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This Is China The First 5 000 Years This World of Ours
1st Edition Haiwang Yuan Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Haiwang Yuan, Ronald G. Knapp, Margot E. Landman, Gregory
Veeck
ISBN(s): 9781933782201, 193378220X
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 5.00 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
 Praise for This Is China
It is hard to imagine that such a short book can cover such a vast span of time and space.
This Is China: The First 5,000 Years will help teachers, students, and general readers alike,
as they seek for a preliminary guide to the contexts and complexities of Chinese culture.
Jonathan Spence, professor of history, Yale University;
author of The Search for Modern China

In this slim volume, tiny by comparison with its regiments of oversize competitors in the
crowded field of general histories of China, a team of experts has performed the miracle of
distilling their collective knowledge into a seamless and lucid essay on Chinese geography,
prehistory, history, and culture. One must marvel at the skill with which the editors have
reconciled and synthesized the wide range of contributors’ ideas and opinions and combined
them into such a coherent, convincing, elegant, and engaging whole. The study draws its
material from the five volumes of the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China, launched last
year to critical acclaim and now on its way toward becoming a major reference book on
Chinese history, society, and thought. Students will enjoy the sparse but richly supported
narrative. Teachers everywhere will welcome it as a classroom aid and a virtuoso contribu-
tion to the genre of short books on China.

Gregor Benton, professor of Chinese history,

Cardiff University

I only wish I had had This Is China: The First 5,000 Years available during my fifteen
years of teaching Chinese at the college level. It provides a superb historically based founda-
tion for the beginning language student to understand the importance of those “first 5,000
years” in shaping the modern language. The inclusion of the Chinese characters and pinyin
for each of the section headings is an added bonus. Together with web-based supplementary
material made available by the publisher, This Is China is a tremendous resource for both
Chinese language students and teachers, and I recommend it highly.

Scott McGinnis, academic advisor and professor,

Defense Language Institute, Washington DC

This is a gem. It is a reference that everyone who teaches, writes, or thinks about China
should have close at hand. Each section is concise, literate, and well written. The information
presented is very up-to-date, including descriptions of China’s scientific accomplishments,
the contributions of women to the development of Chinese culture, the ways in which China
has always been linked by trade and by intellectual interaction to the global development
of human civilization, and how new archaeological discoveries are changing the ways we
define China’s past. This stimulating and rewarding approach is carried through to discus-
sions of the economic, intellectual, and values debates our colleagues in China are currently
engaged in. At a time when Chinese is rapidly becoming the most important second-language
for millions worldwide, the inclusion of Chinese characters at many points in the text
(continued)
is both welcome and necessary. What’s more, the characters are accompanied by pinyin
transliteration with tone marks, meaning that even beginning students will rapidly increase
their ability to read and speak Chinese. Don’t be caught without this book.

Ronald Suleski, professor and director, Rosenberg

Institute for East Asian Studies, Suffolk University

China today is an economic superpower, competing in every arena of human endeavor.

From trade, business and finance to diplomacy, defense and security; from science, technol-
ogy and innovation to culture, media and sports—China’s growing strengths have global
implications. Foreigners need to understand the deep history of China, because in China
the past profoundly affects the present. It is hard to imagine a more accessible, accurate book
than This Is China: The First 5,000 Years.

Robert Lawrence Kuhn, international investment

banker, corporate strategist; author of How China’s
Leaders Think

Ambitious, sweeping, and of necessity efficiently economical and compressed, This Is

China: The First 5,000 Years packs about as much of the panorama of the Chinese experi-
ence into a single volume as is physically possible. For those of us who still enjoy the pleasures
of physical reference books, this one is a must, as it is for the expanding universe of those
who know that understanding China will be increasingly important in their lives.

Dan Burstein, managing partner, Millennium

Technology Ventures; author of Big Dragon

This little book should quickly become the first port of call for teachers seeking information
on the vast range of topics and issues that arise while teaching a language and culture more
than 5,000 years in existence. It is authoritative, easily accessed and directs the seeker to
deeper information if required. It is a reference book which fills the gap constantly experi-
enced by teachers of Chinese between too much information on some topics and nothing at
all on many others of interest to their students.

Jane Orton, director, Australian Chinese Teacher

Training Centre, University of Melbourne

It is a remarkable achievement to tell China’s millennia of recorded history and analyze

the country’s rich culture and current events in a beautifully illustrated book of 130 pages.
The narrative is lucid, engaging, and insightful. This Is China: The First 5,000 Years is a
much-needed handbook for anyone who is interested in acquainting themselves with China
and the Chinese in a few hours of reading.

Hanchao Lu, Georgia Institute of Technology

This Is China
The First 5, 0 0 0 Years
This Is China
╛T h e F i r s t 5 , 0 0 0 Y e a r s╛╛╛

Haiwang Yuan 袁海旺

General Editor

Ronald G. Knapp, Margot E. Landman, and Gregory Veeck

Editors

BERKSHIRE PUBLISHING GROUP

Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Copyright © 2010 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published by:
Berkshire Publishing Group LLC
120-122 Castle Street
Great Barrington, Massachusetts 01230
www.berkshirepublishing.com
宝库山 互联世界参照点
Berkshire Publishing specializes in international relations, cross-cultural communications,
global business and economic information, and environmental sustainability.
This Is China, along with This Fleeting World, is part of Berkshire’s “This World of Ours” series.
Further books in the series include This Is Islam and This Good Earth.
Illustration credits: Cover photo by Wang Ying. Interior photos come from the U.S. Library of
Congress and from Joan Lebold Cohen, whose photos illustrate the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China.
Printed in the United States of America

!LBANY
"OSTON

'2%!4 "!22).'4/.

.EW 9ORK

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Yuan, Haiwang.
╇╇ This is China : the first 5,000 years / Haiwang Yuan.—1st ed.
╇╇╇╇ p.╇ cm.—(This world of ours ; 2)
╇╇ Includes bibliographical references and index.
╇╇ ISBN 978-1-933782-20-1 -- ISBN 978-1-933782-76-8 (electronic)
╇╇ 1.╇ China—History.â•… 2.╇ China—Civilization.â•… I.╇ Title.
╇╇ DS735.Y78 2010
╇╇ 951—dc22 2010007974
 Editorial Board

General Editor
Haiwang Yuan, Western Kentucky University Libraries

Editors
Ronald G. Knapp, State University of New York, New Paltz
Margot E. Landman, National Committee on United States–China Relations
Gregory Veeck, Western Michigan University

Contributors
Thomas Bartlett, La Trobe University; Daniel A. Bell, Tsinghua University; Charles D. Benn, University of
Hawaii; Kerry Brown, Chatham House, London; David D. Buck, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Paul
D. Buell, Western Washington University; Winberg Chai, University of Wyoming; Timothy Wai Keung
Chan, Hong Kong Baptist University; Anne Shen Chao, Rice University; Shiwei Chen, Lake Forest College;
Stephanie Po-Yin Chung, Hong Kong Baptist University; Yingcong Dai, William Paterson University;
Nirmal Dass, Ryerson University; Kent G. Deng, London School of Economics; Peter M. Ditmanson,
Colby College; Charles Dobbs, Iowa State University; Thomas P. Dolan, Columbus State University; Dru
Gladney, Pomona College; Paul L. Goldin, University of Pennsylvania; Shelley Drake Hawks, Boston
University; Ruth Hayhoe, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto; Thomas
Heberer, Gerhard-Mercator University, Duisberg; Ding-hwa Evelyn Hsieh, Truman State University;
Jennifer W. Jay, University of Alberta; Charles C. Kolb, Independent Scholar and National Endowment for
the Humanities; André Laliberté, University of Ottawa; Colin Mackerras, Griffith University; Dorothea
A. L. Martin, Appalachian State University; Timothy May, North Georgia College and State University;
Dallas L. McCurley, City University of New York; Bent Nielsen, University of Copenhagen; Catherine
Pagani, University of Alabama; Gerard Postiglione, University of Hong Kong; Jan Romgard, University
of Nottingham; James D. Sellmann, University of Guam; Eric Todd Shepherd, University of South
Florida; Cathy Spagnoli, Vashon, Washington; Yan Sun, Gettysburg College, Amy Zader, University of
Colorado at Boulder; Qiang Zha, York University; Jinghao Zhou, Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

Advisors
Winberg Chai, University of Wyoming; David Hegarty, Belmont Hill School; Richard
Kagan, Hamline University; Richard Miller, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Further thanks to:

Mike Burns, International School, Guangzhou; Charles Desnoyers, La Salle University; Lynn
Dole, Mohawk Trail Regional School District; Wenshan Jia, Chapman University; Kan Liang, Seattle
University; Chan Lu, Loyola Marymount University at Los Angeles; David Millians, Paideia School;
Kathryn Turner, American International School of Guangzhou; Tongtao Zheng, Xiamen University.

vii
 Publisher’s Note 出版人寄语
This Is China—probably the shortest survey of Chinese history, geography, and culture that exists—
was made possible by a much longer work, the 2,754-page Berkshire Encyclopedia of China: Modern
and Historic Views of the World’s Newest and Oldest Global Power. In Chinese terms, even that is a short
work: the Yongle dadian, or Great Compendium of the Yongle Reign (1408) had 22,877 chapters in 11,095
volumes. It was our longer encyclopedic work that made this brief history possible.
Chinese people, of course, understand the importance of brevity. And their society, as readers
new to Chinese history will learn, has been one of many “firsts.” The Laozi 老子, one of China’s most
renowned philosophical works, famously declared that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step. This Is China, for those of us who are learning about the country, provides an easy way
to take that first, single step through thousands of years of history and across the vast territory that
is China today.
This history opens a window on contemporary China—with balanced, nonpolitical
coverage—by providing our readers with details about Chinese governance, society, and culture
through the ages. Even our cover design reflects the modern and the ancient. By choosing a scene
cropped from a 2008 photograph of the Wuyang River in Zhenyuan, Guizhou Province, where
a fisherman casts his line into the water, we evoke images depicted in thousands of traditional
Chinese paintings. The cover also shows lines from a sacred Buddhist scroll called the Diamond
Sutra. A copy dated 868 ce was discovered in western China’s Dunhuang caves in 1907, which
makes it the oldest extant printed book (and a natural fascination for a publisher). The caves,
located in an oasis along the old Silk Roads, are among the most magical of sites to visit in China
today. Both Zhenyuan and Dunhuang remind us that historic China lives on.
The Chinese title of this book is not an exact translation of the English, but instead is based
on the advice of LE La (乐 拉), a young Beijing-based friend. When we explained the concept of
the book to her one summer morning in Easthampton, New York, she suggested we take a more
colloquial approach—“Look! This is China” (瞧！这是中国). For our readers who are studying the
Chinese language we include pinyin transliterations and characters for many Chinese words and
terms. Perhaps even general readers will make use of Chinese words with nuanced meanings
that are impossible to translate in a single English word—like guanxi, a fluctuating network of
relationships.
We hope that our Chinese friends will enjoy how we have presented their country to the world.
We urge them, as well as all our readers, to share the book, to discuss the “thought experiments,”
and to send us corrections and ideas for future editions and for other China-focused publications.

《这就是中国：头一个五千年》也许是美国目前概述中国历史、地理和文化篇幅最小的书籍，其背后却以2754页的
《宝库山中华全书：跨越历史和现代审视最新和最古老的全球大国》作为依托。当然， 《宝库山中华全书》与11095
卷，22877册的《永乐大典》这部鸿篇巨制相比，不可同日而语。
但是中国人深知言简意赅的好处，也深谙老子“千里之行，始于足下”的重要意义。对于我们这些有志于了
解中国的西方人来说，这本小书在纵横幅员辽阔的中国来审视其几千年历史的征途中，只是跬步而已。
《这就是中国：头一个五千年》这一书名并非英文的确切翻译。英语原文比较口语化，是北京一位叫乐拉的年
轻朋友建议的： “瞧！这是中国”。我们有意为西方读者打开一扇了解今日中国的窗户。书的封面是中国一个小镇的
渔民正在撒网捕鱼。此情此景见于万卷中国国画，如此设计旨在把古老和现代的中国串联起来。
希望中国的朋友们能够欣赏我们为把他们的祖国介绍给全世界所作出的努力。我们呼吁中国朋友和读者把
这本书推介给更多的人，并充分讨论书中“思想实验室”中提出的问题。书中如有谬误，敬请转告，也请及时把新
的想法反馈给我们，这对我们今后再版该书或出版其他关注中国的书籍是十分有益的。

Karen Christensen 沈凯伦

Founder and CEO, Berkshire Publishing Group 宝库山, Great Barrington, Massachusetts

viii
 Contents

Introduction by Haiwang Yuan..........................................xi

Chapter One
Background—The Land and the People................................1

Chapter Two
From Prehistory to the End of the Empire ......................15
Chapter Three
A Century of Change—From 1912 to Today.....................73
Chapter Four
China Today.............................................................................. 111
Resources.................................................................................. 127
Index.............................................................................................129

Introduction by Haiwang Yuan..........................................xi

Chapter One
Background—The Land and the People................................1
Physical Geography.............................................................................................................. 2
Human Geography............................................................................................................... 9

Chapter Two
From Prehistory to the End of the Empire ......................15
Xia Dynasty: Real or Legendary? (2100?–1766? bce) .................................................17

ix
xâ•… Contents
这 就 是 中 国

Shang Dynasty: Ancestor Worship and Oracle Bones (1766–1045 bce).............. 20

Zhou Dynasty: Bronze, Jade and Confucius (1045–256 bce)................................. 22
Qin Dynasty: Terracotta Soldiers (221–206 bce)....................................................... 28
Han Dynasty: Paper, Porcelain, and the Silk Roads (206 bce–220 ce)................ 32
Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–589 ce)...................................................... 37
Sui Dynasty: China United (581–618 ce).................................................................... 40
Tang Dynasty: Poetry and Literature (618–907 ce)................................................. 43
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960 ce)...................................................... 49
Song Dynasty: Northern Song and Southern Song (960–1279)............................ 50
Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1125–1234)................................................................................. 54
Yuan Dynasty: Mongol Rule (1279–1368)................................................................. 55
Ming Dynasty: Building the Great Wall (1368–1644).............................................. 58
Qing Dynasty: Manchu Rule (1644–1911/12)............................................................ 64

Chapter Three
A Century of Change—From 1912 to Today.....................73
China as a Republic (1911/12–1949)............................................................................. 74
The War with Japan and the Chinese Civil War (1937–1949)................................ 85
Communists in Power: The Early Years (1949–1966)............................................... 91
The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).......................................................................... 95
China after Mao (1976–present)................................................................................. 103

Chapter Four
China Today.............................................................................. 111
The Pace of Change..................................................................................................... 112
China’s Inner Life......................................................................................................... 117
Concepts: Uniquely Chinese...................................................................................... 119
Challenges......................................................................................................................125

Resources.................................................................................. 127
Index.............................................................................................129
 Introduction

D uring President Barack Obama’s first visit to China in November 2009,

he addressed a group of Shanghai students and proclaimed that no big
issues in the world today could be resolved without cooperation between
the United States and China. His trip coincided with the debut of 2012, a disaster
film in which world leaders band together in the midst of impending calamity. The
movie, which makes China the manufacturer of the gigantic arks that salvage the
last of the humanity from global cataclysm, served as a fitting footnote to the presi-
dent’s speech.
Major changes have been taking place in China since it opened to the world and
began epoch-making economic reforms in the late 1970s. The president’s speech and
the movie both envisage, in different ways, what might lie ahead, and what role China
might need to play in our common future.
Indeed, China is poised to be the world’s second largest economy, with its gross
domestic product (GDP) having increased to 4.91 trillion U.S. dollars in 2009 from 53
billion U.S. dollars in 1978. As 2010 begins, China is the world’s largest Internet user
and has the world’s largest mobile phone network. It has built a total of 50,000 kilome-
ters (31,250 miles) of superhighway (second only to the United States) since 1988, when
it had none at all. It boasts the world’s first commercial maglev system (magnetic levita-
tion system, used to guide and propel vehicles) and the fastest high-speed train system
with trains that run from 200 to 350 kilometers (124 to 218 miles) per hour.
At the same time, China continues to face enormous challenges: a huge popula-
tion in a developing country with limited natural resources; an uneven regional devel-
opment; a gap between rich and poor as great as anywhere in the world (a disparity
that could lead to social and political unrest); disputes over territory; and ethnic and
religious tensions. Many people debate whether a nation with a one-party government
system can effectively address such domestic issues (never mind international ones).

xi
xiiâ•… This Is China : The First 5,000 Years
这 就 是 中 国

On one side are those who believe that a two-or-more-party system is essential to suc-
cess and stability in the twenty-first century. Others, in China and the West, argue
that China’s system, though in need of reform, is actually the most effective way to
manage a huge territory and meet the needs of a huge population. Can China fix what
needs fixing within its current system/structure and become a constructive force to
help build a better future for the world? This Is China does not attempt to provide that
answer, but instead gives the big picture in a short space, providing background you
can use to judge China-related events as they develop.
Understanding China depends on knowing China better. There’s long been an
idea in the West that China and the Chinese are inscrutable—that is, hard to under-
stand. Significant differences can make communication a problem, but we are all
human, and we face the same challenges and have the same basic needs. China has
its own rich history and long-established values and customs, and when Westerners
get confused it’s usually because they unwittingly make assumptions and judgments
based on their own cultures. Karen Christensen, the publisher of This Is China, says
that when she and her family first began traveling in China, and would comment on
an aspect of Chinese life or government policy that seemed puzzling or surprising,
they repeatedly heard the phrase, “Well, this is China,” and “But this is China.” That
became the inspiration for the title of our book.
By choosing the subtitle, The First 5,000 Years, we intended to be amusing, to
make you wonder about the “next 5,000 years.” Such telescoping vision comes natu-
rally to fans of science fiction who love to imagine the future, although perhaps not
as it plays out in 2012. This Is China focuses on the distant and more recent past, but it
is intended to equip students, teachers, and professionals to face the challenges of the
present and the great questions that lie ahead. We realize that some scholars think
“five thousand years” exaggerates the length of Chinese civilization. Please read the
book to see where the different measures come from—and what different people
mean by civilization, too.
This Is China includes four major sections. Chapter 1 provides background about
China’s physical and human geographies. Chapter 2 offers an overview of China from
prehistory to the end of the last dynasty in 1911/12. Chapter 3 introduces a century of
change since 1912. Finally, chapter 4 deals with cultural concepts and ideas that have
shaped the way Chinese in the twenty-first century interact with themselves and oth-
ers. Just as importantly, it addresses concerns and challenges the Chinese and their
leaders face today.
With information on every aspect of China selected from the five-volume Berkshire
Encyclopedia of China and other sources, and checked by experts inside and outside
China, This Is China makes every effort to provide authentic, accurate, and timely
 Introductionâ•… xiii

information about China’s history—as much as that is possible when dealing with a
complex, continuous culture over millennia—and to do so without a political agenda.
Nonetheless, we encourage you to approach the book, as you do any other, with critical
thinking and an open mind.
This concise 120-page volume is designed to be read straight through, as a short,
eye-opening course in contemporary and historic China, or to be dipped into for facts
and intriguing sidebars, as well as maps and illustrations. It can be used in curricu-
lum development and as an adjunct to courses—in social studies, international rela-
tions, international business, world history, political science, or Chinese language. (We
include Chinese characters, as well as pinyin transliterations, since many young peo-
ple and adults are learning Chinese and because communication—becoming famil-
iar and comfortable with different forms of expressing ideas and information—is the
foundation of human culture.)
To supplement and enhance classroom use of the book, we will make two Web-
based resources available free of charge: a questionnaire and a selection of Chinese
proverbs related to the book’s specific contents. We’ll also provide links to the Berkshire
Encyclopedia of China and other online sites that address the following topics:

• Migration and urbanization

• Foreign relations—and not just with the United States
• Religion
• Regional conflicts
• Ethnicity
• Political development
• Women’s rights and roles in China
• Press freedom and censorship
• And much, much more

Finally, we provide a list of sources (including books, articles, and movies) and
organizations we consider most valuable—and balanced—and urge readers to send us
their own discoveries as they continue to learn about China.
Many people have been involved in making this book possible. Besides the con-
tributors to the articles we have selected, I’m particularly grateful to Karen and Rachel
Christensen, along with their Berkshire Publishing team, for helping me assemble this
material. Berkshire’s senior editor, Mary Bagg, has not only edited the text, but she has
excerpted and harmonized the work of a highly varied group of contributing authors,
and added many grace notes, too.
It does take a special effort—and the right teachers—to reach a point of under-
standing and familiarity with China. As a Chinese saying goes: “A master only leads
xivâ•… This Is China : The First 5,000 Years
这 就 是 中 国

one into the gate of a temple; it’s up to that individual to learn to be a real monk
(师父领进门, 修行靠个人 Shīfu lı̌ng jìn mén,xiūxíng kào gèrén).” If this book can show
its readers to China’s door and arouse their interest in learning more about the
Â�country—the land and the people—then it will serve its purpose.
I sincerely hope that This Is China will make a contribution to the understanding
of Chinese history, culture, and current events. Facing common global challenges, we
need a sense of common purpose based on understanding and respect, so we can share
this planet—our ark—and live harmoniously together.

Haiwang Yuan
Western Kentucky University Libraries

About the Editor

H aiwang Yuan, now a U.S. citizen,

came from China in 1988 as a
Fulbright student and graduated from
Indiana University at Bloomington
with degrees in history and library
science.
Yuan served as an associate edi-
tor of the Berkshire Encyclopedia of
China (2009); he was a contributor
to the Encyclopedia of Contemporary
Chinese Culture (Routledge, 2004)
and Theories and Practices of American Year, Holidays around the World Series
Libraries in the Twenty-First Century (National Geographic, 2009).
(Beijing Library Press, 2007). He is the Yuan has been a professor at Western
author of Princess Peacock: Tales from Kentucky University in the Department
the Other Peoples of China (Libraries of Library Public Services since 1997. He
Unlimited, 2008), The Magic Lotus is now Special Assistant to the Dean
Lantern and Other Tales from the Han of Libraries, and serves on the board
Chinese (Libraries Unlimited, 2006), of the Chinese American Librarians
and co-author of Celebrate Chinese New Association.
This Is China
The First 5, 0 0 0 Years
 Chapter€1:
Background—The
Land and the People
Bèijǐng zhīshi
背景知识

C hina’s high profile in world history corresponds to its size and huge pop-
ulation, but also (and especially) to the longevity and distinctiveness of
Chinese civilization. Ancient China introduced the world to a written lan-
guage system that is still in use, and to paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass
(the “Four Great Inventions”). The Chinese term “Zhoˉngguó” 中国, which in English
we translate as “China,” literally means “Middle Kingdom.” The name referred in
ancient times to the middle reaches of the Huang (Yellow) River valley. As early as the
fifth century bce, according to Yǔgòng 禹贡 (Tribute of Yu), a chapter in the Confucian
classic Shàngshuˉ 尚书 (Esteemed Documents), the Chinese subdivided their terri-
tory into regions of different geographic and economic features. Gradually the name
“Zhongguo” evolved to encompass all the lands under the direct rule of its dynas-
ties. China’s imperial borders would expand, contract, and expand again over the
centuries—throughout periods of disunity, war, and reunification—to absorb terri-
tory occupied by diverse peoples. As the result of the last Chinese Civil War (1945–
1949), two political entities emerged that had earlier been considered “one China”: the
People’s Republic of China (PRC), commonly known as “mainland China,” and the
Republic of China (ROC), which comprises Taiwan and its surrounding islands.
Chapter€1 introduces mainland China’s distinctive physical and human geogra-
phies, and the ways in which they were inextricably linked. Varied topography—for
the most part rugged and harsh in the vast expanse of the west, and temperate and
fertile in much of the east—impacted the movement and settlement of China’s popu-
lation over millennia. The size of that population today, historically and still heav-
ily concentrated in the east, is one of the country’s most well-known and publicized
aspects: the People’s Republic of China, home to about 1,330,000,000 people in 2009, is
by far the most populous country on Earth. The decimal shorthand for that number,
1.33 billion, tends to downplay its magnitude, since the “point 33” behind the “1” (330

1
2â•… This Is China : The First 5,000 Years
这 就 是 中 国

million people) exceeds by almost 22 million the U.S. population in 2009. (Simply put,
there are a billion more people living in China than in the United States.) The impact
of such a huge population is one of China’s overriding concerns today: as a sustainable
development strategist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences explains, any trifling
problem in China can be enormous if multiplied by 1.33 billion, whereas any achieve-
ment, however brilliant, will pale if divided by the same figure.

Physical Geography
(Zìrán dìlı̌ 自然地理)

T he People’s Republic of China is one of the largest countries in the world

(after Russia and Canada), covering nearly 9.6 million square kilometers,
or roughly 3.07 million square miles. Although China is approximately the
same size as the United States, a comparison of the two countries’ “measurements”
depends on several factors: whether PRC claims on territories also claimed by India
are valid; where a number of China’s ill-defined boundaries are drawn; and how
the total size of the United States is calculated. (For China’s exact “dimensions” see
“Mapping Out China: Some Numbers and Statistics,” in the supplementary infor-
mation to this volume available at www.berkshirepublishing.com.)
China and the United States share similarities other than size: Both are located in
the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Both have extensive coastlines fronting
on middle latitude oceans and seas, although China, unlike the United States, is directly

Thought Experiment
Throughout history the “extreme geography” of western China kept this vast
territory isolated from the more hospitable climate and terrain of eastern China.
As you read about China’s land, its resources, its population—and its history—
discuss how this “downside” became an advantage to China, both domestically
and internationally.
 Chapter€1: Background—The Land and the Peopleâ•… 3

Source: Gregory Veeck, Clifton W. Pannell, Christopher J. Smith, & Yougin Huang. (2007).
China’s Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social
Change. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

accessible by water only from the east and south. The climate, topography, and soils of
southeastern China and the southeastern United States are very much alike. In some
ways, the stereotypical notion of the “Wild West” in the early United States as unsettled
and remote can be applied to the “frontier” of western China. If China had time zones,
there would be four of them, the same as in the continental United States. The Chinese
government, however, thinking that one time zone unifies people spread across an enor-
mous territory, has decided that the entire country should run on Beijing time.

Varied Terrain (Dìxíng duoˉbiàn 地形多变)

China’s territory includes a variety of complex landscapes. In the east, along the shores
of the Huang (Yellow) Sea and the East China Sea, lie extensive and densely populated
alluvial plains, while grasslands occupy the edges of the Inner Mongolian Plateau in the
north. To the west, major mountain ranges, including the Himalayas, and high plateaus
stand out from the more arid landscapes of the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts. In the
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Galerio (C. Valerio Massimiano), Cesare di Diocleziano, 163; disfatto dai
Persiani, 172; sconfigge i Persiani, 172; persecuzione dei Cristiani, 176;
Augusto (305), 177; riconosce Costantino, 179; promuove Severo
Augusto, 179; indice un censimento, 179; tenta combattere Massimiano,
180; alla conferenza di Carnuntum, 180; sospende le persecuzioni dei
Cristiani (311), 181-82; morte (311), 182.
Galizia (in Spagna), 258.
Galla Placidia, sorella di Valentiniano II, 239; moglie di Teodosio I, 239;
prigioniera di Alarico, 256; sposa Ataulfo (414), 258; restituita a Onorio,
259; sposa Costanzio, 260; madre di Valentiniano III, 260; reggente, 260;
destituisce Bonifazio, 261; muore (450), 265; mausoleo a Ravenna, 265.
Gallia, si dichiara per Vitellio, 6; insurrezione, 18; latinizzazione, 24;
famiglie galliche negli ordini senatorio ed equestre, alla metà del II sec. d.
C., 64-65; città principali, 65, 67; invasa dai Franchi, 137; la rivolta dei
Bagaudi, 159, 160; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; minacciata dai
Germani (297), 173; assegnata a Costantino II (335), 202; invasa dai
Germani (354), 215; Giuliano in Gallia (355-359), 216 sgg.; invasa da
Alamanni (365), 231; da Vandali, Svevi, ecc., 254, 257; nuove guerre,
258; i Visigoti in G., 258, 259. V. Narbonese, Aquitania, Batavi, Lingoni,
Treveri.
Gallieno (P. Licinio Egnazio), figliuolo e collega di Valeriano, 135-36;
imperatore (253-268), 136 sgg.; guerreggia i barbari dell’Occidente, 136;
vince Ingenuo, 136; combatte Postumo, 137; sconfigge gli Alamanni a
Milano, 137; combatte Aureolo, 138; ucciso (268), 138.
Gallo (C. Vibio Treboniano), governatore della Mesia, imperatore (251-53),
134; fa pace coi Goti, 134; vinto e ucciso da Emiliano, 135.
Gallo, nipote di Costantino I, 207; adolescenza, 214-15; Cesare (351),
215; capo del governo dell’Oriente, 215; ucciso (354), 215; difetti, 215.
Geiserico. V. Genserico.
Genserico (o Geiserico), re dei Vandali, invade l’Africa (429), 262;
combattuto da Bonifazio, 262; occupa le Mauretanie e la Numidia (431),
262, 263; s’impadronisce di Cartagine (439), 263; attacca la Sicilia, 263;
accordi con Valentiniano III (435), 263, (442), 264; invade e saccheggia
Roma (455), 267; assale Sicilia e Corsica, 267; distrugge l’armata di
Maioriano, 268; conquista la Sardegna, 269; attacca la Grecia e le isole,
269.
Gepidi, 162, 265.
Germani, progressi dei G., 89; cause delle invasioni, 89; invadono le
province danubiane e l’Italia (167), 88 sgg.; coloni, 90; invadono le due
Germanie e la Gallia (354), 215; nell’esercito di Attila, 265. V. Alamanni,
Marcomanni, Ermonduri, Quadi, ecc.
Germania, Giuliano penetra in G. (359), 217. V. Germani.
Germanie (le due), rivolta delle legioni (69 d. C.), 4; alla metà del II sec. a.
C., 65-66; insurrezione, 18; Adriano nelle due G., 65-66; invase dai
Germani (354), 215; abbandonate da Stilicone 253; perdute, 259.
Gerusalemme, assediata e incendiata, 11, 13, 19, 73; Aelia Capitolina, 75-
76.
Geta (P. Settimio), Augusto, 118; tendenze, 118; imperatore, 123; ucciso
dal fratello, 123.
Getuli, 231.
Gildone, 252.
Giovanni, primicerius notariorum, un usurpatore, 260; vinto e ucciso (425),
261.
Gioviano, imperatore (363), 229; pace coi Persiani (363), 230; muore
(363), 230.
Giovino, un usurpatore, 258; sconfitto (414 ca.), 258.
Girolamo (S.), 234.
Giudea (Palestina), 3; guerra di Giudea (69-70), 11, 13, 18, 19;
insurrezione sotto Traiano, 54; insurrezione sotto Adriano (132-34), 75-76;
visitata da Settimio Severo, 115; nel IV secolo, 235; servitù della gleba in
G., 246. V. Ebrei.
Giulia Domna, moglie di Settimio Severo, 112, 119; si lascia morir di fame,
125.
Giulia Mamea, nipote di Giulia Mesa, 125; madre di Severo Alessandro,
125; sua influenza sul governo di Severo Alessandro, 127 sgg.
Giulia Mesa, sorella di Giulia Domna, 119; relegata in Emesa, 125; fa
proclamare imperatore Eliogabalo, 125-26.
Giuliano, nipote di Costantino I, 207; adolescenza, 214-15; Cesare (355) e
governatore della Gallia, Spagna, Britannia, 216; qualità morali, 216, 221;
governo delle Gallie (355-359), 216 sgg.; proclamato Augusto, 218-19;
Epistula ad S. P. Q. Atheniensium, 219; marcia verso Costantinopoli, 219;
a Costantinopoli, riforme, 220-22; suo repubblicanesimo, 222; e il
Cristianesimo, 222 sgg.; e il Paganesimo, 219, 223 sgg.; la guerra coi
Persiani (363), 225 sgg.; sua morte (26 giugno 363), 226, 227, n. 10.
Giulio (papa), 210, 211.
Giulio (C. Vindice) e Galba, 1.
Giulio (Cn. Agricola), generale romano in Britannia sotto Domiziano, 30;
richiamato, 30.
Giulio Civile, capo dei Batavi, 18.
Giulio Classico, capo dei Treviri, 18.
Giulio Nepote, imperatore di Occidente (472), 270; sconfitto da Oreste,
fugge in Dalmazia (475), 271; sopravvive alla catastrofe dell’Impero di
Occidente, 272.
Giulio Sabino, capo dei Lingoni, 18.
Giulio (Sesto Severo), generale romano in Giudea, 76.
Giulio Tutore, capo dei Treveri, 18.
Giustina, moglie di Valentiniano I e madre di Valentiniano II, 238; reggente
per Valentiniano II, e sua politica religiosa, 238-39; fugge in Oriente, 239;
morte, 239.
Giustino (S.), 94.
Giuochi, Nemei, 71; G. ad Adrianopoli, 71; Pitici e Olimpici, 72; rifiorimento
degli antichi giuochi dell’Ellade, 98; decadenza, 145.
Glicerio, un pretendente, ucciso da Giulio Nepote, 270.
Gordiano I (M. Antonio), imperatore, 132.
Gordiano II, figlio di Gordiano I e suo collega nell’Impero, 132.
Gordiano III, nipote di Gordiano I, imperatore (238-44), 132, 133; guerre
persiane e germaniche, 133; trucidato, 133.
Goti, invadono le province danubiane (238), 133; vinti da Gordiano III,
133; invadono di nuovo le province danubiane, 134; sconfiggono Decio,
134; fan pace con Gallo, 134; invadono la Mesia, 135; sconfitti da
Emiliano, 135; invadono Dacia, Macedonia, Asia Minore (254-260), 135;
Asia Minore e Grecia, 137; nuova invasione (268), 138; in Germania, 162;
nell’esercito romano, 172; invadono Tracia e Mesia (323), 190; disfatti da
Costantino I (332), 202; coloni, 202, 235; invadono la Tracia (365), 231;
sconfitti da Valente (367-69), 231; loro dominio e divisioni nei secc. III-IV,
232; civiltà, 232; nelle guerre civili romane, 262. V. Ostrogoti, Visigoti.
Graziano, figlio di Valentiniano I, imperatore, 233; sconfigge gli Alamanni,
233, 234; invia Teodosio in Oriente, 235; lo nomina Augusto (19 gennaio
379), 235; cattolico; sua politica, 236; ucciso (agosto 383), 238.
Grecia. V. Acaia.
Gregorio Nazianzeno (S.), 234.
Grutungi, 232.
Guerre, quarta Gu. civile (69-70), 1 sgg., 13 sgg.; di Giudea (70), 18-19,
(132), 75-76; contro i Batavi (70), 18; in Britannia (77....), 30; contro i Catti
(83), 31; contro i Daci (85-89), 32 sgg.; (101-102, 105-106), 44 sgg.;
contro i Parti (114-16), 53 sgg.; (161-66), 86 sgg.; di M. Aurelio contro i
Germani (167-175), 88 sgg., (178-80), 95; Gu. civile del 193-97, 107 sgg.;
Guerra partica (197-98), 114 sgg.; Guerra germanica di Caracalla, 124;
persiana di Severo Alessandro, 129-30; guerre persiane e germaniche di
Gordiano III, 133; di Gallieno contro i barbari dell’Occidente, 136; di
Valeriano contro i Persiani, 136; Gu. civili del III sec., 131 sgg.; contro i
Goti (268-70), 138 sgg.; contro Jutungi, Vandali, ccc., 139; di Aureliano in
Oriente (272-73), 141; di Caro contro i Persiani, 143; Gu. civile tra
Diocleziano e Carino, 159; Gu. persiana (296-298), 172 sgg,; Gu. civili
dopo l’abdicazione di Diocleziano, 179 sgg.; tra Costantino e Massenzio
(312), 182-83; tra Licinio e Massimino (313), 184-85; tra Costantino e
Licinio (314), 185-86; (323), 190-191; Gu. civile tra Costantino II e
Costante (340), 209; Gu. contro i Persiani (363), 225 sgg.; di Valentiniano
I coi barbari dell’Occidente, 231-32; di Valente in Oriente, 232-33, 234; di
Graziano con gli Alamanni, 233; di Teodosio contro i Goti, 235; contro
l’usurpatore Massimo, 239-40; contro l’usurpatore Eugenio, 241-243; di
Stilicone contro Alarico (397), 251; (402-403), 253; contro Radagaiso
(404-5), 253; in Gallia (intorno al 411), 258; Gu. persiana (422), 260;
contro i Vandali d’Africa (429-431), 262; (468) 270; Gu. civile fra Ezio e
Bonifazio (432), 262; contro gli Unni (444-57), 264 sgg.; contro i Visigoti di
Gallia, 268, 230; ultime Gu. civili (472-76), 270-71.

Herculius, 160, 164.

Hibernia (Irlanda), 30.

Iberi, 247.
Iberia (Georgia), 173, 204.
Iberica (Penisola). V. Spagna.
Illirico (prefettura), 249. V. Dalmazia.
Illirio (o Illirico). V. Dalmazia.
Impero, incertezza del suo fondamento legale, 2-3; tentativi assolutisti di
Domiziano, 36; carattere repubblicano, con Traiano, 46 sgg.; e il principio
dell’adozione, 57-58, 110; il principio ereditario, 94-95; 118, 120; l’Imp. alla
morte di M. Aurelio, 196 sgg.; disparizione delle minori città, 97; principio
della decadenza, 99 sgg.; l’assolutismo imperiale, 120, 121, 165; prima
divisione (253), 135-136; crisi economica del III sec., 144 sgg.; sociale,
146 sgg.; religiosa, 148 sgg.; nuovo principio di legittimità, 150; divinità
degli imperatori, 165; l’Imp. risorge con Diocleziano, 173-74; dualismo fra
Occidente e Oriente, 210, 211, 212, 214, 250, 251-52, 254; alla morte di
Costanzo (361), 220: alla morte di Teodosio I (395), 243-244; divisione
(395), 249; l’Imp occidentale alla morte di Onorio (423), 259-60; l’Imp.
orientale durante il governo di Teodosio II, 260; unificazione (423), 260;
fine dell’Imp. d’Occidente (476), 271-72.
Imposte. V. Finanze.
India, 73.
Indictio, 187.
Industria, nelle province romane, 64 sgg., 73 sgg.; nell’Impero alla fine del
II sec., 96-97; decade nel III sec., 144-145; nel IV sec., 244.
Ingenuo, proclamato imperatore dalle legioni di Pannonia e Mesia (258),
136; vinto da Gallieno, si uccide, 136.
Iovius, 160, 164.
Ippodromo (a Nemea), 70.
Isauri, 232.
Istituzioni alimentari, 40, 48.
Istruzione, nelle province romane, 64 sgg., 73 sgg.; scuole in Atene, 71;
l’Ateneo, 72; scuole di musica, 73; il Mouseion di Alessandria, 75; alla fine
del II sec., 97, 98-99; decadenza nel III sec., 147; le scuole e Giuliano
l’Apostata, 224.
Italia, nel I sec. dell’e. v., 6; riconosce Ottone, 6; invasa dalle legioni di
Vitellio, 7-8, 10; mercanti italici in Oriente, 68; invasa dai Germani, 88, 90;
fatta provincia da Settimio Severo, 117, 168; invasa dagli Alamanni (261),
137, 139; da Jutungi e Vandali, 139; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163;
invasa da Costantino I (312), 182-83; assegnata a Costante (335), 202;
invasa da Costantino II (340), 209; da Alarico (400), 252 sgg., 255 sgg.;
da Radagaiso (404), 253; da Attila (452), 265-66; l’Italia dopo il 476, 272.
Italica (vecchia Siviglia), 66.
Iugum, 169.
Iuridici, istituiti da Adriano 61; aboliti da Antonino Pio, 84; ristabiliti da M.
Aurelio, 95.
Iustitium, 242.

Jarbiensis (pianura), battaglia, 185.

Jazigi, 89, 159.
Jutungi, 139.

Κεράτιον (siliqua), 186.

Lambaesis, 73.
Lattanzio, 155.
Lavoro, organizzazione coattiva, 200 sgg.; mano d’opera, 201, 245 sgg.
Legioni (Le), e la elezione imperiale, 4; insurrezione delle L. di Germania
contro Galba (69 d. C.), 4; le L. d’Oriente riconoscono Ottone, 6, 12; le L.
della Germania e la guerra civile tra Ottone e Vitellio, 7; le L. d’Oriente
neutrali nella guerra civile fra Ottone e Vitellio, 12; le L. del Danubio e
Ottone, 6, 8, 13; accordi tra le L. orientali e quelle del Danubio contro
Vitellio, 13; acclamano imperatore Vespasiano (69), 13; le L. della
Pannonia e il consiglio di guerra di Petovio, 14; invadono l’Italia, 14;
riforme di Vespasiano, 20-21; i provinciali nelle L., 21; le L. di Germania
insorgono contro Domiziano (88), 34; infiacchimento dell’esercito sotto
Antonino Pio, 85, 87; le L. di Britannia insorgono, 86-87; difficoltà del
reclutamento sotto M. Aurelio, 90; imbarbarimento dell’esercito, 100, 120,
139, 172, 198, 199, 239, 240, 242; decomposizione sotto Commodo, 102;
le L. insorgono contro Didio Giuliano, 104 sgg.; Settimio Severo e
l’esercito, 113-14, 117; stanziamento di una legione presso Roma, 117; e
Caracalla, 123; il soldo militare raddoppiato, 124; indisciplina sotto
Eliogabalo, 126; e Severo Alessandro, 131; dopo la morte di Alessandro,
131 sgg.; accrescimento dell’esercito sotto Diocleziano, 169; diminuzione
dell’effettivo delle L., 169, 197; ordinamento dell’esercito sotto Costantino,
197 sgg.; importanza dei barbari nell’esercito alla metà del V. sec., 268
sgg., 270, 271; insurrezione delle L. romane sotto Oreste (475), 271.
Leone I (papa), 266.
Leone I, imperatore d’Oriente, 268; destituisce Ricimero, 268; preparativi
e insuccesso contro i Vandali (468), 270; nomina per l’Occidente Giulio
Nepote (472), 270.
Leptis, 107.
Lex de imperio, 17-18.
Lex de majestate, 28, 35.
Liberio (papa), 213, 214.
Libia, i Libi, 67; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163.
Libio Severo, imperatore (461-465), 269.
Libo-Fenici, 67.
Liciniano, nipote di Costantino, 195.
Licinio (Liciniano), Augusto (novembre 307), 180-81; editto che sospende
le persecuzioni dei Cristiani (311), 181-82; accordo con Massimino Decio
circa l’Oriente, 182; sposa Costanza sorella di Costantino, 182; editto di
Milano (313), 183 sgg.; sconfigge Massimino (313), 185; guerreggia
contro Costantino (314), 185-86; accordi con Costantino (314), 186;
osteggia i Cristiani, 190; favorisce i Donatisti, 190; nuova guerra a
Costantino (323-24), 185 sgg.; sua uccisione (325), 190-91.
Licinio (Muciano), governatore della Siria, 13; e Vespasiano, 13; in Italia,
15; invade l’Italia centrale, 15; spedisce Q. Petilio Ceriale contro i Gallo-
Germani ribelli, 18.
Limes Germanicus, 31, 66.
Limitanei, 198.
Lione, 65, 97, 213, 217.
Locus Castorum (battaglia di), 8.
Lusitania, 258.

Macedonia, invasa dai Goti, 135, 138; assegnata a Costantino (314), 186;
a Dalmazio (335), 202; a Costanzo (337), 208; all’Impero di Oriente (395),
249; invasa da Attila (447), 264.
Macellum (in Cappadocia), 215.
Macrino (M. Opellio), un cavaliere, 175; prefetto del pretorio di Caracalla,
125; imperatore, 125; vinto dai Parti, 125; ucciso, 126.
Maggiorino, vescovo di Cartagine, 188.
Magister officiorum, 195.
Magistrature romane, decadenza, 197
Magistri militum, 195, 197.
Magnenzio, magister militum di Costante, 212; acclamato Augusto, fa
uccidere l’imperatore (18 gennaio 350), 212; favorisce i Pagani, 212;
disfatto e ucciso (352), 212-13.
Magonza, 131, 259.
Maioriano, magister militum, 268; imperatore (457), 268; guerra coi
Visigoti, 268; disfatto da Genserico, 268; ucciso (7 agosto 461), 269.
Mantinea, 70.
Marcellino, generale romano in Dalmazia, 269.
Marcello, generale di Costanzo, 216.
Marciano, imperatore d’Oriente (450), rottura con Attila, 264-265; muove
contro Attila (453), 266; disegni contro Genserico, 268; muore (27 gennaio
457), 268.
Marcianopoli, 138.
Marco Aurelio (M. Annio Vero), nipote di Antonino Pio e da lui adottato,
77, 85; riceve la potestà tribunicia e proconsolare (146), 85; imperatore
con L. Vero, l’imperatore filosofo, 86; guerra orientale (161-66), 86 sgg.;
guerre germaniche (167 sgg.), 90 sgg., 95; e il Senato, 91; e il
Cristianesimo, 93 sgg.; trionfo (23 dicembre 176), 94; fa suo collega
Commodo, 94; sua morte (17 marzo 180), 95; suo governo, 95-96.
Marcomanni, 34; vinti da Domiziano, 35; invadono l’Impero (167), 89 sgg.;
invadono la Spagna, 91; invadono le province danubiane, 130;
nell’esercito di Attila, 265.
Mardiensis (pianura), battaglia, 185.
Marsiglia, 65, 258, 261.
Massenzio, figlio di Massimiano, 179; Augusto (306), 180; favorevole ai
Pagani, 182; guerra con Costantino (312), 182-83.
Massimiano (M. Aurelio Valerio), origini, 160; Cesare, 160; Augusto (286),
160; persecuzione dei Cristiani, 176; abdicazione (305), 177; di nuovo
imperatore (306), 180; alla conferenza di Carnuntum, 180; in discordia col
figliuolo, 180; s’imparenta con Costantino, 181; congiura contro
Costantino?, 181; imprigionato e ucciso (310), 181.
Massimino (C. Valerio), origine, 131; imperatore (235-38), 131, 132;
combatte gl’imperatori senatori, 132; ucciso, 133.
Massimino Daio, Cesare (305), 177; Augusto (308), 181; favorevole ai
Pagani, 182; perseguita i Cristiani, 182, 184; accordi con Licinio circa
l’Oriente, 182; con Costantino, 182; invade la penisola balcanica (313),
185; vinto e fuggiasco, sua morte (313), 185.
Massimo (Magno Clemente), un usurpatore (383), 237-38; fa uccidere
Graziano, 238; riconosciuto da Teodosio, 238; combatte Valentiniano II,
(387), 239; disfatto e decapitato (388), 240.
Mauri, scorrerie nella prov. di Africa, 94, 231; insurrezioni, 67, 162.
Mauritania, alla metà del II soc. di C., 67; assegnata a Costanzo, 208; le
tre Mauritanie, 262; occupata dai Vandali (431), 262; restituita a Roma
(442), 264. V. Mauri.
Mazdeismo, 129.
Media, 87; M. Atropatene, 173.
Megara, 71.
Mesia (provincia di), invasa dai barbari, 18; dai Daci, 33; dai Goti, 134,
135; (268), 138; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 63; assegnata a Licinio,
190; invasa dai Goti (323), 190; invasa da Attila (447), 264.
Mesopotamia, invasa da Traiano e in parte dichiarata prov. romana (515),
13; insorge, 54; restituita ai Parti, 59; M. Superiore prov. romana (166),
87-88; invasa dai Parti, 114; liberata (198 o 199), 115; invasa dai Persiani
(231), 129, (241), 133; restituita all’Impero (298), 173; invasa da Sapore II
(359), 218; le fortezze cedute ai Persiani (363), 230.
Milano, 137, 164, 183, 253.
Milites Palatini, 169.
Millena, 169.
Miseno, 15.
Mitra, culto di M. in Asia Minore, 69; e la tetrarchia dioclezianea, 165.
Mitraismo, 149; diffuso nell’Impero, 149-50; adottato ufficialmente da
Aureliano, 149.
Mona (Anglesey) (I.), 30.
Monachismo, 245.
Monete, peggioramento sotto Traiano, 50; sotto Antonino Pio, 85; sotto M.
Aurelio, 91; sotto Settimio Severo, 119; nel III sec., 146; riforma di
Diocleziano, 170; di Costantino, 186-87.
Mouseion, 75.
Muciano. V. Licinio.
Mura aureliane, 140.
Mursa (in Pannonia), battaglia (28 settembre 351), 213.
Musica (Scuole di), 73.

Naissus (Nisch), battaglia (269), 139.

Napoli, 214, 271.
Narbona, 65, 258.
Narbonese, occupata dai Vitelliani, 7; invasa dagli Ottoniani, 8; si dichiara
per Vespasiano, 15; attaccata da Ataulfo (413), 258.
Narsete o Narseo (Narsehi), re persiano (294), 172; invade l’Armenia,
172; ferito in battaglia e disfatto, 172; fa pace con Diocleziano (298), 173.
Navicularii, 200-201.
Nemea, 70.
Nerva (M. Cocceio), carattere della sua elezione, 39-40; suo governo, 39-
41; riforme giudiziarie, 40; sceglie a collega Traiano, 40; fonda le istituzioni
alimentari, 40.
Nicea, 194, 230. V. Concilii.
Nicomedia, 164, 175, 177.
Nicopoli, 70.
Ninfidio Sabino, tenta farsi acclamare imperatore, 1; sua fine, 1.
Nisibis, 173.
Norico, 186, 249.
Numeriano, figliuolo di Caro e suo collega, 143; sua morte (283), 143.
Numidi, 67, 162.
Numidia, occupata dai Vandali (431), 262; restituita a Roma (442), 264.

Odenato, 136; dux Orientis, 137; combatte l’usurpazione di Macriano, 137;

muore (266 o 267), 140.
Odoacre, nell’esercito romano, 271; acclamato re degli Eruli, 271;
sconfigge Oreste (agosto 476), 271; depone Romolo Augustolo, 271; si
proclama governatore dell’Italia (476), 271.
Olibrio, candidato di Genserico all’Impero, 270; fatto proclamare da
Ricimero (472), 270; muore (472), 270.
Onorio, imperatore d’Occidente (395), 249; ripara a Ravenna (404), 250;
fa uccidere Stilicone, 225; sua politica rispetto ai Visigoti, 255 sgg., 258,
259; dona l’Aquitania ai Visigoti (418 o 419), 259; sua morte (27 agosto
423), 259; dona terre ai Burgundi, 259.
Opitergium (Oderzo), 88.
Oreste, sconfigge Giulio Nepote (475), 271; proclama imperatore Romolo
Augustolo (agosto 475), 271; sconfitto e ucciso da Odoacre (27-28 agosto
476), 271.
Orléans, 265.
Osroene, 110, 124.
Ostia, 47, 256.
Ostrogoti (Grutungi), 232; assoggettati dagli Unni (232); alla battaglia dei
Campi Catalauni (451), 265.
Ottone (M. Salvio), e Galba, 4; congiura contro Galba, 4-5; acclamato col
nome di Nerone, suo governo (69), 5 sgg.; e i pretoriani, 5-6; trattative con
Vitellio, 6; guerra contro Vitellio, 7 sgg.; disfatto a Bedriaco, si uccide (69),
9.

Paganesimo, e l’editto di Milano (313), 184; e Costantino, 191;

perseguitato da Costanzo, 209; nuove persecuzioni, 211, 213; favorito da
Massenzio, 182; da Magnenzio, 212; da Giuliano l’Apostata, 219, 220,
223 sgg.; e Valentiniano I, 230; reazione antipagana di Graziano e
Teodosio I, 237; insurrezioni in Oriente, 241; riscossa sotto Eugenio, 242;
nuova reazione antipagana, 242-43; durante il governo di Stilicone, 252.
Palmira, 74, 136.
Panhellenion, 71.
Pannonia, nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; assegnata a Costantino
(314), 186; le due Pannonie, 231; invasa da Quadi e Sarmati (365), 231;
liberata da Teodosio, 231; assegnata all’Impero d’Occidente (395), 249.
Paolo (giureconsulto), 119.
Papato, discussione sui suoi poteri, 211.
Papiniano, prefetto del pretorio sotto Settimio Severo, 119.
Partamaspate, 54.
Parti, il re dei Parti e Vespasiano, 13; guerre civili, 53; la Parzia invasa da
Traiano, 54; provincia romana?, 83; i P. si alleano con Pescennio Nigro,
109; invadono la Mesopotamia, 114; vinti da Settimio Severo, 115; pace
(198 o 199), 115; dinastia persiana, 128-29. V. Cosroe, Vologese III,
Artabano.
Partomasiri, 53.
Parzia. V. Parti.
Patriarcati, 237.
Pavia, 139, 255; battaglia (27-28 agosto 476), 271.
Perinto, 185.
Persiani, origine del nuovo Impero dei P., 129; invadono la Mesopotamia,
la Cappadocia, la Siria, 129, 135; fanno prigioniero Valeriano (259?), 136;
vinti da Caro (283), 143; decadenza al tempo di Diocleziano, 161; cedono
l’Armenia, 162; e Costantino il Grande, 189; e il Cristianesimo, 204; guerre
con Valente, 232; con Teodosio II (422), 260; V. Artaserse; Sapore I;
Sapore II, Bahram; Narsete.
Pertinace (P. Elvio), carattere e origine, 103; governo restauratore, 103-4;
ucciso dai pretoriani (28 marzo 193), 104; apoteosi, 108.
Pescennio Nigro (C.), acclamato imperatore dalle legioni di Siria e
d’Egitto, 104; origine e carattere, 107; si afferma in Oriente, 109; sconfitto
da Settimio Severo, 109; ucciso (194), 109.
Petilio (Q. Ceriale), combatte i Gallo-Germani ribelli, 18.
Petovium (Petau), 14; battaglia (388), 240.
Petra, 46, 74.
Petronio Massimo, senatore e capo della congiura contro Valentiniano III,
267; imperatore (455), 267; ucciso, 267.
Philippopolis, 70, 211.
Piacenza, 139.
Picti, 86, 231.
Pisone (L. Calpurnio Liciniano), collega di Galba, 4; suo carattere, 4;
ucciso (15 gennaio 69), 5.
Plinio il Giovane, suo Panegirico di Traiano, 46, 48, 57; governatore della
Bitinia, 51; e i Cristiani, 51-52.
Pola, 215.
Pollenzo (sul Tanaro), battaglia (6 aprile 402), 253.
Pontifex Maximus, 188, 237.
Ponto, 202, 208.
Popolazione (dell’Impero), diminuisce nel III sec., 144; nel IV sec., 244.
Postumo (M. Cassiano Latinio), proclamato imperatore dalle legioni della
Gallia (258), 136; suo impero gallo-iberico (258-267), 136; combattuto da
Gallieno, 137.
Potestà tribunicia, 85, 94.
Praefectus alimentorum, 95.
Praefectus praetorio. V. Pretoriani: sotto Adriano, 62; sotto Settimio
Severo, 113; Costantino gli toglie i poteri militari, 195, 197.
Praeses, 166.
Pretoriani (I), e la elezione imperiale, 3; e Galba, 1-2, 4-5; uccidono Galba
e Pisone (15 gennaio 69), 5; durante il governo di Ottone, 5-6; disciolti da
Vitellio, 11; ricostituiti da Vespasiano, 21; acclamano Domiziano
imperatore, 29; i prefetti del pretorio congiurano contro Domiziano, 36; i
provinciali tra i pr., 100; insorgono contro Pertinace, 104; offrono l’Impero
a Didio Giuliano, 104; ricostituiti da Settimio Severo, 108; il praefectus
praetorio, ammesso in Senato, 113; suoi poteri civili 113; accresciuti da
Diocleziano, 169; insurrezione (306), 180.
Prezzi (I), nel III sec., 146; editto di Diocleziano (303), 170-71.
Probo (M. Aurelio), generale di Aureliano, imperatore (272-282), 142;
ucciso, 142.
Procopio, generale di Giuliano l’Apostata, 230.
Procopio Antemio, imperatore (12 aprile 467), preparativi e insuccesso
contro i Vandali (468), 269-70; ucciso (11 luglio 472), 270.
Procuratores privatarum rerum, 112.
Protectores, 177, 198.
Province, tributi raddoppiati da Vespasiano, 22; nel III sec., 132 sgg.;
distribuzione nella tetrarchia di Diocleziano, 163-164; riforma di
Diocleziano, 166 sgg., 197. V. Provinciali, Acaia, Britannia, Gallia ecc.
Provinciali (I), nella riforma senatoria di Vespasiano, 24-25;
romanizzazione, 47; devono investire un terzo dei loro averi in beni
immobili in Italia, 47; nell’esercito, 100; ricevono da Caracalla la
cittadinanza romana, 124.
Pupieno (M. Clodio), imperatore, 132; combatte Massimino, 132-33;
ucciso, 133.

Quadi, 34; vinti da Domiziano, 35; invadono l’Impero (167), 89 sgg.;

invadono la Pannonia (365), 231; nell’esercito di Attila, 265.
Quaestor Sacri Palatii, 195.
Quintiliano, 27, 43.

Radagaiso, ostrogoto, invade l’Italia (404), 253; disfatto e ucciso (405),

253.
Rationalis, V. Advocatus fisci, 113.
Ravenna, 253, 255, 265.
Religione, e Vespasiano, 84; e Antonino Pio, 84; irrompere dei culti
orientali, 126, 148 sgg. V. Cristianesimo, Mazdeismo, Mitraismo,
Paganesimo.
Rezia, nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; invasa dagli Alamanni (365),
231; abbandonata da Stilicone, 253.
Ricimero, un Franco generale di Teodosio I, 240.
Ricimero, nipote di Vallia, 267; magister militum, 267; combatte i Vandali,
267; depone Avito, 268; deposto, 268; patrizio, 267; fa uccidere Maioriano
(461), 269; proclama imperatore Libio Severo (461), 269; depone e uccide
Procopio Antemio (11 luglio 472), 270; muore (472), 270.
Riparienses, 198.
Rodi, 22; invasa dai Goti (268), 138.
Roma, battaglia tra Vitelliani e Flaviani (70); fortificata da Aureliano, 140;
nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; insurrezione contro Galerio, 179-80;
proclama Massenzio, 180; nella guerra tra Massenzio e Costantino, 183;
Chiesa di R., 210, 211, 237; insurrezioni contro gli Ariani, 214; rivalità con
Costantinopoli, 250; R. assediata da Alarico (408-409), 255-56; invasa e
saccheggiata da Alarico (410), 256.
Rossolani, 90.
Rufino, prefetto del pretorio e tutore di Arcadio, 249; trucidato (27
novembre 395), 251.
Rugi, 271.

Sabaudia, 263.
Sallustio, prefetto del pretorio di Giuliano, 219.
Salmantica (Salamanca), 66.
Salona, 177, 185, 271.
Salvio Giuliano, 63.
Sapore I, re persiano, invade la Mesopotamia (241), 133; conquista
cinque province armene dell’alta valle del Tigri, 173.
Sapore II, re persiano, 204; e il mitraismo, 204; scaccia il re d’Armenia,
204; perseguita i Cristiani, 204; controversia con Costantino I, 204; guerre
con Costanzo (338-350), 209, 212; (359-61), 218, 219; con Giuliano
l’Apostata (363), 225 sgg.; impone la pace a Gioviano, 230.
Saraceni, 162, 242.
Sardegna, nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; conquistata dai Vandali, 269.
Sardica (Sofia), 140, 210.
Sarmati, invadono la Mesia (69-70), insorgono sotto Traiano, 54-55;
invadono l’Impero (167), 89 sgg.; l’Asia Minore e la Grecia, 137;
migrazioni, 162; disfatti da Costantino (332), 202; coloni, 202; invadono la
Pannonia (365), 231; disfatti da Mario Teodosio, 231; rivalicano il Danubio,
234.
Sassanidi, 128.
Sassoni, 135, 161, 162, 231.
Scisma d’Oriente, 210, 211.
Sciti, 89.
Scizia, 83, 264.
Scolares, 198.
Scoti, 231.
Scrinia, 196-97.
Seleucia, 87, 143.
Selinunte, 55.
Senato (Il), composizione, 31-32; e la elezione imperiale, 3; e Galba, 1; e
Ottone, 6; e Vitellio, 10; nella guerra civile del 69-70 e Vespasiano, 17;
riforma di Vespasiano, 23 sgg.; conseguenze, 25, 30; e Domiziano, 30,
34; e l’elezione di Nerva, 39-40; e Traiano, 41-42, 46-47; e Adriano 58-59,
62; e Antonino Pio, 84; e M. Aurelio, 91; sua importanza nell’Impero, 99-
100; menomazione dei suoi poteri sotto Commodo, 102; restaurazione dei
suoi privilegi con Pertinace, 103; e Settimio Severo, 108, 110, 111, 113-
114, 117, 119-120; e Caracalla, 123; e Macrino, 125; restaurazione
senatoria sotto Severo Alessandro, 127 sgg.; dopo la morte di Alessandro,
132 sgg.; dopo la morte di Aureliano, 142; e Tacito, 142; e Probo, 143;
dopo Diocleziano, 166, 197; il S. costantinopolitano e Giuliano l’Apostata,
222; il S. romano e Ricimero, 268.
Senecione, congiura contro Costantino, 185.
Sens (in Gallia), 216.
Servitù della gleba, 245-46.
Settimio Severo (L.), origini e carattere, 107; acclamato imperatore dalle
legioni di Pannonia, 104; sconfigge Didio Giuliano, 108; e il Senato, 108,
110, 111; scioglie la Guardia del Pretorio, 108; fa suo collega Clodio
Albino, 108-9; sconfigge Pescennio Nigro, 109; si fa adottare da M.
Aurelio, 109; sconfigge Clodio Albino, 111; carattere del suo governo, 111
sgg., 118 sgg.; e l’ordine equestre, 113, 114; e l’esercito, 113, 114; guerra
coi Parti (197-98), 114 sgg.; in Oriente, 115; editto sui Cristiani, 115; fa
colleghi all’impero i figliuoli, 118; in Britannia (208), 118; guerreggia in
Caledonia, 118; muore (4 febbraio 211), 118; sua Corte, 118-119.
Severo Alessandro (M. Aurelio), figliuolo di Mamea, 125; collega di
Eliogabalo, 127; imperatore unico, 127; carattere del suo governo, 127
sgg.; guerra persiana, 129-30; guerra germanica, 130-31; ucciso (235),
131.
Severo (Fl. Valerio), Cesare (305), 177; Augusto (306), 179; costretto ad
abdicare (307), 180; deposto, 180-81.
Sicilia, nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; attaccata da Genserico, 263,
267.
Sigerico, re dei Visigoti, 259.
Siliqua (κέρατιον), 186.
Singara, 218.
Sinodi dionisiaci, 72.
Sinodo di Alessandria, 192.
Siria, nella seconda metà del II sec. d. C., 73-74; insorge (161), 87; invasa
dai Persiani (231), 129; (254-60), 135; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163;
sedizione contro Diocleziano, 175; assegnata a Massimino Daio (311),
182; a Costanzo (335), 202.
Sirmio, 164, 208, 219.
Siscia (Sisech), battaglia, 240.
Soemia, nipote di Giulia Mesa, 125; madre di Eliogabalo, 125.
Sofene, 13.
Solidus, 186.
Spagna, si dichiara per Vitellio, 6; latinizzazione, 24; famiglie spagnole
nell’ordine senatorio ed equestre, 24; riceve il ius Latii (74), 26; nella metà
del II sec. d. C., 66-67; città principali, 66-67; invasa dai Mauri, 91; dai
Franchi, 137; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; assegnata a Costantino II
(335), 202; invasa da Alani, Svevi e Vandali, 257-58, 259.
Sparta, 137.
Stazio Prisco, generale romano in Oriente, 87.
Stilicone, origine, 249-50; magister militum e tutore di Onorio, 249; dissidio
con Rufino, 250; combatte Alarico in Grecia, 250, 251; conflitto con
l’Impero d’Oriente, 251, 254; suo governo in Occidente, 252 sgg.;
sconfigge Alarico (402-403), 253; e Radagaiso (405), 253; trattative con
Alarico, 254; congiura contro St., 255; morte (23 agosto 408), 255.
Stymphalos (L.), 70.
Sulpiciano, suocero di Pertinace, 104.
Svetonio (Paulino), generale Ottoniano, padre dello storico, 8; batte a
Locus Castorum le milizie vitelliane, 8; nell’ultimo Consiglio di guerra di
Ottone, 8.
Svevi, 34, 254, 257.

Tacito (lo storico), 43.

Tacito (M. Claudio), imperatore eletto dal senato (275-76), 142; ucciso,
142.
Tarragona, 66.
Teatro di Marcello, 26.
Tempio di Nettuno (a Mantinea), 71; di Giunone (ad Argo), 71. V.
Panhellenion; di Venere e di Roma (a Roma), 72, 75.
Teodorico, re dei Visigoti, muore nella battaglia dei Campi Catalauni (451),
265.
Teodorico, re dei Visigoti, fa proclamare imperatore Avito, 267, 268;
guerreggiato da Maioriano, 268.
Teodosio I il Grande, figliuolo di Flavio Teodosio, 231; combatte in
Pannonia, 231; in Oriente, 235; imperatore (19 gennaio 379), 235; politica
religiosa, 236, 237; sconfigge l’usurpatore Massimo (388), 239-40; e S.
Ambrogio, 240-241; sconfigge l’usurpatore Eugenio (394), 242; sua morte
(17 gennaio 395), 243; divisione dell’impero, 249; giudizio sull’opera sua,
243.
Teodosio II, figliuolo di Arcadio e imperatore d’Oriente (408), 254; suo
governo, 260-61; guerra persiana (422), 260; unifica l’Impero (423), 260;
pace con Attila, 264; muore (450), 264.
Tertulliano, 99, 154.
Tessaglia, 264.
Tessalonica, 70, 97, 241, 250.
Tetrarchia (La), 163 sgg.; suo carattere politico e religioso, 164 sgg.
Tetrico, un usurpatore, 141.
Tezzio Giuliano, generale di Domiziano contro i Daci, 34.
Thervingi, 232.
Tiana, 141.
Tilsafata (in Mesopotamia), 230.
Tiranni (I Trenta), 137.
Tiridate, re d’Armenia, 162, 173.
Tiro, 208.
Titinio Capitone, segretario di Traiano, 47.
Tito figliuolo di Vespasiano, 13; collega di Vespasiano all’Impero (riceve la
potestà tribunizia), 19; console (71), 19; sua importanza nel governo di
Vespasiano, 20; comandante dei pretoriani, 21; eletto imperatore dal
Senato, 28; suo governo (79-81), 28.
Tolosa, 65, 258.
Torrismondo, 265.
Tracia, 22; nella tetrarchia dioclezianea, 163; assegnata a Licinio, 190; a
Dalmazio (335), 202, 208; invasa dai Goti (323), 190; (365), 231; (377),
233, 234; da Alarico (395), 250; da Attila (447), 264.
Traiano (M. Ulpio), origini, 43; governatore in Germania e collega di Nerva
(97), 40; rimane in Germania (97-99), 41; e il senato, 41-42; guerre
daciche (101-2, 105-6), 44 sgg.; conquista e colonizza la Dacia (45-46),
sua amministrazione civile, 46 sgg.; lavori pubblici, 47; e i provinciali, 47-
48; e le Istituzioni alimentari, 48; e i Cristiani, 50 sgg.; guerre in Oriente
(114-16), 52 sgg.; adotta Adriano, 58; sua morte (agosto 117), 55;
carattere del suo governo, 41, 46 sgg.
Treviri (città), 164, 216.
Treviri, popoli della Gallia, insurrezione, 18.
Turcilingi, 265.

Ulpiano (giureconsulto), 119.

Unni, stirpe e origine, 232; si gettano sui Goti, 233; sconfiggono Valente
ad Adrianopoli (9 agosto 378), 234; nelle guerre civili romane, 260, 262;
disfacimento dell’Impero unno, 266. V. Attila.

Valente, fratello di Valentiniano I, assume il governo dell’Oriente, 230;

accoglie i Visigoti al di qua del Danubio (377), 233; sua disfatta e sua
morte (9 agosto 378), 234.
Valentiniano I, imperatore (28 marzo 364), 230; divide l’Impero con
Valente, 230; leggi di tolleranza religiosa, 230; muore (novembre 375),
232.
Valentiniano II, figlio di Valentiniano I, imperatore, 233; e Massimo, 238;
sua politica religiosa, 238-39; fugge in Oriente (387), 239; conversione al
cattolicismo, 239; ristabilito sul trono (388), 240; ucciso (15 maggio 392),
242.
Valentiniano III, figliuolo di Galla Placidia e di Costanzio, 260; Augusto,
260, 261; accordi coi Vandali (435), 263; (442), 264; uccide Ezio (454),
266; sua morte (16 marzo 455), 266.
Valeriano (P. Licinio), censore, 134; governatore della Germania, 135;
imperatore (253), 135; divide l’Impero, 135-136; perseguita i Cristiani, 135;
guerra persiana, 136; sua prigionia (259?) e morte, 136.
Vallia, re dei Visigoti, riceve la Gallia Meridionale, 259.
Vallum Hadriani, in Britannia, 66; in Africa, 68.
Vandali, invadono l’Italia, 139; sconfitti da Aureliano (271), 139; invadono
la Gallia, 254; la Spagna, 257-58, 259, 261; in Africa. V. Genserico.
Vandalusia, 258.
Vero (L. Elio), figliuolo di L. Ceionio Commodo Vero, 77; adottato da
Antonino Pio, 77; imperatore con M. Aurelio, 85; contro i Parti, 87; invade
la Media, 87; muore, 94.
Verona, battaglia (403), 253.
Vespasiano (T. Flavio), sua origine, 19; all’assedio di Gerusalemme, 11-
12; eletto imperatore (69), 14; suo piano contro Vitellio, 13-14;
riconosciuto dal senato e lex de imperio, 17; si associa il figlio Tito, 19;
riforme militari, 20-21; finanziarie, 21 sgg.; censore (73), 23; riforma del
senato, 23 sgg.; opere militari, 26; colonie militari, 26; e la religione, 27; e
la coltura, 27; muore (24 giugno 79), 27; carattere del suo governo, 26
sgg.
Vetranione, 212.
Via Scironia, 71.
Vicarii, 168.
Vicennalia (I), 175.
Victuali, 89.
Vienna (in Gallia), 65.
Villa Tiburtina, 72, 77.
Vindice. V. Giulio.
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