ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

BSAIS - 1D RACHEL CUNANAN | 2nd SEMESTER FINALS

○ Education
CHAPTER 1:
○ Health
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND
○ Job creation
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Why study development economics?

How the other half live ● Studying development economics helps us understand how to
A poor woman from Uganda reduce poverty, create jobs, and improve living conditions in
● When one is poor, she has no say in public, she feels inferior. poorer countries. It teaches us how to make smart policies that
She has no food, so there is famine in her house; no clothing, help people live better lives and grow their economies.
and no progress in her family.
The Important Role of Values in Development Economics
A blind woman from Tiraspol, Moldova ● Values are important in development economics because
● For a poor person everything is terrible—illness, humiliation, they guide decisions on fairness, equality, and improving
shame. We are cripples; we are afraid of everything; we people's lives. They affect policies on things like poverty
depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage reduction, healthcare, and education, ensuring that
that everyone wants to get rid of. development benefits everyone.

Participant in a discussion group in rural Ethiopia

● Life in the area is so precarious that the youth and every
able person have to migrate to the towns or join the army
at the war front in order to escape the hazard of hunger
escalating over here.

Young man in Nichimishi, Zambia

● When food was in abundance, relatives used to share it.
These days of hunger, however not even relatives would
help you by giving you some food.

Mbwadzulu Village (Mangochi), Malawi

● We have to line up for hours before it is our turn to draw
water.

Discussion group, Brazil

● [Poverty is] . . . low salaries and lack of jobs. And it’s also not
having medicine, food, and clothes.

Poor man in Kenya

● Don’t ask me what poverty is because you have met it
outside my house. Look at the house and count the number
of holes. Look at the utensils and the clothes I am wearing.
Look at everything and write what you see. What you see is
poverty.

● A universal theme reflected in these seven quotes is that

poverty is more than lack of income – it is inherently
multidimensional, as is economic development.

THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Greater scope than traditional neoclassical economics and political
economy. Rethinking Theory and Empirics.
● Focus on improving economic conditions in low-income
ECONOMIC PS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
countries.
Economies as Social Systems: The Need to Go Beyond Simple
○ Reduce poverty
Economics
○ Inequality
● Social Systems
○ Improve living standards.
○ Interdependent relationships between economic
● Finding ways to help countries develop and improve the well-
and non-economic factors
being of their citizens.
● Success or failure of development policy
○ Economic growth
○ Wealth distribution

1 Carms <3
 ○ Importance of taking account of institutional and THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
structural variables along with more traditional
Eight goals adopted by the United Nations in 2000
economic variables
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
● Eliminate severe poverty and ensure everyone has
DEVELOPMENT enough food.
Traditional Economic Measures: 2. Achieve universal primary education
● Gross National Income (GNI): Measures the total income a ● Make sure every child gets access to basic
country earns, including from abroad. education.
● Income per Capita: The average income per person in a 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
country. ● Ensure equal rights for women and give them the
● Utility of Income: It questions how income translates into power to make decisions.
actual well-being or happiness. 4. Reduce child mortality
The New Economic View of Development ● Lower the number of children who die from
● Focuses on improving overall well-being, not just economic preventable causes.
numbers. 5. Improve maternal health
Amartya Sen’s “Capability” Approach ● Ensure mothers have good healthcare during
● Functionings: What people can achieve in life, like being pregnancy and childbirth.
healthy or educated. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
● Capabilities: The freedom to choose and do things that lead ● Fight the spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS and
to well-being. malaria.
● Development & Happiness: Development should increase 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
happiness by offering more choices and opportunities. ● Protect the environment for future generations.
● Well-being: It's about being well (healthy, safe) and having 8. Develop a global partnership for development
the freedom to choose what to do with your life. ● Work together globally to support economic and
● "Beings and Doings": Refers to what people are (beings) and social progress.
what they can do (doings), highlighting the importance of
both in development THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Three Core Values of Development
● Goal 1: No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
● Sustenance: The ability to meet basic needs like food, shelter,
● Goal 2: Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and
and healthcare.
improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
● Self-Esteem: The ability to live with dignity and respect, feeling
● Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and
valued in society.
promote well-being for all at all ages.
● Freedom from Servitude: The ability to make choices and live
● Goal 4: Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable
freely, without oppression or restrictions.
quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
for all.
Correlation with Levels of Income
● Goal 5: Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and
● Higher income levels can help meet basic needs (sustenance)
empower all women and girls.
and improve self-esteem and freedom. However, income
● Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and
alone doesn't guarantee these values are fully realized.
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Growth and Distribution
● Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to
● Growth: Economic growth is important for increasing income
affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
and improving living standards.
● Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote
● Distribution: How income is spread across society matters;
sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
unequal distribution can limit access to sustenance, self-
and productive employment and decent work for all.
esteem, and freedom for some people
● Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient
●
infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
INCOME AND CAPABILITY industrialization, and foster innovation.
- A critical question is how far growth and levels of income are ● Goal 10: Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and
associated with changing capabilities among countries.
- Public vs. Private provision of resources towards ● Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and
developmental needs human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
- Form and Extent of State Intervention ● Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure
- How to tackle problems of Corruption, Leakage, Accountability sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Growth related factors more talked about but effectively ● Goal 13: Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate
undermined change and its impacts.
● Goal 14: Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the
DEVELOPMENT (continuation) oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable
development.
The Central Role of Women
● Goal 15: Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote
- To make the biggest impact on development, societies must
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
empower and invest in women
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
The Three Objectives of Development
land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
- Increase availability of life-sustaining goods
● Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote
- Raise levels of living
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
- Expand range of economic and social choices
provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.
 ● Goal 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal: Strengthen the progress. Despite improvements in inclusivity, the SDGs face
means of implementation and revitalize the global similar challenges as the MDGs, particularly regarding
partnership for sustainable development. feasibility, political will, and resources.
3. Do you think this/these criticisms are addressed, please explain.
● Yes, the SDGs are being addressed, but not fully or to the extent
SUMMARY needed. The goals are broad, and implementing them is
difficult, especially for less-developed countries. Not to
MDG SGD
mention the lack of focus and prioritization, which leads to
Mainly focused on reducing Broader focus on economic,
poor resource allocation. Though the SDGs are designed to be
poverty and improving basic social, and environmental
more inclusive, power imbalances in decision-making remain
needs. sustainability.
a concern, and accountability systems are yet to develop the
Primarily for developing countries Universal, applies to all required strength for the dilemma. Furthermore, the SDGs are
countries, both developed and better than having no goals at all because they provide a
developing shared framework for tackling global problems like poverty
Top-down, with limited Inclusive, emphasizing local and climate change. However, some critics argue that the
involvement from local participation and global SDGs are too broad and hard to measure, making it difficult to
communities partnerships track progress accurately. Wealthier countries are also moving
Poverty, education, health, Poverty, health, education, faster in achieving the goals, leaving less-fortunate nations
gender equality, and climate action, peace, justice, behind. Despite the efforts to improve data tracking and local
environment. and equality alignment, problems like unequal funding and lack of clear
consequences for failing to meet goals still limit progress. On
Focused on measurable targets Includes both quantitative and
the whole, while there has been some progress, a lot of work
and progress qualitative targets, with broader
still needs to be done to make the SDGs fully effective.
scope.
4. Regardless of your specific views about the SDG's, do you think it is
Aimed at improving basic living Aims to achieve long-term better to have these goals than not to specify international
conditions in the poorest sustainability in all countries, development goals? why ?
countries. focusing on people, planet, and ● The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global
prosperity. framework that unifies 193 countries, organizations, and
private sectors in implementing common objectives. Despite
1. What are some key similarities and differences between the SDGs their imperfections, having a unified global vision is more
and the earlier MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)? beneficial than having no goals at all. The SDGs provide a
● The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the shared framework for addressing global challenges, guiding
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are both frameworks policies, and encouraging international cooperation.Through
established by the United Nations, with a common objective of these actions, we can foster collaboration towards achieving
global development and poverty reduction. Moreover, both these objectives. Without these goals, efforts to tackle issues
have a 15-year timeframe; but differ in scope, approach, and like poverty, inequality, and climate change might be
implementation and tackle global problems like climate fragmented and less coordinated. They serve as a valuable
change, inequality, and peace, making them more relevant in guide for countries to align their policies and initiatives
today's world. In addition, the MDGs, which was established in towards sustainable and equitable development. Having
2000, focused on eight specific goals primarily aimed at these goals is preferable to not specifying goals, as they
reducing extreme poverty, improving health, and promoting provide clear and guiding policies for addressing global issues
education, particularly in developing countries. They were and making it easier to focus efforts and resources on these
more donor-driven and lacked strong mechanisms for issues.
accountability and participation. Meanwhile, the SDGs that 5. Do you have any proposal in mind on how to remedy some problems
were adopted in 2015, are broader and more comprehensive, or issues in the Philippines that are not integrated within the context of
covering issues like climate change, economic growth, and the SDGs.?
inequality, with a universal approach applicable to all ● The Philippines is prone to climate-induced disasters, so the
countries.They emphasize sustainability, inclusivity, and. government should focus on climate resilience projects, such
partnerships, making progress last over time. Overall, the SDGs as building stable water passages and accessible evacuation
feel more inclusive and forward-thinking, aiming to create a centers. Instead of just providing relief goods after disasters,
better future for everyone and everywhere. the government can implement precautionary measures to
2. To what extent do the same criticisms apply to SDGs as were raised reduce damage. They should also hold major polluters
in the past concerning the MDGs? accountable through appropriate sanctions. On that note, a
● Both the MDGs and SDGs have faced criticism for being overly national disaster resilience fund, separate from relief funds,
ambitious and potentially unattainable within the designated should focus on proactive infrastructure and climate
timeframes. The SDGs, with their 17 goals and 169 targets, have adaptation projects. Some more integrations that could be
a vast scope that makes prioritization and resource allocation applied include enhancing regional preparedness with
difficult, risking inefficiency. While the SDGs are more inclusive community-based response teams and early warning
and applicable to all nations, they still face challenges with systems, establishing regulations for political dynasties, and
data collection, monitoring, and inconsistent methods. Both improving disaster resilience in informal settlements. Mental
frameworks struggle with funding and lack of binding health should also be addressed through community-based
commitments from countries, leading to selective reporting facilities, emotional well-being programs in schools,
and accountability issues. The SDGs, like the MDGs, lack clear workplace mental health days, and training community
implementation plans and fail to address the root causes of leaders to identify mental health issues. Finally, traffic
poverty, making them seem aspirational rather than practical. congestion in Metro Manila could be alleviated by improving
While the SDGs aim for long-term sustainability, they remain public transportation, creating bike lanes, enforcing traffic
complex and difficult to measure, which may result in uneven
 laws, and promoting carpooling, which would also support
environmental sustainability

TERMS

● The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

o Examples

3 MAIN TOPIC
TERMS

● The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

o Examples

SUBTOPIC 1
TERMS

● The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

o Examples

TABLE TOPIC
Terms Definition
Terms Definition
Terms Definition
Table 1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

SUBTOPIC 2
TERMS

● The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

o Examples

Side Notes:

● The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

o Examples