objectives are as follows :

To preserve sovereignty and territorial integrity of the nation.

To promote economy development.
Question 2.
During Nehru era, why did some political parties and groups in our country believe that India should be
more friendly with the bloc led by the US? (HOTS: All India 2016)
Answer:
Political parties and groups in our country believed that India should be more friendly with the bloc led
by the US because the bloc claimed to be pro-democracy.

Question 3.
What is meant by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
It is an international organisation to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to prevent its use
for military purposes.

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer. Indian foreign policy is affected by
(i) cultural factors
(ii) domestic factors
(iii) international factors
(iv) domestic and international factors (All India 2009)
Answer:
(iv) Indian foreign policy is affected by domestic and international factors.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of Panchsheel? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Panchsheel refers to the five principles of peaceful co-existence, signed between India and China in
1954.

Question 6.
When was the first nuclear explosion undertaken by India? (All India 2009)
Answer:
In May 1974 the first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India.

Question 7.
Mention any two principles of India’s foreign policy. (All India 2009)
Answer:
The two principles of India’s foreign policy are :

Non-alignment
Panchsheel
2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The increasing Sino-Indian rift even had its effect on opposition. This and the developing rift between
China and the USSR led to irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). In
1964, CPI spilt.

The pro-USSR faction remained close to the Congress and CPI(M) was against any ties with the
Congress because they were closer to China. During the war against China, many leaders of CPI(M)
were arrested for being pro-China.
Question 2.
Suggest any two measures to have good relations with Pakistan. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Two measures to have good relations with Pakistan are as follows:

Economic relations should be consolidated.

Cultural give and take relationship should be appreciated.
Question 3.
Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962? (HOTS; Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two differences between India and China which led to an army conflict in 1962 are ;

India gave political asylum (refuge) to the Tibetan leader Dalai Lama.
China’s help to Pakistan against India.
Question 4.
Highlight the contribution made by Jawaharlal Nehru to the foreign policy of India, (All India 2014)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister and Foreign Minister for nearly two decades played a key role in
shaping India’s foreign policy based on principles of peace, freedom and prosperity.
He focussed on:

Policy of non-alignment
India’s role in commonwealth
Tackling issues of Kashmir, Tibet, China.
Maintaining relations with Pakistan, US and USSR.
Question 5.
Before 1971, which two reasons were a source of resentment among the people of Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) against West Pakistan? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The two reasons are as follows :

Internal disturbance in both East and West Pakistan.

Protest of people of East Pakistan for the government based in West Pakistan.
Question 6.
When and why was the Communist Party of India (CPI) divided into two factions? (Delhi 2012)
OR
Why did the Communist Party of India split in 1964? (HOTS; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
In 1964 the Communist Party of India (CPI) was divided into two factions because pro-USSR faction
remained close to the Congress and CPI (M) was against any ties with the Congress because they were
closer to China.

Question 7.
Who signed the Tashkent Agreement and when? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Tashkent Agreement was signed between Lai BAlladur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) and General
Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) in 1966.

Question 8.
When and between whom was the Shimla Agreement signed? (All India 2012)
Answer:
Shimla Agreement was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3rd July, 1972.

Question 9.
Enumerate any two principles of Nehru’s Foreign Policy. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The two principles of India’s foreign policy are as follows :

Non-alignment It means not to join any power blocks namely the US and the USSR. It is a positive
policy which aims at pursuing national interest and establishing an egalitarian world order based on
equality and mutual respect.
Panchsheel It refers to five principles of peaceful co-existence. This was signed between India and
China in 29th April, 1954.
Question 10.
Why did India decide to go nuclear? (All India 2011)
Answer:
India decided to go nuclear because :

It wanted peaceful self-defence.

It looked for alternative energy resources.
Question 11.
What does Panchsheel imply? (All India 2011)
Answer:
The Panchsheel agreement was signed by Zhou Enlai (Prime Minister of China) and Indian counterpart
Pandit Nehru in 1954.
This agreement stated the five principles as:

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in each other’s integrity and sovereignty.
Equality and cooperation for benefit.
Peaceful co-existence.
Question 12.
List any two problems faced by the Government of India after 1971-72. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Two problems faced by India after 1971-72 are :

There was heavy strain on India’s economy due to illegal migration from Bangladesh.
In the international market, oil prices increased and prices of essential commodities increased
unexpectedly.
Question 13.
What was Shimla Agreement? Name its signatories. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Shimla Agreement is the agreement signed between India and Pakistan to stop war between the two
countries in 1972. Its main signatories were Mrs. Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Question 14.
Mention the causes Kargil Conflict.’ (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Causes of Kargil Conflict are :

In 1999, Pakistan army occupied Indian posts in Kargil.

Mashkoh, Dras, Kaskshar and Batalik areas were occupied by MujAllideens.
Question 15.
Why did Dalai Lama seek refuge in India? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
When China annexed Tibet and tried to suppress its culture, the Tibetans rebelled. In return, Chinese
forces crushed this rebellion, which worsened the situation. This led Dalai Lama’s flee to India and
seek refuge.

Question 16.
State any two directive principles of state policy relating to foreign affairs policy. (Delhi 2008; All
India 2008)
Answer:
The two directive principles of State Policy relating to foreign affairs:

Promotion of international peace and security.

Maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
Question 17.
How did the plateau of Tibet become an issue of tension between India and China? (HOTS; Delhi
2008,-All India 2008)
Answer:
According to Panchsheel agreement, India conceded China’s claim over Tibet. China assured India that
it will provide full autonomy. But these issues of Tibet led to war between China and India.

Thus, the plateau of Tibet become an issue of tension between India and China.

Question 18.
What was the purpose of the Bandung Conference? (All India 2008)
Answer:
The Bandung Conference of 1955 marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the newly
independent Asian and African nations. The Bandung conference later led to the establishment of the
Non-Alignment Movement (NAM).

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Do you agree with the statement that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of
a peaceful world?” Support your answer with any three suitable arguments. (HOTS; All India 2017)
OR
Describe any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Mention the objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy. What was the strategy through which he wanted to
achieve them? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Yes, we agree that the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world.
Nehru was Prime Minister as well as Foreign Minister for two decades after the independence. He was
the main architect of the foreign policy of India.

The two objectives of Nehru’s policy were ;

India should follow its own course in world affairs.

India should not allow her to be used by any other powerful country.
Strategy of Nehru

Policy of NAM Nehru was the main founder of Non-Alignment Movement, he emphasised that to be
separate from the two-bloc of powerful states and developed the peace and disarmament.
Policy towards Afro-Asian Countries Nehru always supported the freedom movement of African and
Asian countries. He organised Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on the 23rd March 1947.
He participated in the Asian-African Conference at Bandung in 1955.
Foreign policy during the time of Shastri, Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai India faced war between the
period of Shastri and Mrs Gandhi era. Both maintained the integrity and sovereignty of the country. The
foreign policy of both was focusing on the peace and prosperous development of India as well as
neighbouring states. They both were favouring the concept of Nehru’s Non-Aligned movement and
made good relations with Asian and African countries. In the era of Morarji Desai when Janta Party
came into power. In 1977 its focus on the NAM and followed the rules and regulation of NAM and its
foreign policy was shifted towards pro-USSR.

Question 2.
Explain the role played by India in maintaining Afro-Asian Unity. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Afro-Asian unity with India can be understood by following ways :

Due to India’s size, location and power potential, Nehru dreamt of major role for India world affairs,
specially in Asia.
Under Nehru’s leadership, India made contact with other newly emerged Independent nations of Asia
and Africa.
During the 1940s and 1950s, Nehru advocated with great enthusiasm to support the Asian unit /. Under
his leadership, India hosted the Asian relations conference in March 1947, five months before Ind a’s
independence.
India even made efforts to support the liberation movement of Indonesia to free it from the clutches of
Dutch colonial rule by convening an international conference in 1949.
Afro-Asian meeting held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955 commonly known as the Bandung
Conference. It was a watershed in India’s engagement with the newly liberated nations of Asia and
Africa.
Question 3.
Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India’s role in helping the
Tibetan refugees, All India 2015
OR
What was the Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China? Explain. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What was the Tibet issue? How did India help the Tibetan migrants to settle down? (All India 2012)
Answer:
China administrated Tibet, since older time and wanted to control all its parts which China did it in
1950. Tibet was good friend of India since history therefore India insisted China to give independence
to Tibet. According to Panchsheel agreement, India conceded China’s claim over Tibet. China assured
India that it will provide full autonomy. But these issues of Tibet led to war between China and India.

India helps the Tibetan migrants to settle down in the following way :

Spritual leader of Tibet Dalai Lama given refuge in 1959.

Large number of Tibetans were also given refuge in Delhi and other parts of country.
Dharmashala in Himachal Pradesh is the largest refugee settlement of Tibetans in India.
These situations lead to China-invasion of India in 1962.

Question 4.
Explain any two points of conflict between India and Bangladesh. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Explain any two reasons for the popular struggle in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) against West
Pakistan during 1971. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to the war of 1971.
(Delhi 2013)
OR
Describe any four consequences of the Bangladesh War of 1971. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Reasons for 1971 war/conflict are following:

In 1970, Pakistan had to face its biggest internal disturbance. The first General Elections of Pakistan
constructed a rift between West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s
party won all the seats in West Pakistan but he lost in East Pakistan. In East Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur
Allman’s Party Awami League Swept through East Pakistan.
The Bengali people of East Pakistan had voted to protest against being treated as second class citizens
over years by the government based in West Pakistan.
The Pakistani Government was not ready to accept this democratic judgement nor even they accepted
the Awami League’s demand for a federation. In 1971, Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujibur Allman
and unleashed a reign of terror on East Pakistan. This started people’s struggle to liberate Bangladesh
from Pakistan.
India had to bear 80 Lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter. Hence, India had to
extend moral and material support to the freedom struggle in Bangladesh.
Thus, full-scale war broke out between India and Pakistan in 1971, when Pakistan attacked on Punjab
and Rajasthan.
Consequences of Bangladesh War of 1971 are :

A great victory in the war resulted in national jubiliation. Many people in India looked it as a moment
of glory and a clear sign of India’s power in military.
Indira Gandhi won the Lok Sabha election and her personal popularity rose high after 1971 war.
Congress Party even won almost all states assembly elections.
India’s foreign policy reflected her desire to be an important regional power which was revealed during
the Bangladesh war of 1971.
Bangladesh emerged as a separate nation on the world map.
Question 5.
Explain India’s nuclear policy. (All India 2014, 2013)
OR
Describe the nuclear policy of India. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Explain any two features of Indian nuclear policy. (All India 2012)
OR
Highlight the developments in India’s nuclear programme. (Delhi 2011)
OR
Explain briefly India’s nuclear policy. (Delhi 2008: All India 2008)
Answer:
India’s nuclear policy is discussed below :
Nehru always believed in scientific and technological development for fast development of India. An
important idea of his industrialisation, was starting of nuclear programme under the guidance of Homi J
Bhabha in late 1940s.

Nehru was against the nuclear weapon so he emphasised on generating atomic energy only for peaceful
purposes. So, he requested Super powers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. Even though the
nuclear war heads kept rising.

When Communist China tested its nuclear weapons in October 1964, five countries having nuclear
weapon, US, USSR, UK, France and China (Taiwan was the integral part of China) and also the five
permanent members of the UN Security Council tried to levy the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.

During the decade of 1962-1972, when India faced three consecutive wars, many different parties came
to the power from time to time, foreign policy of the country played only a limited role in party politics.
Indian Nuclear Programme India is against the international treaties which aimed at non-proliferation
as the five nuclear states are not restricted from proliferating nuclear weapons. In 1974, the first nuclear
explosion was undertaken by India. The Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) also denies right to
peaceful nuclear explosions by non-nuclear states.

Thus, India opposed the NPT in 1995 and also denied to sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).

India carried out series of nuclear tests in May 1998, showing its capability to use nuclear energy for
military purposes. Pakistan followed soon by increasing area’s vulnerability to nuclear exchange. The
international committee criticised the nuclear test in Indian subcontinent and wanted to impose ban
over India and Pakistan. But it was subsequently rejected.

The two features of India’s nuclear policy are :

India’s nuclear policy dependable on minimum nuclear deterrence proclaims ‘no first use’.
This policy reaffirms India’s commitment to global, valid and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament
guiding to a nuclear weapon free world.
Question 6.
List any four ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ given in the Constitution of India for the promotion
of international peace and security. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Explain any four Directive Principles of State Policy related to the promotion of international peace and
security. (All India 2010)
OR
Explain any two Directive Principles of State Policy provided in the Constitution of India relating to
foreign policy. (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The makers of Constitution of India equally emphasised on India’s foreign policy and international
affairs. So the makers of Constitution laid these concern in the Directive Principles of the State Policy.

The Constitutional Principles Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down some directive Principles
of State Policy on ‘promotion of international peace and security.
The state shall endeavour to:

Promote international peace and security.

Maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one
another.
Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Question 7.
What was Bandung Conference? Describe its outcomes, (All India 2009)
Answer:
In April 1955, representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in
Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third world in the Cold War, economic
development and decolonisation.

The core principles of the Bandung Conference were :

Political self-determination
Non-interference in internal affairs
Mutual respect for sovereignty,
Non-aggression, and
Equality
The governments of Burma, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka co-sponsored the Bandung
Conference and they brought together an additional twenty-four nations from Asia, Africa and the
middle East.

The outcomes of the conference were :

India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations.
The conference’s final resolution laid the foundation for the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) during
the Cold War.
Leaders of the developing countries banded together to avoid being forced to take sides in the Cold War
contest. The initial motivation for the movement was the promotion of peace. In the 1970s it grew
increasingly radical in its condemnation of the policies of the Cold War superpowers.
6 Marks Question

Question 1.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of “India being a staunch supporter of the dicolonisation
process and in firm opposition to racism”. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Yes, it is true that India is a staunch (firm) supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm
opposition to racism. It can be defined by the following agruments :
1. The period of the India’s independence also witnessed the developments like, the establishment of
the UN, the creation of nuclear weapons, the emergence of Communist China, and the beginning of
decolonisation in the world.

2. It was also the period of emergence of two Super powers namely the US-led North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. Most of the countries of the world were joining
the two camps.

But India did not join either of the two camps during the Cold War ear. Because India wanted to keep
away from the military alliances led by US and Soviet Union against each other and it was also
opposed to the colonisation.

3. India advocated non-alignment as the ideal foreign policy approach. This was a difficult balancing
act and sometimes the balance did not appear perfect. In 1956 when Britain attacked Egypt over the
Suez Canal issue, India led the world protest against this neo-colonial invasion.

But in the same year when the USSR invaded Hungary, India did not join its public condemnation.
Despite such a situation, by and large India did take an independent stand on various international
issues and could get aid and assistance from members of both the blocks.

4. Yet, given its size, location and power potential, Nehru envisaged a major role for India in world
affairs and especially in Asian affairs. His era was marked by the establishment of contacts between
India and other newly independent states in Asia and Africa. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Nehru
had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations
Conference in March 1947, five months Allead of attaining its indepedence.

5. India made earnest efforts for the early realisation of freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch colonial
regime by convening an international conference in 1949 to support its freedom struggle. India was a
staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and firmly opposed racism.

Especially apartheid in South Africa. The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of
Bandung in 1955. commonly known as the Bandung Conference, marked the Zenith of India’s
engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations. The Bandung Conference later led
to the establishment of the NAM The First Summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September
1961. Nehru was a co-founder of the NAM.
Chapter 14 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System
1 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Which major factor was responsible for the dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in 1971 elections? (Delhi
2015)
Answer:
The major factor responsible for dramatic victory of Indira Gandhi in 1971 elections was ‘Garibi
Hatao’ slogan which generated strong responses in landless laboures, Dalits, Adivasis, minorities,
women and the unemployed youth.

Question 2.
Which two political parties were the major partners in the ruling alliance after the 1971 General
Elections to the Lok Sabha. (All India 2014)
Answer:
Congress (R) and Communist Party of India (CPI) were major ruling alliance partners after the 1971
General Election.

Question 3.
Who represent Congress (O) and Congress (K) after the split of the Congress Party? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Syndicate represents Congress (O) while Indira Gandhi represents Congress (R).

Question 4.
Who was the official Congress candidate for the post of President of India in 1969? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Congress Syndicate’? (Delhi 2014, 2013)
OR
What is meant by ‘Syndicate with regard to the split in Congress? (All India 2010)
Answer:
‘Syndicate’ refers to a group of powerful and influential leaders from within Congress.

Question 6.
What is meant by ‘Privy Purse’? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Privy Purse was a grant or allowance given to the families of princely rulers on the basis of the extent
of their property.

Question 7.
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri, which two leaders of the Congress Party contested against one
another to become leader of the Congress Parliamentary Party? (Delhi 2013)
OR
After the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri on 10th January 1966, how did Indira Gandhi become the next
Prime Minister? (All India 2010)
Answer:
After intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi she was backed by senior party
leaders.

Question 8.
After which General Election in India did Congress Party lose its dominance for the first time at the
centre? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
After fourth General Election 1967, Congress Party lost its dominance for the first time at the centre.

Question 9.
Name the two main contenders who contested the election for the post of President of India in 1969.
(All India 2013)
Answer:
Shree Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and W Giri.

Question 10.
The results of which elections were called ‘Political earthquake’? (All India 2012)
OR
Why are the results of 1967 elections in India called ‘political earthquake’? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The results of 1967 elections jolted the Congress at both the national and state level. Congress managed
to get majority in the Lok Sabha but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952. Hence,
it is called ‘political earthquake’.

Question 11.
What is meant by defection? (All India 2012, 2008)
Answer:
Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and
joins another party.

Question 12.
Name the leaders who gave the following slogans (Delhi 2012)
(i) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
(ii) Garibi Hatao
Answer:
(i) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(ii) Indira Gandhi

Question 13.
Which theoretical argument did Rammanohar Lohia give in defence of non-congressism? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Congress rule was undemocratic and opposed to the interests of ordinary poor people.

Question 14.
Why did the senior Congress leaders support Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister in 1966? (Delhi 2010)
OR
Why did the senior leaders of Congress decide to back Mrs Indira Gandhi for the post of Prime
Minister in 1966? (All India [C] 2008, Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Because she had been Congress President in the past and had also been Union Minister for information
in the Shastri cabinet.

Question 15.
Correct and rewrite the statement given below: Gaya Lai, an MP from the Haryana Legislature in 1967,
changed his party twice in a fortnight. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Gaya Lai, an MLA from Haryana Legislature in 1967, changed his party thrice in a fortnight.
Question 16.
Write the names of the two successive Presidents of India after the death of Dr Zakir Hussain. (Delhi
2010)
Answer:
N. Sanjeeva Reddy and VV Giri.

Question 17.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words Indira Gandhi had to deal with them a group of powerful and
influential leaders from within the (All India 2010)
Answer:
Indira Gandhi had to deal with the Syndicate, a group of powerful and influential leaders from within
the Congress.

Question 18.
Mention the names of any two important leaders of the Congress party who were defeated in the 1967
General Elections. (All India 2010)
Answer:
The two important leaders of the congress Party who were defeated in 1967 General Elections were
Kamraj in Tamil Nadu and SK Pa til in Maharashtra.

Question 19.
What is the meaning of ‘dangerous decade’ in the context of Indian politics? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
The 1960s were called ‘dangerous decade’ in Indian politics as many challenges and unresolved
problems like poverty inequality communal and regional division etc were thought could lead to failure
of democratic project or disintegration of country.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Assess the role of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad towards maintaining communal harmony in India. (All
India 2016)
Answer:
The following points assess the role of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad towards maintaining communal
harmony in India :

He was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity.

He opposed the partition of the country.
Question 2.
Who signed the Tashkent Agreement and when? (Dehli 2012)
Answer:
Tashkent Agreement was signed between Shastri and Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then President of
Pakistan in 1966.

Question 3.
What was the main reason behind the split in Congress in 1969? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Reasons behind the split in Congress in 1969 were:

The factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi.

Abolition of privy purse
Question 4.
What does ‘Aaya Ram-Gaya Ram’ stand for the Indian politics? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
It describes the practice of frequently changing loyalty and alignment by legislators.

Question 5.
Which constitutional procedure was adopted in India to abolish the ‘Privy Purse’ in 1971? (All India
2010)
Answer:
The ‘Privy Purse’ was abolished under 26th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971.

Question 6.
What is meant by ‘Grand Alliance’. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Grand Alliance was a group of non-communist, non-congress opposition parties formed in 1970
elections against Indira Gandhi.

Question 7.
List any two challenges faced by India during Lai Bahadur Shastri’s Government, (All India to 2000)
Answer:
Two challenges faced by India were :

Failed monsoons, drought and serious food crisis.

A war with Pakistan in 1965.
Question 8.
Mention any two problems which were faced by the Government of Indira Gandhi during 1969-1971.
(All India to 2008)
Answer:
Two problems faced by Indira Gandhi government during 1964-1971 were :

The factional rivalry between Syndicate and Indira Gandhi arose in 1969 when presidential candidate
was to be elected after the death of President Zakir Hussain.
Various non-congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What does defection stand for in Indian politics? Highlight any two demerits of this practice. (Delhi
2014)
Answer:
Defection was a factor in 1967 elections. It played an important role in formation and collapsing of
government. Defection displays the behaviour of an elected representative who leaves the party on
whose symbol he/she won and joins another party.
Two demerits of this practice were :

It causes instability within party.

It promotes political opportunism among party legislators.
Question 2.
Describe the organisation of the Congress Party as a social and ideological coalition, (All India 2014)
Answer:
Social and ideological coalition of the Congress Party were the following :

It was based on liberal socialism.

It believes to bring changes in society by peaceful means and within constitutional provisions.
It believes in social co-existence and communal harmony.
It gives priority to the welfare of minorities.
Question 3.
What factors were responsible for the revival of the Congress Party in India in 1971? (Delhi 2011)
OR
Examine the factors which helped in the restoration of the Congress party after its split in 1969. (All
India 2011)
OR
How did the outcome of 1971 elections help in the restoration of Congress? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Highlight the main outcomes of the General Elections of 1971. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The main outcomes of the General Elections of 1971 which were responsible for restoration or revival
of Congress were the following :

The Congress (R)-CPI alliance won more seats and votes than the Congress had ever won in the first
four general elections.
The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war leading to the
establishment of Bangladesh.
Under leadership of Indira Gandhi, her party swept through all the State Assembly elections held in
1972.
With two successive election victories, one at the centre and other at the state level, the dominance of
the Congress was restored.
Question 4.
Why was the year 1967 considered as landmark year in India’s political and electoral history? Explain.
(All India 2010)
Answer:
The fourth general election held in 1967 was the first election to be held without Nehru. Congress was
dominant party before 1967, but scenario was likely to change after 1967’s election. Several non-
Congress parties joined together to bring Congress down.

They realised that their disintegration kept Congress in power. So, they joined to form a big alliance
called Samyukt Vidhayak Dal.
Congress still managed to win in Lok Sabha election, but with the poorest performance ever. Congress
lost in many states. Influencial leaders of Congress lost their position.

Many Congress leaders left the party in order to join the other party. Local politics gained momentum.
In Tamil Nadu, a non-congress party won on its own for the first time. 1967 elections showcased the
new element which never came into light. Defection and coalition played an important role and new
elements were in the scence of electoral politics.

This situation could not have remained isolated from party politics in the country. The opposition
parties got together and formed anti-Congress fronts in some states. This strategy was given the name
of non-Congressism by Ram Manohar Lohia. He argued that Congress rule was undemocratic and
opposed the interests of ordinary people. Therefore, the non-Congress parties were necessary for
reclaiming democracy for the people.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Privy Purse’? Why did Indira Gandhi insist on abolishing them in 1970? (All India
2009)
Answer:
At the time of dissolution of Princely States, the rulers of Princely States had been assured that their
families would get the right to retain certain private property and based on heredity or government
allowances

would also be given by the extent of revenue and potential of the merging states. This was called as
privy purse.
Indira Gandhi insisted an abolition of privy purses because :
According to Indira Gandhi such privilege to them goes against the essence of Constitution. It was
against right to equality even Nehru had shown his dissatisfaction against such privilege. After she won
in 1967 election she put her demand to abolish privy purse.
This hereditary privilege was against the ideas of equality and social and economic justice, which is
embedded in Indian Constitution.
In 1970 demand to amend privy purse was rejected by Rajya Sabha and ordinance was put down by
Supreme Court. It was in 1971 after she won with great majority she was able to amend the
Constitution to abolish privy purse.
Question 6.
The phrase ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ signifies which concept? Explain its impact on the Indian political
system. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The expression ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular in the political vocabulary in India to describe
the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators. The phrase became the subject of numerous jokes
and cartoons. Ultimately, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections.

Impact on the Indian political system are as follows :

It leads to instability within a political party.

It promotes political opportunism in political system.
It erodes the faith, and trust of common in political system.
It causes instable government.
Question 7.
Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘coalition’ Government in India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Advantages of coaliton are as follows:

Coalition government provides an alternative to form government whenever there is a case of hung
Parliament.
It gives opportunities to small and regional parties to have representation in governments.
Disadvantages of coalition are as follows :

It leads to instability in government as different partners pull the government differently. And
government finds itself unable to take right decision at right time.
It reduces the credibility of office of PM/CM as their tenure depends at the pleasure of coalition
partners. It produces weak government.
Question 8.
Why is the decade of sixties labelled as a ‘dangerous decade’? (All India 2008)
Answer:
After the death of Nehru, serious doubt were raised by many ou tsider whether India’s democratic
experiment will survive after Nehru. It was feared that like so many other newly independent countries,
India too would not be able to manage a democratic sc ccession.

A failure to do so, it was fe. red, could lead to a political role for tha army. Besides, there were doubts it
the new leadership would be able to handle the multiple crises that awaited a solution. The 1960s were
labelled as the ‘dangerous decade, when unresolved problems like poverty, inequality, communal and
regional divisions etc. could lead to a failure of the democratic project or even the disintegration of the
country.

Question 9.
“The early seventies of the 20th century were very favourable for Mrs. Indira Gandhi”. Do you agree?
Support your answer with any four arguments. (HOTS; All India (c) 2008)
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the arguments:

Immediately, after 1971 election, crisis broke out in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war leading to the
formation of Bangladesh. Political and economic upheaval made Indira more popular.
She was appreciated by opposition for her skills in directing the affair of State. Not only a protector of
underprivileged but also she came up as a strong and capable nationalist leader.
In State Assembly elections held in 1972 her party swept the fields, her position became strong and
fearless. Congress position was back to normal and even healthier than before with victories in states
and centre as well. With two back to back victories Indira Gandhi successfully dominated at centre as
well as in States. Other social groups also came in her favor.
Congress managed itself to majority in almost all the states. Indira Gandhi proved her leadership and
secured a dominant position in Congress within four year.
Question 10.
What do the following relate to? (Delhi 2008)
(i) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
(ii) Garibi Hatao
(iii) Indira Hatao
(iv) Grand Alliance
Answer:
(i) This was a slogan given by Lai Bahadur Shastri in 1965 when India was facing food crisis and a war
with Pakistan.
(ii) Indira Gandhi gave this slogan in 1971. With this slogan Indira Gandhi made a political strategy to
build an independent nationwide political support.
(iii) This was an anti-Indira slogan during 1971 election.
(iv) This was an alliance before 1971 elections. In this alliance non-communist, non-congress
opposition parties formed a group known as Grand Alliance.

6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Analyse the issue ‘India vs the Syndicate’; What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira
Gandhi? (All India 2017)
OR
What does the term ‘Syndicate’ mean in the context of the Congress Party of the sixties? What role did
the Syndicate play in the Congress party? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Syndicates refer to a group of influential, powerful and leading leaders of Congress. They had real
organisational power with them.

They played crucial in the establishment of Shastri and Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister. Indira Gandhi
sought their support to come into power. It was expected that after installation, Indira Gandhi would
follow their advice.

Their advise proved to be crucial in Indira’s Cabinet members selection and in the formation and
implementation of policies. But situation changed and Indira’s negligent behaviour towards syndicates
annoyed them. Polarisation between them increased, finally, leading to split, Congress split into two
parts. Syndicate lead Congress was named Congress (O) and Indira Gandhi led Congress was named
Congress (R).

But after split syndicate led Congress claimed that real organisational power vested in them. They were
the think tank and real decision-makers. In 1971 elections, it became clear that still Indira Gandhi
possessed the real power and Congress prestige.

Question 2.
Examine the major changes that the country witnessed at the time of fourth general election in 1967.
(All India 2016)
OR
Examine the grave economic crisis prior to the fourth general elections of 1967. Assess the verdict of
the electorate based on the election. (Delhi 2010)
OR
How did the fourth General Elections (1967) in India change the dynamics of Indian politics? (All
India 2009)
Answer:
The expression ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular in the political vocabulary in India to describe
the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators. The phrase became the subject of numerous jokes
and cartoons. Ultimately, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections.

Impact on the Indian political system are as follows :

It leads to instability within a political party.

It promotes political opportunism in political system.
It erodes the faith, and trust of common in political system.
It causes instable government.
Question 3.
Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai
Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime
Minister. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Analyse any three factors which enhanced the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the early 1970s. (All India
2014)
OR
Analyse any three major factors which led the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early
1970s. (Delhi 2013)
OR
What were the factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s?
(All India 2008)
OR
Explain any six factors which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in the early 1970s.
(Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Congress faced the challenge of political succession again on 10th January 1966, Shastri’s Prime
Ministership came to an abrupt end when he suddenly expired in Tashkent. The senior leaders of the
party decided to support Indira Gandhi. However, the decision was not unanimous. There was intense
contest between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot
among the MP’s of the Congress. Indira Gandhi got the support of more than two-thirds of the congress
party’s MP’s.

The six factors that led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in early 1970’s were :

Her socialist approach worked in her favour and her ideas like land reform and land ceiling legislation
as well.
Her slogan ‘garibi hatao’ was the need of that time. People took it positively and supported her.
Her support for the growth of public sector, removal of inequality in income and opportunity and
abolition of privy purse gained popularity.
Through, ‘garibi hatao’ she became popular among Dalits, disadvantaged, women, minority etc.
1971 war added to her popularity. She managed the political and economic affair of that time
effectively. She was admired by opposition also.
She was seen as a protector of poor and a strong and capable national leader.
Question 4.
Explain any three causes of the split in the Congress Party in 1969. (All India 2015)
OR
Examine the three main reasons responsible for the split in the Congress Party during 1969. (Delhi
2014)
OR
Examine the major issues which led to the split of Congress Party in 1969. (All India 2014)
OR
Examine any six factors which were responsible for split of the Congress in 1969. (All India 2011, All
India (C) 2008)
OR
Explain the major issues which were responsible for the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969. (All
India 2011)
Answer:
The six factors responsible for the split of the Congress party in 1969 were as follows:

In 1967 elections, the Congress lost power in many states, the result proved that the Congress could be
defeated at the elections.
The political tension inside Congress over the insettled question of relation between its ministerial and
organisation wings became more pronounce.
Indira Gandhi sidelined from the ‘Syndicate’, a group of powerful and influential leader within the
Congress. She chose her trusted group of advisors from outside the party.
Indira Gandhi adopted a radical ten-point programme which include social control of banks,
nationalisation of 14 private banks, abolition of the privy purse and land reforms.
Presidential selection of 1969 bring out factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi. In
the election, W Giri was elected as president of India defeating the official candidate N. Sanjeeva
Reddy.
This election formalised the split in the Congress Prime Minister was expelled. There was a vertical
split in Congress which created Congress (O) and Congress (R).
Question 5.
Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971.
(All India 2014)
Answer:
The three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971 were :
1. Political succession After Nehru, who would be the leader. Some outsiders had doubts that Indian
democracy will not survive meanwhile party President K Kamraj, suggested Lai Bahadur Shastri’s
name as the Prime Minister, thus he became the second Prime Minister of India.

After an abrupt end of Shastri led to challenge of political succession. This time there was intense
competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi.
Finally, Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. She set out to gain control over the party and to
demostrate her leadership skills.

2. Emergence of non-Congressism Opposition parties realised that the division of their votes kept the
Congress in power. So that they joined together to form anti-Congress fronts. This strategy was named
as non-Congressism by Ram Manohar Lohia.

The result of 1967 elections jolted the Congress at both centre and state levels. Many elite leaders of
Congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal). In most of the
State Congress lost and coalition government was formed.

3. Split in the Congress Indira Gandhi had to face internal challenge that was syndicate, a group of
influential Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation. Gradually she attempted to
assert her position within the government and the party. She chose her trusted group of advisers from
outside the party.

Slowly and carefully she sidelined the ‘Syndicate’. Meanwhile President of India Dr Zakir Hussain was
dead, the post of president fell vacant. Despite of Mrs. Gandhi reservations, the syndicate nominated N
Sanjeeva Reedy’s name as President. But Indira Gandhi supported

4. Giri as an independent candidate. The election ultimately, resulted in the victory of W Giri and the
defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy the official congress candidate.
The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalised the split in the party Congress (O) was
syndicate supported party and Congress (R) was Indira Gandhi party.

Question 6.
Mention any six steps taken for the restoration of dominance of the Congress Party after the 1971
elections, (All India 2013)
OR
“With two successive election victories at the centre as well as in the states in 1971, the dominant
position of the Congress Party was restored.” Do you agree? State any three arguments in support of
your answer. HOTS: All India 2010
Answer:
The factors responsible for the restoration of the Congress Party after its split in 1969 were :
1. Abolition of privy purse The Government of India tried to bring a Constitutional Amendment in 1970
to abolish privy purse. Because Indira Gandhi supported the demand of abolishing privy purses. After
1971 elections the Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of privy purse.

2. Garibi hatao After spliting, the new Congress had some positive agenda. Indira Gandhi said that the
opposition alliance had only one comsmon programme i.e. Indira hatao. In contrast to this, she put
forward positive programme captured in the famous slogan: garibi hatao.

Through it, she tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged especially among the landless
labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth. The slogan garibi hatao
gave her a strong independent nationwide political support base.

3. Major policy initiative She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left
orientation. She got the Congress Working Committee do adopt a Ten Point Programme. This
programme induded social control of banks, nationalisation of general insurance, ceiling on urban
property and income, public distribution of food grains, land reforms and provision of house sites to the
rural poor,

4. 1971’s war The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak War led to the establishment of Bangladesh.
Indira Gandhi’s statemenship was admired. She was seen not only protector but also a strong
nationalist leader.

Question 7.
Evaluate any three factors which were responsible for Indira Gandhi’s achieving a thumping majority
in 1971 Lok Sabha elections. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The 1971 elections were a political fight between Congress (R) and non-Congress and non-Communist
parties. Congress (O) was just a part of it. It was believed that Congress (O) had real organisational
strength of Congress party. Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance called as the Grand
Alliance.

Grand Alliance were SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bhartiya Kranti Dal.
Major objective behind the formation of Grand Alliance was to prevent Indira Gandhi to form a
government. Now in 1971 elections, Indira Gandhi had to face a strong opposition from outside parties
and a split part of Congress.

The three factors which were responsible for thumping majority of Indira Gandhi’s Government in
1971 Lok Sabha elections were :

Indira Gandhi gave the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ and it was her main agenda. The opponents have no
such agenda for people. They gave slogan of ‘Indira Hatao’. People because influenced with the agenda
of Indira Gandhi and gave her majority votes.
Indira Gandhi noticed the need for the increase in growth of public sector and removal of difference of
income. In election publicity, she ensured people for bringing all this. People became inspired by her
vision and supported her.
The opponents formed the Grand alliance against Indira Gandhi to defeat her. This was also a
prominent factor which persuaded voters to vote her.
Question 8.
Examine the main factors responsible for the rise and fall of the Congress Party’s dominance in India.
(All India 2009)
Answer:
The main factors responsible for the rise of Congress Party’s dominance were :

Congress had inherited the legacy from national movement. It was the only party to have an
organisation spread all over the country.
Congress also had the most popular and charismatic leaders like Jawahar Lai Nehru, Shastri and Indira
Gandhi who made Congress to dominate the Indian politics.
The main factors responsible for the fall of Congress Party’s dominance were:
1. Since 1969, the Congress party had starting shedding its character as an umbrella party which
accommodated leaders and workers of different ideological dispensations and view points. The
Congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and
pro-poor party.

Thus with the early nineteen seventies, the Congress’s political success depended on attracting people
on the basis of sharp social and ideological divisions and the appeal of one leader, Indira Gandhi.

2. With the change in the nature of the Congress party, other opposition parties relied more and more on
what is known in Indian politics as ‘non-Congressism’. They also realised the need to avoid division of
non-congress votes in the election. This factor played a major role in the elections on 1977.

3. In an indirect manner, the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics
since 1977.
The results of 1977 elections were at least partly due to a shift among the backward castes of North
India.

4. Following the Lok Sabha elections, many states also held Assembly elections in 1977. Again, the
Northern States elected non-Congress governments in which the leaders of the backward castes played
an important role.

5. The Emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because
it had its origins in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament. On the other hand, it
was also a period of political crisis. It was one of the prominent cause for the fall of the Congress
Party’s dominance.

Question 9.
Examine the factors which helped W Giri to become the President of India. (Delhi [C] 2000)
Answer:
The factors which helped W Giri to become the President of India were :

The death of Zakir Hussain led the post of President vacant.

The syndicates nominated the then Lok Sabha Speaker N Sanjeeva Reddy as official candidate of
Congress for President’s post even after Indira’s reluctance.
In order to answer them, she encouraged W Giri, the then Vice-President to file nomination as an
independent candidate.
At the same time she announced several new and big policies like nationalisation of fourteen leading
private banks, abolition of privy purse etc. Morarji Desai, the then Finance Minister and Deputy Prime
Minister, disagreed with Indira and left the party.
The then Congress President Nijalingappa asked all the Congress MPs and MLAs to support Sanjeeva
Reddy, the official candidate and issued whip.
A special meeting of AICC was to held by Indira Gandhi’s supporter, but this was refused.
Though Indira Gandhi was silently supporting W Giri, she openly announced for a conscience vote.
Result announced the victory of W Giri, after the defeat of Congress Party’s official candidate, split in
Congress was formalised.
Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the political party which came to power at the centre in 1977. (All India 2014)
Answer:
The Janata Party and its allies came to power at the centre by defeating Congress Party.

Question 2.
Mention the main reason for the defeat of Congress Party in the election of 1977? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of Congress party was declaration of emergency by the then Prime
Minsiter and anti-democratic nature of their government.

Question 3.
Who led the Railway Strike in 1974? What was its main demand? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Railway Strike of 1974 was led by George Fernandes. Its main demand was related to bonus and
service conditions.

Question 4.
Students of which two states started agitation against the rising food prices in 1974? (All India 2012)
Answer:
The students Gujarat and Bihar started agitation against the rising food prices in 1974.

Question 5.
Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of
emergency in 1975? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
They choose to close down after the declaration of emergency of 1975 due to censorship of press.

Question 6.
What was the main demand of the railway men during the railway strike led by George Fernandes in
1974? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Their demand was for bonus and service condition.

Question 7.
Who was Charu Majumdar? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Charu Majumdar was the leader of the Naxalbari uprising. He was the founder of Communist Party of
India (Marxist-Leninist). He adopted guerrilla warfare.

Question 8.
Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movements, (All India 2010)
Answer:
Two outcomes of the Naxalite movements were :

Naxalite movement, particularly, strong in West Bengal spread to the different parts of India. Nine
states had been affected by their activities.
Human right activist alleged government for using violence and harsh measures against them and
criticised government for violating the Constitution.
Question 9.
How many Lok Sabha seats were won by the Janata Party and its allies in the General Elections of
March 1977? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Janata Party and its allies won 330 out of 542 seats in the Lok Sabha. Janata Party itself won 295 seats.

Question 10.
What was Naxalite movement? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Marxist-Leninist group of people, believed in violent means to achieve their goals. They distributed the
land to landless peasant after forcefully taking it away from rich landlords. This movement was known
as Naxalite movement.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in Column ‘B’:
(All India 2017)

Column A Column B
(i) Indira Gandhi (a) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohia (b) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(iii) Jai Prakash Narayan (c) Nationalisation of banks
(iv) Jagjiwan Ram (d) Best known for his sharp
Answer:

Column A Column B
(i) Indira Gandhi (c) Nationalisation of banks
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohia (d) Best known for his sharp
(iii) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(iv) Jagjiwan Ram (a) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death
Question 2.
Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way : (All India 2016)

Column A Column B
(i) Head of the commission of Enquiry (a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 to 1969 (b) Jagjiwan Ram
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79 (c) JC Shah
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977 (d) Morarji Desai
Answer:
Column A Column B
(i) Head of the commission of Enquiry (c) JC Shah
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 to 1969 (d) Morarji Desai
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79 (a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977 (b) Jagjiwan Ram
Question 3.
Which characteristics made Congress an ideological coalition during the freedom movement of India?
(All India 2015)
Answer:
The inclusive and accommodative nature of Congress made it an ideological coalition during the
freedom movement of India. It brought together successfully diverse groups, whose interests were often
contradictory.

Question 4.
What was ‘Shah Commission of Inquiry’? How did the government react to it? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Shah Commission was a commission appointed by the Janata Party government in 1977 to inquire into
several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed in the wake of
the emergency.

The Government of India accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in the
two interim reports.

Question 5.
Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movement. (All indin 2010)
Answer:
The two outcomes of the Naxalite movement are :

Naxalite movements used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the
landless.
It challenged government system.
Question 6.
Mention any two reasons due to which Janata Party won the election of 1977? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The two reasons were :

The non-democratic character of the Congress during emergency.

The public opinion was against the Congress which lead to Janata Party win in 1977.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How did Janata Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975?
Explain. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Janata Party made the election of 1977 into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975 in
following ways :

Janata Party’s campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the various
excesses that took place during this period.
In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion
was against the Congress.
Jai Prakash Narayan who led the party became the popular symbol of restoration of democracy.
The party ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided.
Question 2.
Explain the reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar and role played by Jai Prakash
Narayan in this movement. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar are following

Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high places.
There was demand for fresh elections to the State Legislature.
Role played by Jai Prakash Narayan in this movement is stated in the points below :

He demanded the dismissal of the Congress Government in Bihar and gave a call for total revolution in
the social, economic and political spheres.
In 1975, he led a peoples’ march to the Parliament.
Question 3.
Evaluate the consequences of declaration of emergency in 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any two lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any four consequences of emergency declared on 25th June, 1975. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What important lessons can be drawn for Indian Democracy from the declaration of the Emergency of
25th June, 1975? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Consequences of emergency were :

Fundamental Rights were suspended.

The power of Judiciary were limited.
Press was censored.
All the power were concentrated in the hands of Union Government.
Civil liberties of the citizens were taken away.
Important lessons learnt from emergency are :

Several changes to Constitution came into existence e.g. election of Prime Minister, President and Vice-
President could not be challenged in the Supreme Court.
Provision of emergency was rectified too internal emerge could only be proclaimed on the basis of
armed rebellion after President’s formal announcement on the advice of Council of Ministers.
Question 4.
What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of emergency in 1975? Examine any
two reasons. (All India 2013)
OR
Why was the emergency declared in India on 25th June, 1975? (All India 2011)
OR
Describe any four circumstances for proclamation of emergency in 1975? (Delhi 2008: All Indin 2008)
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were (any four) :

Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against the
price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed to
handle these protests. Leadership by influencial leaders further gave them a momentum against
government.
Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government.
Naxalite had an anti government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railwaymen. Their demands were
suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan organised a
massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and emergency was
declared on 25th June, 1975.
Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army, the police
and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’
Question 5.
Why is the ‘emergency’ and the period around it known as the period of constitutional crisis? Explain.
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because it
had its origin in the constitutional battle over the Jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary.

During emergency government gets extra powers. It gains the power to suspend the Fundamental
Rights of the citizens. Measures like preventive detention could be used by government. Right to move
the court for the restoration of Fundamental Rights were taken away.

It was also a period of political crisis because the party in power had absolute majority and yet, its
leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.

Question 6.
How did the Emergency of 1975 benefit the Indian democratic set up? (All India 2009)
Answer:
The Emergency of 1975 benefitted the Indian democratic set up in following manner :

It checked the issues of regionalism and separatism.

As a reaction to the Emergency various parties united and fought against Congress in the elections of
1977 which consolidated the democracy.
It challenged the dominance of one party.
Some of the ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution were rectified.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite movement in India. Suggest ways and
means to crush it. (All India 2016)
OR
What is ‘Naxalite movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian Politics. (Delhi 2009)
OR
Evaluate the role of the ‘Naxalite movement’ in India, (All India 2009)
Answer:
Naxalite movement is a kind of guerrilla groups in India, mostly associated with the Communist Party
of India (Maoist). The term Naxal derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in West Bengal,
where the movement had its origin.

Naxalite Movement in India In

1967, a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills (West
Bengal).

The Communists argued that democracy in India was a shame and decided to adopt a strategy of
protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution.

Role of Naxalite Movement in Indian Politics

Naxalite movement gave impetus to the demand of equal distribution of land. Their demand are region
specific and they have rejuvanated the tribal movements in India. Due to such movements separatism
has become a burning issue.

Their violent nature has posed risk on the socio-economic-politic structure of India.

Measures to Control
Socio-economic issues should be solved in region specific manner keeping in view that India is a land
of diversity and nature of problems varies from region to region.

There should be strong political will to keep away regionalism and separatism from politics.

Question 2.
Why is emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics? (All India
2016)
OR
Assess the controversies relating to the declaration of Emergency in 1975 in India.
Answer:
Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. There are varying assessments
of the need and lessons learnt from the emergency:

Condition of Emergency
The Constitution simply mentioned ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring emergency.
Before 1975, emergency was never proclaimed on this ground. The government argued that in a
democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its
policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective action are not good for
democracy.

Supporters of Indira Gandhi also held that in a democracy, you cannot continuously have extra-
parliamentary politics targeting the government. This leads to instability and distracts the
administration from its routine task of ensuring development.

On the other hand, the critics of the emergency argued that ever since the freedom movement, Indian
politics had a history of popular struggles. JP and many other opposition leaders felt that in a
democracy, people had the right to publicly protest against the government. The Bihar and Gujarat
agitations were mostly peaceful and non-violent.

Assessment of Emergency
Most of promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these, were simply meant to divert
attention from the excesses that were taking place. They question the use of preventive detention on
such a large scale.

The Shah Commission estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested under
preventive detention laws. Severe restrictions were put on the press, sometimes without proper legal
sanctions.

Lessons of Emergency

It is extremely difficult to remove democracy from India.

It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution that have been
rectified since. Now, ‘Internal’ emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’
and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by
the Council of Minister.
The emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have taken an
active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.
The actual implementation of the emergency rule took place through the police and the administration.
These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into political instruments of the
ruling party.
Question 3.
Analyse the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June,
1975. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Examine any six reasons for the imposition of emergency in India 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
‘Was the declaration of emergency in 1975 necessary?’ Support your answer with any three suitable
arguments. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Why was the national emergency declared in India on 25th June, 1975? Analyse any three
consequences of this emergency. (Delhi 2000)
OR
Analyse any three reasons for imposing emergency on 25th June, 1975. Did the government misuse its
emergency powers? Give any three arguments in support of your answers. (Delhi 2011)
OR
What factors led to the declaration of internal emergency in India on 25th June, 1975? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Write a brief note on the background leading to the declaration of emergency on 25th June, 1975 in
India. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were (any four) :

Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against the
price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed to
handle these protests. Leadership by influencial leaders further gave them a momentum against
government.
Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government.
Naxalite had an anti government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railwaymen. Their demands were
suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan organised a
massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and emergency was
declared on 25th June, 1975.
Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army, the police
and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’
Question 4.
Analyse any three lessons learnt from the emergency of 1975. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Evaluate any three consequences of the emergency imposed in 1975. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any six consequences of the emergency of 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any three lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (Delhi 2013)
OR
“The emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 is seen as a blur on Indian democracy.” Assess its impact
on the party system in India, (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 had a great impact on India’s party system. Many changes
had been made to the Constitution and reality come in front of people. For consequences/lessons,

Consequences of emergency were:

Fundamental Rights were suspended.

The power of Judiciary were limitised.
Press was censored.
All the power were concentrated in the hands of Union Government.
Civil liberties of the citizens were taken away.
Important lessons learnt from emergency are :

Several changes to Constitution came into existence e.g. election of Prime Minister, President and Vice-
President could not be challenged in the Supreme Court.
Provision of emergency was rectified too internal emerge could only be proclaimed on the basis of
armed rebellion after President’s formal announcement on the advice of Council of Ministers.
Question 5.
Assess any three happenings which were responsible for the downfall of the Congress Party in the 1977
elections. (All India 2014)
OR
“The opposition to emergency could keep the Janata Party together only for a while.” Evaluate.
(HOTS; All India 2009)
Answer:
Three happenings which were responsible for the downfall of the Congress Party in the 1977 election
were :

The major opposition parties had already come closer in the pre-emergency period. Now they came
together on the eve of the elections and formed a new party known as the Janata Party.
Some leaders of the Congress who were opposed to the emergency also joined this new party. Some
other Congress leaders also came out and formed a separate party under the leadership of Jagjivan
RAnswer:
The Janata Party’s campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the
various excesses that took place during the emergency.
The opposition to emergency could keep the Janata Party together only for a while because the party
lacked direction, leadership and a common programme. The Janata Party Government could not bring
about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by Congress. The Janata Party split and the
government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.

Question 6.
Explain any six factors responsible for the defeat of the Congress Party in 1977 elections. (All India
2013)
OR
“The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming to power at the centre.” Examine any
six reasons for this change, (HOTS; Delhi 2012)
OR
“Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters.” Explain
the statement with reference to the emergency period of 1975-77. (HOTS; All India, 2010, Delhi 2008)
OR
“Government that seem to be unstable and quarrelsome are severely punished by the voters.” Explain
with reference to Janata Party rule. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
In January 1977, after 18 months of emergency, government decided to hold the election. Decision was
quick, parties did not have enough time for preparation. Janata Party which had formed during pre-
emergency period by coalition of various anti-Congress and anti-emergency parties decided to fight
against Congress. Result of 1977 came out with a big surprise to the country. For the first time since,
independence Congress had lost in centre. Janata Party won 330 out of 542 seats.

The main reason behind Congress defeat in 1977 were :

Its anti-democratic decisions.

Imposition of emergency had negative impact on the image of Congress.
During emergency Congress had used harsh measures like demolition, forced sterilisation,
displacement etc.
That is why people decided not to elect Congress representative to next Lok Sabha election and Janata
Party, who gave public a bright look of democracy and was sympathic towards public, was elected.
The middle class from North India, where the impact of emergency was at its peak, moved away from
Congress.
Janata Party became a platform for different groups of people.
It can be said that voters punished anti-democratic government.
Question 7.
What were the major conflicts between the Parliament and the Judiciary during the leadership of Indira
Gandhi? (All indie 2011 )
OR
Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and the Parliament in India in 1973. (All India to 2008)
Answer:
This period also witnessed tensions in the relationship between the Parliament and the Judiciary. The
major conflicts between the Parliament and Judiciary during the leadership of Indira Gandhi were :

On the issue of Fundamental Right and right to property, the Supreme Court denied the amendment to
Constitution. While on the issue of Fundamental Right giving effect to Directive principles, Parliament
amended the Constitution, but later Supreme Court rejected it.
Court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the Constitution and the Parliament cannot
amend these basic features. This created tension between parliament and jucidiary.
Tension between judiciary and executive further expanded, when a vacancy arose of the post of Chief
Justice of India. As per the constitutional rule, senior-most judge of the Supreme Court should be
appointed as Chief Justice of India in case of vacancy. But in 1973 government ignored the seniority of
three judges and appointed Ajit Nath Ray as Chief Justice of India.
Appointment became a topic of tension. Government’s decision was questioned by the three judges
who were superseded.
People were talking about the need of a judiciary and bureaucracy which would be committed to the
plan of executive and legislature. Highest point in controversy came when High Court declared Indira
Gandhi’s election invalid.
Question 8.
Highlight the legacy of Janata Government which came into power after end of the Emergency of
1975-77. Delhi 2009
Answer:
Janata Party Government came to power after the 1977 election. It was the first party after
independence who defeated Congress in the Lok Sabha elections. The Congress could win only 154
seats. Janata Party and its allies won 330 out of the 542 seats.

The legacy of Janata Government which came into power after emergency of 1977 is highlighted in
points below :

Fundamental Right of property was made a legal right.

The status and powers of Judiciary was restored.
Fundamental Rights were made superior in comparison to the Directive Principles of State Policy.
44th amendment was passed by the Janata Party and all the negative features of 42nd amendment were
corrected.
Question 9.
Explain the findings of Shah Commission constituted after the end of emergency of 1975. Delhi 2009
Answer:
In May 1977, the Janata Party Government appointed Shah Commission of inquiry headed by justice
JC Shah, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India.

It was appointed to look into the misuse of authority by government and unethical practises like
demolition of jhuggis, forced sterilisation etc which were conducted during emergency. The
commission gathered various evidences and witnesses to give testimonies.

The findings of Shah Commission were :

It found out that preventive detention was widely used by the government. Around one lakh eleven
thousand arbitrary arrests were made by the government.
Newspapers were asked to get permission before publishing of any matter.
In Delhi, Lieutenant Governor ordered General Manager of Delhi power supply to cut off the power
supply of news press till they establish censorship apparatus.
Jhuggi jhopri were forcefully relocated in the barren area of Delhi, people were forcefully sterilised.
The Commission report mentions that General Manager of the Delhi Power Supply corporation
received verbal orders from the office of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper
presses.
The younger son of Prime Minister did not hold any official position at the time. Yet, he gained control
over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.
Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the political party which came to power at the centre in 1977. (All India 2014)
Answer:
The Janata Party and its allies came to power at the centre by defeating Congress Party.

Question 2.
Mention the main reason for the defeat of Congress Party in the election of 1977? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of Congress party was declaration of emergency by the then Prime
Minsiter and anti-democratic nature of their government.

Question 3.
Who led the Railway Strike in 1974? What was its main demand? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Railway Strike of 1974 was led by George Fernandes. Its main demand was related to bonus and
service conditions.

Question 4.
Students of which two states started agitation against the rising food prices in 1974? (All India 2012)
Answer:
The students Gujarat and Bihar started agitation against the rising food prices in 1974.

Question 5.
Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the declaration of
emergency in 1975? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
They choose to close down after the declaration of emergency of 1975 due to censorship of press.
Question 6.
What was the main demand of the railway men during the railway strike led by George Fernandes in
1974? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Their demand was for bonus and service condition.

Question 7.
Who was Charu Majumdar? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Charu Majumdar was the leader of the Naxalbari uprising. He was the founder of Communist Party of
India (Marxist-Leninist). He adopted guerrilla warfare.

Question 8.
Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movements, (All India 2010)
Answer:
Two outcomes of the Naxalite movements were :

Naxalite movement, particularly, strong in West Bengal spread to the different parts of India. Nine
states had been affected by their activities.
Human right activist alleged government for using violence and harsh measures against them and
criticised government for violating the Constitution.
Question 9.
How many Lok Sabha seats were won by the Janata Party and its allies in the General Elections of
March 1977? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Janata Party and its allies won 330 out of 542 seats in the Lok Sabha. Janata Party itself won 295 seats.

Question 10.
What was Naxalite movement? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Marxist-Leninist group of people, believed in violent means to achieve their goals. They distributed the
land to landless peasant after forcefully taking it away from rich landlords. This movement was known
as Naxalite movement.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in Column ‘B’:
(All India 2017)

Column A Column B
(i) Indira Gandhi (a) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohia (b) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(iii) Jai Prakash Narayan (c) Nationalisation of banks
(iv) Jagjiwan Ram (d) Best known for his sharp
Answer:

Column A Column B
(i) Indira Gandhi (c) Nationalisation of banks
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohia (d) Best known for his sharp
(iii) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Symbol of opposition during the emergency of 1975
(iv) Jagjiwan Ram (a) A Member of Parliament from 1952 till his death
Question 2.
Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way : (All India 2016)
Column A Column B
(i) Head of the commission of Enquiry (a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 to 1969 (b) Jagjiwan Ram
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79 (c) JC Shah
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977 (d) Morarji Desai
Answer:

Column A Column B
(i) Head of the commission of Enquiry (c) JC Shah
(ii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1967 to 1969 (d) Morarji Desai
(iii) Deputy Prime Minister of India from 1977 – 79 (a) Choudhary Charan Singh
(iv) Union Minister of India from 1952 – 1977 (b) Jagjiwan Ram
Question 3.
Which characteristics made Congress an ideological coalition during the freedom movement of India?
(All India 2015)
Answer:
The inclusive and accommodative nature of Congress made it an ideological coalition during the
freedom movement of India. It brought together successfully diverse groups, whose interests were often
contradictory.

Question 4.
What was ‘Shah Commission of Inquiry’? How did the government react to it? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Shah Commission was a commission appointed by the Janata Party government in 1977 to inquire into
several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed in the wake of
the emergency.

The Government of India accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in the
two interim reports.

Question 5.
Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movement. (All indin 2010)
Answer:
The two outcomes of the Naxalite movement are :

Naxalite movements used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the
landless.
It challenged government system.
Question 6.
Mention any two reasons due to which Janata Party won the election of 1977? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The two reasons were :

The non-democratic character of the Congress during emergency.

The public opinion was against the Congress which lead to Janata Party win in 1977.
4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How did Janata Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975?
Explain. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Janata Party made the election of 1977 into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975 in
following ways :
Janata Party’s campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the various
excesses that took place during this period.
In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the public opinion
was against the Congress.
Jai Prakash Narayan who led the party became the popular symbol of restoration of democracy.
The party ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided.
Question 2.
Explain the reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar and role played by Jai Prakash
Narayan in this movement. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Reasons for the students movement of 1974 in Bihar are following

Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high places.
There was demand for fresh elections to the State Legislature.
Role played by Jai Prakash Narayan in this movement is stated in the points below :

He demanded the dismissal of the Congress Government in Bihar and gave a call for total revolution in
the social, economic and political spheres.
In 1975, he led a peoples’ march to the Parliament.
Question 3.
Evaluate the consequences of declaration of emergency in 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any two lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any four consequences of emergency declared on 25th June, 1975. (Delhi 2012)
OR
What important lessons can be drawn for Indian Democracy from the declaration of the Emergency of
25th June, 1975? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Consequences of emergency were :

Fundamental Rights were suspended.

The power of Judiciary were limited.
Press was censored.
All the power were concentrated in the hands of Union Government.
Civil liberties of the citizens were taken away.
Important lessons learnt from emergency are :

Several changes to Constitution came into existence e.g. election of Prime Minister, President and Vice-
President could not be challenged in the Supreme Court.
Provision of emergency was rectified too internal emerge could only be proclaimed on the basis of
armed rebellion after President’s formal announcement on the advice of Council of Ministers.
Question 4.
What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of emergency in 1975? Examine any
two reasons. (All India 2013)
OR
Why was the emergency declared in India on 25th June, 1975? (All India 2011)
OR
Describe any four circumstances for proclamation of emergency in 1975? (Delhi 2008: All Indin 2008)
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were (any four) :
Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against the
price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed to
handle these protests. Leadership by influencial leaders further gave them a momentum against
government.
Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government.
Naxalite had an anti government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railwaymen. Their demands were
suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan organised a
massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and emergency was
declared on 25th June, 1975.
Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army, the police
and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’
Question 5.
Why is the ‘emergency’ and the period around it known as the period of constitutional crisis? Explain.
(Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because it
had its origin in the constitutional battle over the Jurisdiction of the Parliament and the judiciary.

During emergency government gets extra powers. It gains the power to suspend the Fundamental
Rights of the citizens. Measures like preventive detention could be used by government. Right to move
the court for the restoration of Fundamental Rights were taken away.

It was also a period of political crisis because the party in power had absolute majority and yet, its
leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.

Question 6.
How did the Emergency of 1975 benefit the Indian democratic set up? (All India 2009)
Answer:
The Emergency of 1975 benefitted the Indian democratic set up in following manner :

It checked the issues of regionalism and separatism.

As a reaction to the Emergency various parties united and fought against Congress in the elections of
1977 which consolidated the democracy.
It challenged the dominance of one party.
Some of the ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution were rectified.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite movement in India. Suggest ways and
means to crush it. (All India 2016)
OR
What is ‘Naxalite movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian Politics. (Delhi 2009)
OR
Evaluate the role of the ‘Naxalite movement’ in India, (All India 2009)
Answer:
Naxalite movement is a kind of guerrilla groups in India, mostly associated with the Communist Party
of India (Maoist). The term Naxal derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in West Bengal,
where the movement had its origin.

Naxalite Movement in India In

1967, a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills (West
Bengal).

The Communists argued that democracy in India was a shame and decided to adopt a strategy of
protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution.

Role of Naxalite Movement in Indian Politics

Naxalite movement gave impetus to the demand of equal distribution of land. Their demand are region
specific and they have rejuvanated the tribal movements in India. Due to such movements separatism
has become a burning issue.

Their violent nature has posed risk on the socio-economic-politic structure of India.

Measures to Control
Socio-economic issues should be solved in region specific manner keeping in view that India is a land
of diversity and nature of problems varies from region to region.

There should be strong political will to keep away regionalism and separatism from politics.

Question 2.
Why is emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics? (All India
2016)
OR
Assess the controversies relating to the declaration of Emergency in 1975 in India.
Answer:
Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. There are varying assessments
of the need and lessons learnt from the emergency:

Condition of Emergency
The Constitution simply mentioned ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring emergency.
Before 1975, emergency was never proclaimed on this ground. The government argued that in a
democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its
policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective action are not good for
democracy.

Supporters of Indira Gandhi also held that in a democracy, you cannot continuously have extra-
parliamentary politics targeting the government. This leads to instability and distracts the
administration from its routine task of ensuring development.

On the other hand, the critics of the emergency argued that ever since the freedom movement, Indian
politics had a history of popular struggles. JP and many other opposition leaders felt that in a
democracy, people had the right to publicly protest against the government. The Bihar and Gujarat
agitations were mostly peaceful and non-violent.

Assessment of Emergency
Most of promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these, were simply meant to divert
attention from the excesses that were taking place. They question the use of preventive detention on
such a large scale.

The Shah Commission estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested under
preventive detention laws. Severe restrictions were put on the press, sometimes without proper legal
sanctions.

Lessons of Emergency
It is extremely difficult to remove democracy from India.
It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution that have been
rectified since. Now, ‘Internal’ emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’
and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by
the Council of Minister.
The emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have taken an
active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.
The actual implementation of the emergency rule took place through the police and the administration.
These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into political instruments of the
ruling party.
Question 3.
Analyse the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June,
1975. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Examine any six reasons for the imposition of emergency in India 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
‘Was the declaration of emergency in 1975 necessary?’ Support your answer with any three suitable
arguments. (Delhi 2013)
OR
Why was the national emergency declared in India on 25th June, 1975? Analyse any three
consequences of this emergency. (Delhi 2000)
OR
Analyse any three reasons for imposing emergency on 25th June, 1975. Did the government misuse its
emergency powers? Give any three arguments in support of your answers. (Delhi 2011)
OR
What factors led to the declaration of internal emergency in India on 25th June, 1975? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Write a brief note on the background leading to the declaration of emergency on 25th June, 1975 in
India. (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were (any four) :

Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against the
price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed to
handle these protests. Leadership by influencial leaders further gave them a momentum against
government.
Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government.
Naxalite had an anti government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railwaymen. Their demands were
suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan organised a
massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and emergency was
declared on 25th June, 1975.
Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army, the police
and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’
Question 4.
Analyse any three lessons learnt from the emergency of 1975. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Evaluate any three consequences of the emergency imposed in 1975. (Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any six consequences of the emergency of 1975. (All India 2014)
OR
Explain any three lessons learnt from the emergency imposed in 1975. (Delhi 2013)
OR
“The emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 is seen as a blur on Indian democracy.” Assess its impact
on the party system in India, (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
The emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 had a great impact on India’s party system. Many changes
had been made to the Constitution and reality come in front of people. For consequences/lessons,

Consequences of emergency were:

Fundamental Rights were suspended.

The power of Judiciary were limitised.
Press was censored.
All the power were concentrated in the hands of Union Government.
Civil liberties of the citizens were taken away.
Important lessons learnt from emergency are :

Several changes to Constitution came into existence e.g. election of Prime Minister, President and Vice-
President could not be challenged in the Supreme Court.
Provision of emergency was rectified too internal emerge could only be proclaimed on the basis of
armed rebellion after President’s formal announcement on the advice of Council of Ministers.
Question 5.
Assess any three happenings which were responsible for the downfall of the Congress Party in the 1977
elections. (All India 2014)
OR
“The opposition to emergency could keep the Janata Party together only for a while.” Evaluate.
(HOTS; All India 2009)
Answer:
Three happenings which were responsible for the downfall of the Congress Party in the 1977 election
were :

The major opposition parties had already come closer in the pre-emergency period. Now they came
together on the eve of the elections and formed a new party known as the Janata Party.
Some leaders of the Congress who were opposed to the emergency also joined this new party. Some
other Congress leaders also came out and formed a separate party under the leadership of Jagjivan
RAnswer:
The Janata Party’s campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the
various excesses that took place during the emergency.
The opposition to emergency could keep the Janata Party together only for a while because the party
lacked direction, leadership and a common programme. The Janata Party Government could not bring
about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by Congress. The Janata Party split and the
government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.

Question 6.
Explain any six factors responsible for the defeat of the Congress Party in 1977 elections. (All India
2013)
OR
“The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming to power at the centre.” Examine any
six reasons for this change, (HOTS; Delhi 2012)
OR
“Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters.” Explain
the statement with reference to the emergency period of 1975-77. (HOTS; All India, 2010, Delhi 2008)
OR
“Government that seem to be unstable and quarrelsome are severely punished by the voters.” Explain
with reference to Janata Party rule. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
In January 1977, after 18 months of emergency, government decided to hold the election. Decision was
quick, parties did not have enough time for preparation. Janata Party which had formed during pre-
emergency period by coalition of various anti-Congress and anti-emergency parties decided to fight
against Congress. Result of 1977 came out with a big surprise to the country. For the first time since,
independence Congress had lost in centre. Janata Party won 330 out of 542 seats.

The main reason behind Congress defeat in 1977 were :

Its anti-democratic decisions.

Imposition of emergency had negative impact on the image of Congress.
During emergency Congress had used harsh measures like demolition, forced sterilisation,
displacement etc.
That is why people decided not to elect Congress representative to next Lok Sabha election and Janata
Party, who gave public a bright look of democracy and was sympathic towards public, was elected.
The middle class from North India, where the impact of emergency was at its peak, moved away from
Congress.
Janata Party became a platform for different groups of people.
It can be said that voters punished anti-democratic government.
Question 7.
What were the major conflicts between the Parliament and the Judiciary during the leadership of Indira
Gandhi? (All indie 2011 )
OR
Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and the Parliament in India in 1973. (All India to 2008)
Answer:
This period also witnessed tensions in the relationship between the Parliament and the Judiciary. The
major conflicts between the Parliament and Judiciary during the leadership of Indira Gandhi were :

On the issue of Fundamental Right and right to property, the Supreme Court denied the amendment to
Constitution. While on the issue of Fundamental Right giving effect to Directive principles, Parliament
amended the Constitution, but later Supreme Court rejected it.
Court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the Constitution and the Parliament cannot
amend these basic features. This created tension between parliament and jucidiary.
Tension between judiciary and executive further expanded, when a vacancy arose of the post of Chief
Justice of India. As per the constitutional rule, senior-most judge of the Supreme Court should be
appointed as Chief Justice of India in case of vacancy. But in 1973 government ignored the seniority of
three judges and appointed Ajit Nath Ray as Chief Justice of India.
Appointment became a topic of tension. Government’s decision was questioned by the three judges
who were superseded.
People were talking about the need of a judiciary and bureaucracy which would be committed to the
plan of executive and legislature. Highest point in controversy came when High Court declared Indira
Gandhi’s election invalid.
Question 8.
Highlight the legacy of Janata Government which came into power after end of the Emergency of
1975-77. Delhi 2009
Answer:
Janata Party Government came to power after the 1977 election. It was the first party after
independence who defeated Congress in the Lok Sabha elections. The Congress could win only 154
seats. Janata Party and its allies won 330 out of the 542 seats.

The legacy of Janata Government which came into power after emergency of 1977 is highlighted in
points below :
Fundamental Right of property was made a legal right.
The status and powers of Judiciary was restored.
Fundamental Rights were made superior in comparison to the Directive Principles of State Policy.
44th amendment was passed by the Janata Party and all the negative features of 42nd amendment were
corrected.
Question 9.
Explain the findings of Shah Commission constituted after the end of emergency of 1975. Delhi 2009
Answer:
In May 1977, the Janata Party Government appointed Shah Commission of inquiry headed by justice
JC Shah, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India.

It was appointed to look into the misuse of authority by government and unethical practises like
demolition of jhuggis, forced sterilisation etc which were conducted during emergency. The
commission gathered various evidences and witnesses to give testimonies.

The findings of Shah Commission were :

It found out that preventive detention was widely used by the government. Around one lakh eleven
thousand arbitrary arrests were made by the government.
Newspapers were asked to get permission before publishing of any matter.
In Delhi, Lieutenant Governor ordered General Manager of Delhi power supply to cut off the power
supply of news press till they establish censorship apparatus.
Jhuggi jhopri were forcefully relocated in the barren area of Delhi, people were forcefully sterilised.
The Commission report mentions that General Manager of the Delhi Power Supply corporation
received verbal orders from the office of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper
presses.
The younger son of Prime Minister did not hold any official position at the time. Yet, he gained control
over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.
Chapter 17 Regional Aspirations
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the three social and political regions of the Northern most State of India. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Jammu and Kashmir state comprises of which three social and political regions? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Three social and political regions of the Northern most State of India are-Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.

Question 2.
Justify that ‘Regionalism is not as dangerous as communalism’. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Regionalism is dangerous in a specific region while communalism is dangerous for whole nation.

Question 3.
Why were the seven small states created in North-East India? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The isolation of the region, its complex social character and its backwardness compared to other parts
of the country are responsible for creation of seven small states in North-East India.

Question 4.
Why do some people feel that Article 370 should be revoked? (All India 2015)
Answer:
Such people believes that the special status of the state conferred by Article 370 does not allow full
integration of the state with India.

Question 5.
Which student’s group led the anti foreigner movement in Assam? (Delhi 2014)
OR
Which organisation of Assam led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Organisation of Assam which led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979 is All Assam
Students’ Union (AASU).

Question 3.
When was the first democratic election to Sikkim Assembly held and which party swept the elections?
(All India 2013)
Answer:
The first democratic elections to Sikkim Assembly was held in 1974 which was swept by Sikkim
Congress.

Question 6.
The states of which region of India are referred to as the ‘seven sisters’? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The seven sister states are a region in North-Eastern India, comprising the contiguous states of
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Question 7.
Mention any one point of agreement included in the Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal Accord. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
It was agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.

Question 8.
Shetkari Sangathan and Rajya Sangha belonged to which two respective states? (All India 2013)
Answer:
Shetkari Sangathan and Rajya Sangha belong to Maharashtra and Karnataka respectively.

Question 9.
Differentiate between regionalism and separatism. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the national or normative interests of a particular
regions or group of regions. Whereas Separatism is the advocacy or practice of separation of a certain
group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion or gender.

Question 10.
What is meant by ‘Punjab Accord’ of 1985? (All India 2011)
Answer:
Punjab Accord was a step towards bringing normalcy to Punjab. This accord was with Harchand Singh
Longowal, the then President of Akali Dal.

Question 11.
What is the main reason behind the secessionist movement in the North-East India? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Main reason behind the secessionist movements in North-East is the isolation of the region and the
backwardness of the states compared to other parts of the country.

Question 12.
Correct the following statement and rewrite. (Delhi 2008; All India 2008)
‘Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the Central Government did not want it’.
Answer:
Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the people of Goa did not want it.

Question 13.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? (All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
‘Operation Blue Star’ was an army action carried out against militancy in 1989 executed in Golden
Temple, Amritsar.

2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What will happen if the regions are not given their due share in decision¬making at the national level?
(All India 2017)
Answer:
If the regions are not given their due share in decision-making at the national level, there will be
tension and conflict between regions and union government which may result in collapse of political
and electoral process of country.

Question 2.
How far did the Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal Accord succeed in bringing normalcy in Punjab? (All India
2017)
Answer:
The Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord or the Punjab Accord, was a step towards bringing normalcy to
Punjab, however, peace did not come easily or immediately. The cycle of violence continued nearly for
a decade.

Question 3.
Why and how did the Mizo movement for succession gain popular support? (All India 2016)
Answer:
The movement for succession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support due to following reasons:
(i) Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and therefore did not belong to the
Indian Union.
(ii) The movement for succession gained popular support only after the Assam Government failed to
respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.
(iii) The Mizo’s anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of
Laldenga.

After a long struggle, the problem was resolved by a peace agreement, signed between Rajiv Gandhi
and Laldenga. As per this accord, Mizoram was granted full-fledged statehood with special powers and
MNF agreed fo give up secessionist struggle.

Question 4.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? Why did it hurt the sentiments of the Sikh Community? (All India
2016)
Answer:
‘Operation Blue Star’ was an army action against militancy in 1989 which was executed in Golden
Temple, Amritsar.
In this operation, the government could successfully flush out the militants, but it damaged the historic
temple and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs.

Question 5.
How was the reorganisation of North-East India completed and by when? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The reorganisation of North-East India was completed by 1970s. In 1972 Meghalaya was carved out of
Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura became separate states in the same year.

Question 6.
What does the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 mean? (All India 2014)
OR
Mention any two provisions, which reflect special status to Jammu and Kashmir. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Two provisions which reflect special status to Jammu and Kashmir are :

Articles 370 and 371 of Indian Constitution give greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. The state
has its own Constitution.
All provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to the state, law passed by the Parliament
apply to Jammu and Kashmir only if the state agrees.
Question 7.
Highlight any two issues that dominate the politics of North-East India. (All India 2013)
Answer:
After independence two issues that dominate the politics of North-East India are :

Demands for autonomy

Movements for secessions and opposition to outsiders.
Question 8.
Name the original states from which the following states were carved out
(i) Meghalaya
(ii) Gujarat (All India 2012)
Answer:
(i) From Assam in 1972
(ii) From Bombay state in 1960

Question 9.
Describe the outcome of the ‘Assam Accord’ of 1985. (All India 2010)
Answer:
According to ‘Assam Accord’ of 1985, those foreigners who migrated into Assam during and after
Bangladesh war and since, were to be identified and deported.

Question 10.
‘Regionalism does not imply separatism.’ Explain, (HOTS; Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Regionalism is the theory or practice of emphasising the regional characteristics of local issues.
Separatism advocates separation, especially existential or political separation.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Why did the movement for secession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support? How was the
problem resolved? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
The movement for succession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support due to following reasons:

Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and therefore did not belong to the
Indian Union.
The movement for succession gained popular support only after the Assam Government failed to
respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.
The Mizo’s anger led to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of
Laldenga.
Question 2.
What was the main outcome of the Rajiv Gandhi Longowal Accord in July 1985? (All India, 2012)
Answer:
The outcomes of Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord were :

Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.

A separate commission will be set-up to resolve the border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
A tribunal would be set up to decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and
Rajasthan.
Compensation and better treatment of those affected by the militancy in Punjab.
Withdrawal of the Application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab.
Question 3.
Explain the rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Following reasons are responsible for the rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India :

The large scale migration into North-East gave rise to a special kind of problem that pitted the ‘local’
communities against poeple who were seen as ‘outsiders’ or migrants.
These latecomers, either from India or abroad are seen as encroachers onscarce resources like land and
potential competitors to employment opportunities and political power.
These issues have taken political and sometimes violent form in many states of the North-East.
Question 4.
What lessons can we draw from the feeling of alienation in some parts of India? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Lessons learnt from the feeling of alienation in some parts of India are following :

Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an
abnormal phenomenon.
The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through
suppression.
Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe the advantages of the democratic approach to the question of diversity in uniting a large
country like India. (Delhi 2016)
OR
While trying to forge and retain unity in diversity in India, there are many difficult issues which are yet
to be tackled. Describe any three such areas of tension. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Which three lessons do we learn from regional aspirations and their accommodation as an integral part
of democratic politics? Describe. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Since, 1980s, problems became more noticeable and tension and turmoil created and tested the strength
of democracy to deal with aspirations of diverse groups.
Following lessons that we have been learnt are :

It is not possible to keep away regional aspirations in a democracy.

The best way to deal with regional aspirations is through democratic negotiation not by armed
suppression.
Having democratic structure is not sufficient, share in power at the state level by regional groups and
parties is also important.
The fourth lesson deals with economic development of various states/region imbalance in development
could raise the feeling of discrimination.
The final lesson is the farsighteness of Constitution makers who put effective provisions in Constitution
for dealing with the question of diversity.
The federal structure adopted by India is flexible in nature. Each state is vested with same powers and
special powers are granted to Jammu and Kashmir and the North-Eastern states.

Question 2.
Describe the story of Goa’s liberation from the Portuguese to its becoming a state of the Indian Union.
(All India, 2018)
OR
Describe the process of Goa’s Liberation and becoming a state of the Indian Union. (All indin, 2015)
Answer:
The process of Goa’s liberation and becoming a state of the Indian Union are following :

Despite the end of British Empire from India in 1947, Portuguese refused to withdraw from the
territories of Goa, Diu and Daman.
After India’s independence, the Indian Government tried very patiently to persuade the Portuguese
government to withdraw.
After a strong popular movement in December 1961, the Government of India sent the army which
liberated it. Goa, Diu and Daman became Union Territory.
In 1967, an ‘Opinion Poll’ was held in Goa and the majority voted in favour of remaining outside of
Maharashtra.
Thus, Goa continued as a Union Territory. Finally, in 1987, Goa became a state of the Indian Union.
Question 3.
Describe the internal-external disputes responsible for making the politics of Jammu and Kashmir
continuously controversial. (All India 2016)
OR
What is the social and political composition of Jammu and Kashmir? Describe the roots of ‘Kashmir
Issue’ which compelled the Indian Government to maintain autonomy in this state. (All India 2016)
OR
Describe any three obstacles that delayed the merger of Jammu and Kashmir with India. (All India
2015)
OR
Explain how the Indian Government has been pursuing the path of democratic negotiation to solve the
Kashmir issue. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh are three social and political regions comprised in Jammu and Kashmir.
They are follows:

Kashmir region Population comprises mostly Muslims. The Kashmir valley is heart of it, Kashmiri
language is prominent language of the region Hindus are minority.
Jammu region It is a mix of foot hills and plains. Consists of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Various
languages are spoken.
Ladakh region It is mountainous and sparsely populated. Population consist of equal number of
Muslims and Buddhists.
When Hari Singh (The then King of Jammu and Kashmir) agreed to merge Jammu and Kashmir with
India in 1948. Special status was given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370.

This article provides special status to Jammu and Kashmir which provide it autonomy in many areas.
No law of Indian Parliament will be effective unless it is approved by the State Assembly of Jammu
and Kashmir. This special provision were given by Indian Government in pursuing the path of
democratic negotiation to solve the Kashmir issue.

Question 4.
Briefly describe the story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with India,
(All India 2015)
Answer:
The story of Sikkim from the time of India’s independence to its merger with India is following :

At the time of independence, Sikkim was a ‘protectorate’ of India. It meant that while it was not a part
of India, it was also not a fully sovereign country.
Sikkim’s monarch was Chogyal who was unable to deal with the democratic aspirations of the people.
The Chogyal was seen as perpetuating the rule of a small elite from the minority Lepch Bhutia
community.
The anti Chogyal leaders of both the communities sought and got support from the Government of
India.
The first assembly of Sikkim which was elected in 1974 were swept by Sikkim Congress and it sought
the status of ‘associate state’ and the in April 1975 passed a resolution asking for full integration with
India.
After an organised referendum Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
Question 5.
Describe the role of EV Ramasami ‘Pariyar’ in the Dravid movement and formation of Dravida
Kazhagam (DK). Why did the DK get split and enter into politics as DMK?
(All Indin 2015)
Answer:
Dravidian movement was a regional movement under leadership of EV Ramasami Naickar also known
as Periyar. He played following role in this movement:

He was a strong supporter of atheism and was famous for his anti-caste struggle and rediscovery of
Dravidian identity.
Initially he was a worker of the Congress Party and started the self-respect movement in 1925.
He led the anti-Brahmin movement and worked for the justice party and later founded Dravidar
KazhagAnswer:
He opposed to Hindi and domination of North India.
He propounded the thesis that North Indians and Brahmins are Aryans
The DK split because the Dravidian movement initially spoke in terms of the whole of South India,
however lack of support from other states limited the movement to Tamil Nadu. The DMK made its
entry into politics with a three-pronged agitation in 1953-54.

Question 6.
Describe any two secessionist movements of North-East India. (All India 2013)
OR
Describe the Assam movement against the outsiders from 1979 to 1985. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Two secessionist movements of North-East India are-Assam movement and Mizo movement.

Assam Movement
The Assam, North-Eastern state had seen many changes since independence. States like Mizoram,
Meghalaya, Arunachal Predesh had been carved out of it.

The Assamese had a unique culture of their own. But the culture was suspected to be harmed because
of the huge number of immigrants from Bangladesh.
To tackle those immigrants and to avoid the mixing of the culture with those of outsiders they launched
a movement popularly known as the Assam movement.

Yes, the Assam movement was a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. It is
justified from the following arguments :

The outsiders had a deep effect on the local economy. The Assam was suffering from poverty and
unemployment because of these immigrants.
In spite of being a part of India, Assam was isolated and developmental work was not as functional as
they were in any other part of the country.
Economy was already at stake but the immigrants made it even worse.
Assamese had to face dual problem of cultural preservation and economic degradation. All Assam
student union formed in 1979 led a struggle against these immigrates in order to save their culture.

Question 7.
“Ail regional movements need not lead to the separatist demands”. Explain the statement by giving
suitable examples. (HOTS; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Regional movement need to be understood in the light of democratic politics. Expression of regional
issue is not an abnormal phenomena. Even in smaller countries regional aspirations sprang up.

It does not mean that these regional movement want a separate state for themselves. Regional
movements want to create a more autonomous state within the framework of parent country.

The best example of Regional movement could be drawn from our country only. Demand for autonomy
arose when the non-Assamese felt that the Assam Government was imposing Assamese language on
them protest raised up in whole state and leaders of various tribal communities wanted to separate from
AssAnswer: Eastern India Tribal Union was formed which later transformed into All Party Hill Leader
Conference in 1960.

The demand of separate state picked up momentum and instead of a single state several states were
carved out by Central Government at different points of time. Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal
Pradesh is carved out ot AssAnswer: So, regional demands need not lead to separatist demands in
normal cases.
Chapter 18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics
1 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Name the two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively.
(All India 2014)
Answer:
Two alliances-fronts that formed the government at the centre are

National Front – 1989

United Front – 1996
Question 2.
From which year did the era of coalition governments at the centre begin in India? (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The era of coalition government at the centre begin in India since 1989.

Question 3.
Mention any two incidents of violence against the minority community which are a threat to
democracy? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The two incidents of violence against the minority community which area threat to democracy are

Anti-Sikh riots -1984

Anti-Muslim riots-2002
Question 4.
In which year did the Congress party win 415 Lok Sabha seats? Who became the Prime Minister at that
time? (Delhi 2012, 2011)
Answer:
Congress party won 415 seats in the Lok Sabha election in 1984. And Rajiv Gandhi became Prime
Minister at that time.

Question 5.
Why was Babri Masjid demolished? (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Some organisation were supporting the construction of temple at the place of Babri Masjid and the
voluntary service for building the Ram temple was known as Karseva. Thousands of people gathered at
Ayodhya and finally they demolished the Babri Masjid to clear land for construction of Lord Ram
Temple.

Question 6.
Name the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
The name of founder of Bahujan Samaj Party was ‘Kanshi Ram’.

Question 7.
Which two diametrically opposite political groups supported the National Front Government in 1989?
(All India 2011)
Answer:
The two political groups who supported National Front Government in 1989 were the BJP and Left
front.

Question 8.
Since 1989 until the election of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha? (Delhi
2008)
Answer:
The party which was gaining strength in Lok Sabha since 1989 was Bhartiya Janata Party.

Question 9.
What was the Mandal Commission ? When was it appointed? (Delhi to 2008)
Answer:
The Mandal Commission was set-up on 1st January, 1979 to determine the criteria of identifying the
socially and educationally backward class.

Question 10.
What was the Ayodhya dispute? (Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
Ayodhya dispute was a dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims over a mosque in Ayodhya known
as Babri Masjid.

Question 11.
Correct and Re-write the following (All India (C) 2008)
In 1987 the Backward and Minority Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.
Answer:
In 1978, the ‘Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed.
2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Who was the chairperson of Mandal Commission? State any one recommendation made by him/her.
(Delhi 2014)
OR
Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata party government. Under the Prime
Minister Moraiji Desai. The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.
Question 2.
Highlight any two effects of the Election 1989 on the politics of India. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Two effects of Election of 1989 on Indian Politics are :

The end of ‘Congress system’ i.e. loss of the kind of centrality it enjoyed in the party system earlier.
The beginning of coalition politics in Indian political system.
Question 3.
What does a coalition government mean? Mention any one example of such a government. (All India
2013)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government.
eg-UPA, NDA etc. In 1977, the first coalition government was formed.

Question 4.
What was the change in the electoral performance of the Congress party and BJP from 1984-2004?
(Delhi 2012)
Answer:
The change in the electoral performance of the Congress and BJP from 1984-2004 is as under :

The BJP had gained the electoral performance from two seats to 138 seats.
The political competition during the 1990s is divided between the coalition led by BJP and Congress.
Congress lost its seats from 415 to 145.
Question 5.
Political equations in coalition governments are unstable. How was this concept reflected in the
formation of National Front Government in 1989 and United Front Government in 1996? (All India
2012)
Answer:
In 1989, the coalition government began in India and many political parties shared the government at
the centre. This political phenomena clearly reflects political instability and uncertainly.

United front was formed to keep out Congress from government. It was formed in 1996 with the
support of BJP and Left front. HD Deva Gowda was Prime Minister of United front and after him IK
Gujral became the Prime Minister.

Question 6.
Give any two arguments in favour of reservation for the SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education
institutions in India. (All India 2011)
Answer:
The two arguments in favour of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education institutions in
India are as follows :

The backward classes had very low representation in educational institutions.

The employment in public offices also had very low representation of the backward classes.
Question 7.
What is Ayodhya dispute? Explain. (Delhi 2011)
OR
When was the disputed structure in Ayodhya demolished? How was the State. Government punished?
(Delhi, 2008)
Answer:
On 6th December, 1992 the disputed structure of Ayodhya i.e Babri Masjid was demolished. The BJP
government of Uttar Pradesh was dismissed and a case was registered against the Chief Minister of
Uttar Pradesh in Supreme Court for contempt of court.

Question 8.
What was the main reason for the anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2002? (All India 2011; Delhi 2011)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because

At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks.
They were returning from Ayodhya.
Suspecting the hand of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims began
in Gujarat from the next day.
Question 9.
What is meant by ‘coalition’? During which period did this type of government gain popularity for the
first time at the centre in India. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
When two or more political parties join their hands together form a government, that type of
government is called a Coalition Government. In 1977 coalition government gain popularity for the
first time.

4 Marks Questions

Question 1.
In what way do the coalition governments prove to be more democratic than the one-party
governments? (All India 2015)
OR
When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India? (Delhi 2012)
OR
Explain the impact of coalition governments on India politics. (Delhi 2011)
OR
What is alliance politics? How has it influenced the Indian politics? (All India 2011)
OR
How far is it correct to say that coalition government in India has helped in arriving at some consensus?
(Delhi 2009)
OR
Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of coalition government in India. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as coalition government,
e.g UPA, NDA etc.
Two advantages of coalition government are as follows :

Dominance of one party is minimised.

More than one ideologies come together and gives strength to democracy.
Two disadvantages of coalition government are as follows :

It gives unstable government.

It slows the process of policy-making.
Question 2.
When was the Mandal Commission set-up? Describe any two recommendations of this commission.
(Delhi 2015)
OR
How was the main recommendation of Mandal Commission? How was it implemented? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Mandal Commission was set-up by the new National front government in 1990.
The two recommendations of the Mandal Commission are as follows :

27 per cent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward classes.
Welfare programmes specially meant for OBCs should be financed by the Government of India.
Question 3.
Describe the era of multi-party system in India after 1989. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Elections in 1989 led to the defeat of the Congress party but did not result in a majority for any other
party. Though Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority.

The defeat of the Congress party marked the end of Congress dominance over the Indian party system.

Way back in the late sixties, the dominance of the Congress party was challenged; but the Congress
under the leadership of Indira Gandhi managed to re-establish its predominant position in politics.

The nineties saw yet another challenge to the predominant position of the Congress. It did not,
however, mean the emergence of any other single party to fill in its place. Thus, began an era of a
multi-party system.

To be sure, a large number of political parties always contested elections in our country. Our Parliament
always had representatives from several political parties. What happened after 1989 was the emergence
of several parties in such a way that one or two parties did not get most of the votes of seats.

This also meant that no single party secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha election held
since 1989. This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the Centre, in which regional
parties played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.

The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit and
backward castes (Other Backward Classes or OBC). Many of these parties represented powerful
regional assertion as well.

Question 4.
Describe any four major developments in Indian politics since 1989. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Describe any two developments witnessed by India after 1990. (All India 2011)
OR
Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992. (All India
2008)
Answer:
Towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event
was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was
very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv
Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have
called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed
earlier in the party system.

2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement
the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job
in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.

Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC
reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural
adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in
Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming
governments have continued to follow these.

4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil
linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest
party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December,
1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian
nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the
country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.

Question 5.
Rewrite the names of any of the following Prime Ministers in the chronological order keeping in mind
the period of their Prime Ministership. (All India 2010)
(i) Chandrashekhar
(ii) Narasimha Rao
(iii) HD Deve Gowda
(iv) IK Gujral
(v) VP Singh
Answer:
Chronological order for the period of their Prime Ministership
(i) VP Singh
(ii) Chandrashekhar
(iii) Narasimha Rao
(iv) HD Deva Gowda
(v) IK Gujral

Question 6.
‘In the new era of coalition politics political parties are not aligning on the basis of ideology’. Explain.
(Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning
and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :
Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self
interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist,
power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.
Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political
forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even
among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.
Question 7.
What was Godhra episode? What were its after-effects? (Delhi 2009)
OR
Why did the anti-Muslim riots take place in 2002 in Gujarat ? What were the outcomes of these riots?
(All India (C) 2008)
Answer:
In February-March 2002 large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat because :

At Godhra station a bogey of Sabarmati Express train was set on fire which was full of Karsevaks.
They were returning from Ayodhya.
Suspecting the hands of Muslims in setting fire to the bogey large-scale violence against Muslims
began in Gujarat from the next day.
The outcomes of these riots were :

This violence continued for almost a whole month. Nearly 1100 persons, mostly Muslims were killed.
The National Human Rights Commission criticised the Gujarat Government’s role in failing to control
this communal violence, providing relief to the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.
The Election Commission of India ordered are assembly elections to be postponed.
6 Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe any three points of consensus that emerged among most political parties in India in spite of
severe competition and conflicts. (All India 2015)
OR
Highlight any three issues on which a broad agreement has emerged among most of the political parties
in India. (All India 2013)
OR
In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts in 1989, a consensus appeared to have emerged
among most parties. Explain any three points of consensus. (All India 2012)
OR
Explain any three elements of consensus which have emerged among most political parties after the
Lok Sabha elections of 2004. (All India 2011)
OR
‘Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties, emergence of new consensus is
being viewed with interest’. In the light of this statement describe any three consensus. (HOTS: Delhi
2010)
Answer:
Inspite of serious differences between major national political parties emergence of new consensus is
being viewed with interest in the light of statement as following :
1. Acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes
Most of the political parties accepted the adequate representation. As a result, all political parties
supported reservation for OBCs in education and employment. Political parties even want to ensure that
OBCs get their due share of power.

2. Role of state-level parties

The role of state-level parties in governance of the country has been recognised. The gap between
centre and state level parties decreased. State level parties are sharing power at central level and have
become crucial for the survival of country’s politics in the last two decades.

3. Focus on pragmatic consideration

Coalition politics has shifted political alignments from ideological differences to power-sharing
agreements. Governance is based on pragmatic consideration and political alliances take no rigid
ideological positions. Thus, the alliance with BJP was formed called NDA in spite of BJP Hindutva.
The NDA government lasted for its full term in office.

Question 2.
Which three major developments took place in Indian politics during the last decade of the 20th
century? Describe. (All India 2015)
OR
“Towards the end of the 1980s, five major changes took place in Indian political system.” In light of
this statement, examine any three changes. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
For major development in Indian politics towards the end of 1980s, country saw five major
development which are as follows (any four) :
1. End of Congress system mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event
was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was
very low in comparision to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

The Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv
Gandhi’s assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have
called the ‘Congress system’, congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed
earlier in the party system.

2. Mandal Issue The Mandal issue started with the National Front government’s decision to implement
the recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job
in the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only.

Thus, it brought widespread dismay and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC
reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

3. New Economic Reforms The new Ans economic reforms were announced as the structural
adjustment programme. These reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in
Narsimha Rao’s Government in the year 1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming
governments have continued to follow these.

4. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi There was a change in leadership due to assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
in May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign in Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil
linked to the LTTE. The elections of 1991 witnessed Congress party emerging as the single largest
party.Though death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narsimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

5. Ayodhya Issue The Ayodhya issue was started with the demolition of Babri Masjid in December,
1992. This, incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian
nationalism and secularsm. This issue exemplified and provoked various changes in the politics of the
country and guided the rise of the BJP and the politics of Hindutva.

Question 3.
Coalition government is a bane or boon for democracy in India’. Explain any three arguments in
support of your answer. (Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Coalition government is a boon because :

Participation of regional parties at national level State level parties played a crucial role in the country
politics for last twenty years. Therefore the differences between state-level parties and central parties is
decreasing day-by-day.
Spirit of adaptation Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological
distinctions to power sharing accommodation. We can see in the government of NDA that most of the
parties did not agree with the ideology of Hindutva of BJP. However, they allied with BJP to form a
government for a full term completion.
Inclined towards one consensus Various radical parties opposed the new economic policies, but some
parties came to support new economic policies because they believed that these policies would lead the
country towards prosperity and raise its status all over the world. Coalition government is a bane for
democracy in India because of three reasons:
Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self-
interest. This leads to the breakup not only of various fronts but of governments as well.
Political opportunism Government which is formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish as
opportunist power hungry and unscrupulous politicians emphasise on their self-interest only.
Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political
forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even
among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.
Question 4.
From 1989 to 2004, there have been nine coalition governments in India. Analyse the rise and fall of
any two such coalition governments. (Delhi 2010)
OR
“The era of coalition in India started in 1989, which has come to stay in a big way.” Do you agree?
Substantiate your answer by any three arguments. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
The era 1990s witnessed the emergence of strong political parties, regional parties through several
issues viz OBC, Dalit etc. These parties formed government through alliances. Such alliance were
United Front, National Front in 1996 and 1989 respectively.

Coalition from 1989 to 2004

Some parties had Congress support and formed alliance in 1996 called United Front. In 1989, BJP and
Left supported National front.

In 1989, BJP and Left wanted to keep the Congress out of power, hence, both supported National Front
and later in 1996, Congress wanted to keepout BJP from the power. Therefore, it supported United front
and Left supported Congress in 1996. The alliance government did not succeed for long because BJP
continued to strengthen its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. The BJP was the single largest
party in 1996 parliamentary election.

In 1996, BJP was invited to form the government, but most of the political parties opposed its policies
consequently it could not secure a majority in the Lok Sabha.

Lok Sabha Elections, 2004

In 2004 elections, the Congress party came to power with the new alliance known as United
Progressive Alliance.This was a coalition in a big way. NDA was defeated and installation of another
coalition led by DR. Manmohan Singh occurred. The UPA received support from DMK, PMK,
AIADMK, RJD, NCP, TRS and left from Andhra Pradesh etc.

The 2004 elections also saw the partial revival of Congress party as it increased its seats compared to
1996 elections. However, there was a little bit difference between the votes polled by the Congress and
its allies and the BJP and its allies in 2004 elections. Thus, the party system has taken another form
suddenly from what it was till the seventies.
After the 1990s, the political process has been changed and it led to emergence of broadly four groups
of parties:

The Congress supporting parties that made coalition with Congress.

The BJP allying parties
Left front parties
Some other parties which were not part of the above three
Question 5.
“The end of Eighties of the 20th century witnessed developments which made a long lasting impact on
Indian parities”. Assess any three such developments, (HOTS; Delhi 2010)
Answer:
The end of eighties of the 20th century witnessed major development which have lasting impact on
Indian politics, are as follows:
(i) End of Congress system
mean dominance of Congress for two decades. But the most important event was the defeat of
Congress party in the 1989’s elections. The party had won only 197 seats, which was very low in
comparison to 1984 elections where party won 415 seats.

Congress boosted up its performance and finally it came back to power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi’s
assassination. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the
‘Congress system’. Congress remained as major party but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in
the party system.

(ii) Mandal issue

The Mandal issue started with the National Front Government’s decision to implement the
recommendations of Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 per cent of job in
the Central Government should be reserved for other backward classes’s candidates only. Thus, it
brought widespread agitation and anger. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC
reservation was popularly called ‘Mandal issue’. It played a crucial role in shaping politics since 1989.

(iii) New economic reforms

The new economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These reforms
were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narismha Rao’s Government in the year
1991. These reforms faced many criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow
these reforms.

Question 6.
Describe the emergence of the coalition government in India. (All India 2009)
OR
“After the election in 1989, an era of coalition started in which political parties are not aligning or re-
aligning on the basis of ideologies”. Explain. (HOTS; All India 2008)
Answer:
Undoubtly, in the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning or re-aligning on the
basis of ideology. The main basis of their aligning with one or the other party is to safeguard their own
interest and to frustrate their opponents.

The best example was of Dr Manmohan Singh’s government where the leftists supported the UPA but
in state both are opponents. The main interest was to keep out BJP from government. Same condition
occurred in Bihar, when BJP and Janata Dal formed government to keep out RJD.

At the centre, UPA and NDA generally do these things and hence, it could be said that political parties
are not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideology.
For features of coalition government on the basis of ideologies
Three features of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning
and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are :

Unstable government The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self
interest. This leads to the breakup of not only of various fronts, but of governments as well.
Political opportunism Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist,
power hungry and unscrupulous politicians focus on the self interest only.
Lack of polarisation The coalition governments are formed not on the basis of polarisation of political
forces, but for the sake of capturing power and vested interest. There have been no sincere urge even
among the parties of same ideology for political polarisation.
Question 7.
A two-party system is considered as the best form for a democratic system. India, on the other hand,
has a multi-party system. Assess the advantages of the multi-party system in India. (All India to 2008)
Answer:
Two party systems is required for successful democracy. However, the multi-party system have the
following advantages:

No place for dictatorship Even if a party enjoys full majority, it can not function as dictator. The multi-
party system provided a democratic government. Hence, if the largest party try do so then other parties
will withdraw their support.
Multiple choice of voters Since 1989 elections, voters have choices about whom they want to cast their
votes. This is another advantage of multi-party system.
True reflection of public opinion Parliament is the reflection of people. In case of multi-party systems.
Parliament becomes a true reflector of people because diversity of culture, language are noticeable in
Parliament.
Possibility of stable government There is government majority in Parliament and Council of Ministers
work according to the majority. This restricts Parliament not to pass no-confidence motion. Hence,
mulit-party system is comparatively stable.
Passing of bills Bills favouring people are passed by the Parliament and it is a coalition government
which always asks its member parties to do so.
Check the division of the two camps The two-party system leads to two camps. But the multi-party
system checked the two hostile camps. It is rather a cementing force between groups of divergent
loyalties.
Question 8.
“The regional parties have started playing an important role in the Indian politics”. Comment. (HOTS:
Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
India as democracy has the multi-party system which means there are several political parties
competing for power. Apart from the primary parties, each state has their own local political parties that
rule and compete in their region.

Regional parties play following roles in Indian politics :

In absence of clear majority, the largest party has to join hands with a regional party in order to form
government. This is where the importance of the regional parties comes into play.
Most of the regional parties have agenda furthering certain culture dominant within that state.
The regional parties for their benefits divide the people of different states on the line of language,
culture, traditions etc.
Sometimes serious issues like India’s foreign policy’ are influenced and compromised by regional
parties. This affects India’s credibility in international politics.
They also work as a pressure groups in Indian politics.
Sometimes regional parties influence the central government to divert more annual budget funds to
their states at the expense of other states.