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 JAVA
sixth

six ition
'The best book for my first year edition

ed
programming students.'

th
Gary Hill, The University of Northampton

JAVA
s
'It is really hard to fault it or find a better book.'

t
Ken Chisholm, Edinburgh Napier University

e n
'An excellent rewarding introduction to

d
Java programming.’
FOR

t u
Dr Simon Jones, University of Stirling

S
If you are new to computer programming then this book is for you! Starting from
scratch, it assumes no prior knowledge of programming and is written in a simple,
direct style for maximum clarity.

FOR
This sixth edition of Java for Students has been fully updated to include the new
features of Java 6.0. The authors’ GUI-based approach helps students to build their
programming skills by producing exciting and dynamic graphical output.

Students
Key features
 A focus on applications and GUI development with Swing.
 Graphics are used from the start to promote interest and enjoyment and
to illustrate programming principles.
 UML 2.0 is used for modelling and design.
 A wealth of exercises and self-test questions with solutions.

Check out the companion website for the book at www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell

to find additional resources for both students and instructors.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Douglas Bell and Mike Parr have many years experience teaching programming
in the UK. They have written a number of programming books, including the
bestselling Java for Students, Visual Basic for Students and C# for Students. They
continue to teach and learn about programming with enthusiasm.
BELL
Cover illustration by Gary Thompson

&
PARR

www.pearson-books.com
DOUGLAS BELL & MIKE PARR
CVR_BELL1221_06_SE_CVRindd 1 4/2/10 14:11:38
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page i

Java for
Students

Visit the Java for Students, sixth edition Companion Website

at www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell to find valuable student
learning material including:
n How to download Java 6.0
n Programs from the book
n An extra chapter on Java network programming
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page ii

We work with leading authors to develop the

strongest educational materials in computing,
bringing cutting-edge thinking and best
learning practice to a global market.

Under a range of well-known imprints, including

Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and
electronic publications which help readers to
understand and apply their content, whether
studying or at work.

To find out more about the complete range of our

publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page iii

Java
for Students
DOUGLAS BELL
MIKE PARR

Sixth edition
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page iv

Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at:

www.pearsoned.co.uk

Sixth edition published 2010

© Prentice Hall Europe 1998

© Pearson Education Limited 2001, 2010

The rights of Douglas Bell and Mike Parr to be identified

as authors of this work have been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission
of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,
London EC1N 8TS.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any
trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership
rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with
or endorsement of this book by such owners.

ISBN: 978-0-273-73122-1

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bell, Doug, 1944–
Java for students / Douglas Bell, Mike Parr. – 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-273-73122-1 (pbk.)
1. Java (Computer program language) I. Parr, Mike, 1949– II. Title.
QA76.73.J38B45 2010
005.13′3–dc22
2009051149

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10

Typeset in 9.75/12pt Galliard by 35

Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset

The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.

A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page v

Contents

Detailed contents vii

Introduction xix
Guided tour xxiv

1 The background to Java 1

2 First programs 8
3 Using graphics methods 22
4 Variables and calculations 35
5 Methods and parameters 60
6 Using objects 88
7 Selection 115
8 Repetition 152
9 Writing classes 171
10 Inheritance 194
11 Calculations 210
12 Array lists 228
13 Arrays 242
14 Arrays – two dimensional 265
15 String manipulation 278
16 Exceptions 301
17 Files and console applications 318
18 Object-oriented design 348
19 Program style 369

v
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page vi

vi Contents

20 Testing 383
21 Debugging 397
22 Threads 406
23 Interfaces 416
24 Programming in the large – packages 426
25 Polymorphism 432
26 Java in context 441

Appendices 454

Index 522
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page vii

Detailed contents

Introduction xix
Guided tour xxiv

1 The background to Java 1

The history of Java 1
The main features of Java 2
What is a program? 3
Programming principles 5
Programming pitfalls 5
Summary 6
Exercises 6
Answers to self-test questions 7

2 First programs 8
Introduction 8
Integrated development environments 9
Files and folders 9
Creating a Java program 10
The libraries 13
Demystifying the program 14
Objects, methods: an introduction 15
Classes: an analogy 16
Using a text field 17
Programming principles 19
Programming pitfalls 19
Grammar spot 20

vii
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page viii

viii Detailed contents

New language elements 20

Summary 20
Exercises 21
Answers to self-test questions 21

3 Using graphics methods 22

Introduction 22
Events 22
The button-click event 24
The graphics coordinate system 25
Explanation of the program 25
Methods for drawing 27
Drawing with colours 28
Creating a new program 28
The sequence concept 29
Adding meaning with comments 31
Programming principles 31
Programming pitfalls 32
Grammar spot 32
New language elements 32
Summary 32
Exercises 32
Answers to self-test questions 33

4 Variables and calculations 35

Introduction 35
The nature of int 36
The nature of double 36
Declaring variables 37
The assignment statement 41
Calculations and operators 41
The arithmetic operators 42
The % operator 45
Joining strings with the + operator 46
Converting between strings and numbers 47
Message dialogs and input dialogs 49
Formatting text in dialogs with \n 51
Converting between numbers 52
Constants: using final 53
The role of expressions 54
Programming principles 55
Programming pitfalls 55
Grammar spot 56
New language elements 56
Summary 57
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page ix

Detailed contents ix

Exercises 57
Answers to self-test questions 59

5 Methods and parameters 60

Introduction 60
Writing your own methods 61
A first method 62
Calling a method 64
Passing parameters 64
Formal and actual parameters 66
A triangle method 67
Local variables 70
Name clashes 71
Event-handling methods and main 72
return and results 73
Building on methods: drawHouse 76
Building on methods: areaHouse 78
this and objects 79
Overloading 80
Programming principles 81
Programming pitfalls 82
Grammar spot 82
New language elements 83
Summary 83
Exercises 83
Answers to self-test questions 86

6 Using objects 88
Introduction 88
Instance variables 89
Instantiation: using constructors with new 92
The Random class 92
The main method and new 97
The Swing toolkit 98
Events 98
Creating a JButton 99
Guidelines for using objects 101
The JLabel class 101
The JTextField class 103
The JPanel class 104
The Timer class 104
The JSlider class 106
The ImageIcon class – moving an image 109
Programming principles 111
Programming pitfalls 112
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page x

x Detailed contents

Grammar spot 112

New language elements 112
Summary 112
Exercises 112
Answers to self-test questions 114

7 Selection 115
Introduction 115
The if statement 116
if...else 118
Comparison operators 121
Multiple events 129
And, or, not 131
Nested ifs 134
switch 136
Boolean variables 139
Comparing strings 143
Programming principles 143
Programming pitfalls 143
Grammar spot 145
New language elements 146
Summary 146
Exercises 147
Answers to self-test questions 149

8 Repetition 152
Introduction 152
while 153
for 158
And, or, not 159
do...while 161
Nested loops 163
Combining control structures 164
Programming principles 165
Programming pitfalls 165
Grammar spot 166
New language elements 166
Summary 167
Exercises 167
Answers to self-test questions 169

9 Writing classes 171

Introduction 171
Designing a class 172
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xi

Detailed contents xi

Classes and files 175

private variables 177
public methods 177
The get and set methods 179
Constructors 180
Multiple constructors 181
private methods 182
Scope rules 184
Operations on objects 185
Object destruction 186
static methods 186
static variables 187
Programming principles 188
Programming pitfalls 189
Grammar spot 190
New language elements 190
Summary 191
Exercises 191
Answers to self-test questions 193

10 Inheritance 194
Introduction 194
Using inheritance 195
protected 196
Scope rules 197
Additional items 197
Overriding 198
Class diagrams 198
Inheritance at work 199
super 200
Constructors 200
final 203
Abstract classes 204
Programming principles 205
Programming pitfalls 206
New language elements 207
Summary 207
Exercises 208
Answers to self-test questions 209

11 Calculations 210
Introduction 210
Library mathematical functions and constants 211
Formatting numbers 211
Case study – money 214
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xii

xii Detailed contents

Case study – iteration 217

Graphs 218
Exceptions 222
Programming principles 223
Programming pitfalls 223
Summary 223
Exercises 224
Answer to self-test question 227

12 Array lists 228

Introduction 228
Creating an array list and generics 229
Adding items to a list 229
The length of a list 230
Indices 231
Displaying an array list 231
The enhanced for statement 232
Using index values 233
Removing items from an array list 234
Inserting items within an array list 235
Lookup 235
Arithmetic on an array list 236
Searching 238
Programming principles 239
Programming pitfalls 240
New language elements 240
Summary 240
Exercises 241
Answers to self-test questions 241

13 Arrays 242
Introduction 242
Creating an array 244
Indices 245
The length of an array 247
Passing arrays as parameters 247
The enhanced for statement 248
Using constants with arrays 249
Initializing an array 250
A sample program 251
Lookup 253
Searching 254
Arrays of objects 256
Programming principles 257
Programming pitfalls 258
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xiii

Detailed contents xiii

Grammar spot 259

Summary 259
Exercises 260
Answers to self-test questions 263

14 Arrays – two dimensional 265

Introduction 265
Declaring an array 266
Indices 267
The size of an array 268
Passing arrays as parameters 269
Using constants with two-dimensional arrays 269
Initializing an array 270
A sample program 271
Programming principles 272
Programming pitfalls 273
Summary 273
Exercises 274
Answers to self-test questions 277

15 String manipulation 278

Introduction 278
Using strings – a recap 279
The characters within strings 280
A note on the char type 280
The String class 281
The String class methods 281
Comparing strings 283
Amending strings 285
Examining strings 286
String conversions 289
String parameters 291
An example of string processing 291
String case study – Frasier 292
Programming principles 296
Programming pitfalls 297
Grammar spot 297
New language elements 297
Summary 298
Exercises 298
Answer to self-test question 300

16 Exceptions 301
Introduction 301
Exceptions and objects 303
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xiv

xiv Detailed contents

When to use exceptions 304

The jargon of exceptions 304
A try–catch example 304
try and scopes 307
The search for a catcher 308
Throwing – an introduction 309
Exception classes 310
Compilation and checked exceptions 310
Catching – the common cases 312
Using the exception class structure 314
Programming principles 314
Programming pitfalls 315
Grammar spot 315
New language elements 315
Summary 316
Exercises 316
Answers to self-test questions 317

17 Files and console applications 318

Introduction 318
File access: stream or random? 319
The essentials of streams 319
The Java I/O classes 320
The BufferedReader and PrintWriter classes 320
File output 321
File input 324
File searching 327
The File class 331
The JFileChooser class 333
Console I/O 336
The System class 336
Using JOptionPane 338
A console example: Finder 338
Reading from a remote site 340
Command-line arguments 342
Programming principles 344
Programming pitfalls 344
Grammar spot 344
New language elements 344
Summary 345
Exercises 346
Answers to self-test questions 347

18 Object-oriented design 348

Introduction 348
The design problem 349
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xv

Detailed contents xv

Identifying objects and methods 349

Case study in design 354
Looking for reuse 360
Composition or inheritance? 361
Guidelines for class design 365
Summary 366
Exercises 367
Answers to self-test questions 368

19 Program style 369

Introduction 369
Program layout 370
Names 370
Classes 371
Comments 372
Javadoc 373
Constants 373
Methods 374
Nested ifs 375
Nested loops 378
Complex conditions 379
Documentation 381
Consistency 381
Programming pitfalls 382
Summary 382
Exercises 382

20 Testing 383
Introduction 383
Program specifications 384
Exhaustive testing 385
Black box (functional) testing 385
White box (structural) testing 388
Inspections and walkthroughs 390
Stepping through code 391
Incremental development 391
Programming principles 392
Summary 392
Exercises 393
Answers to self-test questions 394

21 Debugging 397
Introduction 397
Debugging without a debugger 399
Using a debugger 400
Common errors – compilation errors 401
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xvi

xvi Detailed contents

Common errors – run-time errors 402

Common errors – logic errors 403
Common errors – misunderstanding the language 403
Summary 405
Answer to self-test question 405

22 Threads 406
Introduction 406
Threads 407
Starting a thread 411
Thread dying 412
join 412
The state of a thread 412
Scheduling, thread priorities and yield 413
Programming principles 414
Summary 414
Exercises 415
Answers to self-test questions 415

23 Interfaces 416
Introduction 416
Interfaces for design 416
Interfaces and interoperability 419
Interfaces and the Java library 420
Multiple interfaces 421
Interfaces versus abstract classes 423
Programming principles 423
Programming pitfalls 423
Grammar spot 424
New language elements 424
Summary 424
Exercises 424
Answers to self-test questions 425

24 Programming in the large – packages 426

Introduction 426
Using classes and the import statement 426
Creating packages using the package statement 427
Packages, files and folders 428
Scope rules 429
The Java library packages 429
Programming pitfalls 430
New language elements 430
Summary 430
Exercise 430
Answers to self-test questions 431
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xvii

Detailed contents xvii

25 Polymorphism 432
Introduction 432
Polymorphism in action 433
Programming principles 437
Programming pitfalls 438
New language elements 438
Summary 439
Exercises 439

26 Java in context 441

Introduction 441
Simple 442
Object oriented 442
Platform independence (portability) 442
Performance 443
Security 444
Open source 446
The versions of Java 446
Java capabilities 447
Java libraries 447
Java beans 447
Databases – JDBC 448
Java and the Internet 449
Java and the World Wide Web 450
The opposition: Microsoft’s .NET platform 451
JavaScript 452
Conclusion 453
Summary 453
Exercises 453

Appendices
A Java libraries 454
B The Abstract Window Toolkit 496
C Applets 500
D Glossary 504
E Rules for names 506
F Keywords 507
G Scope rules (visibility) 508
H Bibliography 511
I Installing and using Java 513

Index 522
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xviii

Supporting resources

Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell to find valuable online resources:

Companion Website for students

n How to download Java 6.0
n Programs from the book
n An extra chapter on Java network programming

For instructors
n PowerPoint slides
n How to use this book as part of a course

For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales
representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xix

Introduction

• What this book will tell you

This book explains how to write Java programs that run either as independent appli-
cations or as applets (part of a web page).

• This book is for novices

If you have never done any programming before – if you are a complete novice – this
book is for you. This book assumes no prior knowledge of programming. It starts from
scratch. It is written in a simple, direct style for maximum clarity. It is aimed primarily
at first-year undergraduates at universities and colleges, but it is also suitable for novices
studying alone.

• Why Java?
Java is probably one of the best programming languages to learn and use because of the
following features.

Java is small and beautiful

The designers of Java have deliberately left out all the superfluous features of program-
ming languages; they cut the design to the bone. The result is a language that has all
the necessary features, combined in an elegant and logical way. The design is lean and
mean. It is easy to learn, but powerful.

Java is object oriented

Object-oriented languages are the latest and most successful approach to programming.
Object-oriented programming is the most popular approach to programming. Java is

xix
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waite on them. 2 or 3 days must not breake square wᵗʰ us; but they are deceaved to think we intend
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our whole fleet for one month, and victualld compleat for 2 months, and mand I beleive thoroughout
yᵉ fleet, not 500 wanting. I rather think, in a day or two longer, we may have 1000
supernumeraryes. A very worthy brave fleet, I think, as ever were together. God give us couragious
hearts, and then I beleive they may be ventured.
I hope all my loveing relations at Rederif and Wapping are in health, to whome present my love
and saluts. I expect to heare from the by the yacht wᶜʰ I sent my last letter by, Captain Burstow,
Comander.[b] I blesse God I am now in good health, though 5 or 6 days since, and when we were
going to fight the Dutch, I had such a paine in my right arme that could not use it but very litle; but
now, thanke God, am very well. My deare Betty, I have only to add my saluts to thyselfe wᵗʰ my
daughter; doe remaine thyne till death us part,
Richard Haddock.
This I intended thee by Capt. Poole, but was gone ere I could put it on bord him; therfore doe
send it by the post. I recᵈ last night broʳ Thornbrugh’s letter, 23 instant, by yᵉ Dreadnought’s
Leivetenᵗ. He wrights me of thy health, and yᵗ I shall recᵉ a letter from the by yᵉ Hatton ketch.
I am thyne,
R. Haddock.
26 May, ’72.

[a] Sir William Poole, distinguished by his share in the reduction of Tobago, this year.
[b] William Bustow or Burstow, commanding the Mary yacht.

Copy of Captain Richard Haddock’s[a] Account, given his Royal Highness the
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In obedience to your Royal Highness’s commands, I here humbly present to your view a brief
narrative of our actions on board the Royal James, the 28th May last past, as followeth:
Upon signal from our scouts of the Dutch fleet’s approach (betwixt 3 and 4, the wind E. by S.), we
put our ships immediately into a fighting posture, brought our cable to the capston, and heaft a peak
of our anchor, which, upon firing a gun and loosing foretop-sail of your Royal Highness’s ship, we
presently weighed, and afterwards lay kedging with our headsails at the mast till our anchor was up;
which done (steered N.E. by N.), we made sail and stood off, with our signal abroad for the
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permit. But, finding myself one of the weathermost ships, I bore to leeward till I had brought
ourselves in a line; the Vice Admiral and part of his division right a head, the Rear Admˡ and his right
astern; only two or three frigates to leeward, and so near, one of them within call. The Dutch
squadron, Van Ghent, attacked us in the body and rear very smartly, and let the van go ahead
sometime without engaging them, so far as I could perceive. We engaged about an hour and an half
very smartly. When the Dutch found that they could do no good on us with their men of war, they
attacked us with two fire ships, the first of which we fired with our shott, the second disabled by
shooting down his yards. Before which time I had sent our barge, by my Lord’s[c] command, ahead
to Sir Joseph Jordaine,[d] to tack, and with his division to weather the Dutch that were upon us and
beat them down to leeward of us, and come to our assistance. Our pinnace I sent likewise astern
(both coxswains living) to command our ships to come to our assistance; which never returned, but
were on board several who endeavoured it but could not effect it.
About two hours after we engaged we were boarded athwart hawse by one of their men of war,
notwithstanding our endeavours to prevent him by wearing our ship two or three points from the
wind to have taken him alongside. When he had been athwart our hawse some short time, my Lord
would have had me boarded him with our men and taken him, which I refused to do by giving him
my reason that it would be very disadvantageous to us: first, that I must have commanded our men
from our guns, having then I believe 300 men killed and wounded, and could not expect but to lose
100 in taking him; secondly, had we so done, we could not have cut him loose from us, by reason
the tide of flood bound him fast; and, thirdly, had we plyed our guns slowly by taking away our men,
we had given cause to the enemy to believe we had been disabled, and consequently more of them
would have boarded us, which might possibly have overpressed us, and would have been more
dishonour to have lost her by that means than being at last burnt;—so that my Lord was satisfied
with my reasons, and resolved we should cuff it out to the last man, still in expectation of
assistance.
About 10 o’clock Van Ghent himself, finding those his other flags could do no good upon us, nor
the party with them, came up with us himself, we having lost the conduct of our ship. He ranged
along our side, gave us a smart volley of small shot and his broadside, which we returned to him
with our middle and lower tier, our upper guns almost all disabled, the men killed at them. He
passed ahead of us and brought his ship too to leeward, and there lay till I was gone off the deck.
Some short time after, Sir Joseph Jordaine (our barge having been with him and given him my
Lord’s commands) passed by us very unkindly to windward, with how many followers of his division I
remember not, and took no notice at all of us; which made me call to mind his saying to your Royal
Highness, when he received his commission, that he would stand betwixt you and danger; which I
gave my Lord account of, and did beleive by his acting yourself might be, in his view, in greater
danger than we, which made my Lord answer me: “We must do our best to defend ourselves alone.”
About 12 o’clock I was shot in the foot with a small shot, I supposed out of Van Ghent’s main top,
which pressed me after a small time to go down to be dressed. I gave my Lord account of it, and
resolved to go up again as soon as was dressed. In the mean time, when I went off the deck, sent
up both Sir Charles[e] and Lieutenant Mayo[f] to stand by my Lord; and, as soon as I came down,
remembring the flood was done, sent up to my Lord to desire him to command the ship to anchor by
the stern, which was immediately done; and, after we had brought up, the ship athwart our hawse
fell away, and being entangled with our rigging our men boarded and took her, cut her loose from
us, and, at my Lord’s command, returned all aboard again. Upon which I, hearing the ship was
loose, sent up to my Lord that the cable might be cut and the ship brought to sail before the wind,
and loose our mainsail; which was presently done. Then my Lord sent me his thanks for my advice,
and withall doubted not but to save the ship. At that time the surgeon was cutting off the shattered
flesh and tendons of my toe; and immediately after we were boarded by the fatal fire ship that burnt
us.
 [a] The MS., which is a modern transcript, has “Sir Richard Haddock;” but he was not knighted
until 1675, and therefore, for uniformity, the title is suppressed.
[b] The blue squadron.
[c] Earl of Sandwich.
[d] Sir Joseph Jordan, Vice-Admiral of the Blue. See a defence of his conduct, as described in
this letter, in Charnock’s Biographia Navalis.
[e] Sir Charles Harbord, who served as a volunteer and perished.
[f] Thomas Mayo. He was one of the few who escaped from the Royal James.

Captain Richard Haddock to his Wife.

On bord the R. Charles, this 29th May, 1673; 7 leagues of

Oostend.

My dearest Love,
These are to give the an accᵗ of God’s goodnes to me. I am very well and in health, praised be His
name therfore. Yesterday, the 28th instant (yᵉ same day twelve month they atacqued us in Sowle
bay), we atacqued the Dutch fleet, consisting of 74 or 76 men of warr and 20 fire ships, as the
Dutch prisoners informe us. We set upon them in the Schoon Velt, the wind at W.N.Wᵗ., but changed
to yᵉ N.N.E. in the bataile towards evening. We buoyed the outward banks wᵗʰ our smacks and
ketches, and had a smart brush with them from 12 at noone as long as daylight lasted. The damage
we have done them we certainly know not. Severall of ther ships we disabled, wᶜʰ we forced into
leewards. Trump, whose squadron we ingaged wᵗʰ ours, shifted his ship once, if not twice. What
number of men we have lost in the fleet not yet know; I believe not 500. In our ship not above 20,
as I can learne; some mortality wounded, others dismembred. Amongst our dead men is poore Capt.
Wasey, who first lost his arme close to his shoulder, and about 6 howers after dyed of his wounds.
My brother Joseph very well; was wᵗʰ me last night after yᵉ bataile. My unckle Richard very well: he
hath burnt his ship; was faire to burne De Rutter within his length, when they shote his masts about
his eares; for wᶜʰ indeavoured service yᵉ Prince[a] hath given him one hundred pounds, and gratified
also his oficers, &c. I supose we shall not atacque them in that place againe. Our greatest care was
to keepe cleere of the sands in that narrow hole. Our ship, so tender with a saile that we fought wᵗʰ
the watter some tymes comeing into our lower tire of ports, wᶜʰ was very disadvantagious, could not
do that service intended by us.
There is severall Capᵗˢ killed that we have already an account of; I hope no more. Capt. Finch in
the Yorke, Capt. Tempest in the Sweepestakes, Capt. Fowles in the Lyon; and Capt. Werden, in the
Heneretta, mortality wounded.[b] We have severall of our ships shattered, not above two disabled,
and none, as I heare of, lost, but 2 or 2 fire ships burnt.
We ride now wᵗʰin 3 leagues of the Dutch fleete; they ride in the place we atacqued them in, and
we in our former birth, only about 2 leagues further of the shore. How soone we shall fight them
againe cannot resolve, but in yᵉ place they now ride I iudge we shall not atacque them a second
tyme. I beleive the Prince may shift his ship and goe into some other; but of yᵗ in my next.
I desire that thanks and prayes may be returned to Almighty God for his preservation of me. My
humble duty to my deare mother; loving saluts to my brothers and sisters, and all my deare
relations. God in mercy blesse and preserve them all, and send us a joyfull meeteing. Wᵗʰ my intire
love and saluts to thee wᵗʰ my daughter and litle Dickee, I remaine
Thine, till death us part,
 Richard Haddock.
We have a rumor that Capt. Trevanion[c] is killed, comdᵍ the Dreadnought; but I hope it is not
true.

[a] Rupert.
[b] William Finch, third son of Thomas, first Earl of Winchilsea; John Tempest, Thomas Foules,
and Robert Werden. The last was not killed in this action, according to Charnock, Biogr. Navalis.
[c] Richard Trevanion. He was not killed. He followed James II. into exile.

The same to the same.

Yet on bord yᵉ R. Charles, this 31 May, 1673.

My deare Betty,
I wrote the two dayes since of God’s goodnes to mee in oʳ late bataile. I gave the accᵗ of Capt.
Trevanions suposed to be killed, but he is well; and allso Capt. Courtney,[a] wᶜʰ was reported to be
killed, is alive and well. Capt. Worden is since dead of his wounds.[b] We are now shifting ships,
goeing on bord the London; the reason I gave in my last. Sʳ Jnᵒ Harman[c] goes from the London
into the Sovraigne, and Capt. Hayward[d] out ye Sovraigne into this ship. It is no smal trouble to me
to part from this brave ship; her only fault is she is tender sided, in all respects otherwayes the best
ship in the world.
My deare, I am very well; My broʳ Joseph and unckle Richard likewise. The Prince in good health,
and our fleet prepareing for another incounter, if the Dutch comes out. My deare, I am thyne till
death,
Richard Haddock.
Pray, if Comʳ Deane[e] be not in towne, send forward the inclosed to Portsmᵒ.

[a] Francis Courtney. He fell in the action with the Dutch on the 11th August of this year.
[b] This is denied. (See above, p. 20, note b.)
[c] Became Vice-Admiral of the Red, on the death of Sir Edward Spragge, this year.
[d] John Hayward. He fell in the action of 11th August, this year.
[e] Anthony Deane, Commissioner of the Navy at Portsmouth.

The same to the same.

R. Charles, rideing Nᵒ, 7 leagues from Oostend, this 1st June,

1673; Sonday.

My deare Betty,
Wee ride in sight of our neighbours the Dutch, not above 3 in 4 leagues distant. This morning they
were under saile; we thought they would have come of to us. We put ourselves in a posture to recᵉ
them. They have now the wind of us, being easterly; and may come out if they please. This morning
we have accᵗ from a good hand from Oostend yᵗ they sent in 6 or 7 disabled ships to Flushing, two
whereof sunck in going in. They likewise sent on shore 400 or 500 wounded men, and, as they
advize from Oostend, comᵈ was given not to speake of the fight at Flushing. So doe beleive, till they
recrute ther strength, we shall not heare of them; however, we are not wanting to prepare ourselves
agᵗ they come. The Swiftsure is this day come to us; had like to have bine snapt Tuesday last by the
Amsterdam squadron yᵗ came into the Schoon Velt tyme enough to fight.
I have but little else to write to thee. Sʳ Roger Strickland sends his hoy to Deptford for watter; and
these goe by Sʳ Ed. Spragg’s yacht, who caryes up one Coll. Hambliton into the River, who lost his
legg on bord us. Pray lett me heare from thee by one or both of them. My humble duty to my deare
mother; love and saluts to all freinds in genˡˡ. Wᵗʰ my deare love to thy selfe, my daughter, and little
Richard, I remayne
Thyne, till death us part,
Richard Haddock.

Journal [of Captain Richard Haddock] in his Majᵗʸˢ ship R. Charles, May,
1673.
Aᵒ. 1673.
May 11. This Sonday morneing, about 7 aclock, we anchored in the Prince’s fleet, to the
westwards of them, about 2 leagues to the westwards of Dongenesse, in 1 fadom watter, yᵉ
lighthouse beareing N.E. by E. This day I went on bord the St. Michell to waite on yᵉ Prince, who
comanded me to weigh and plye up to his ship; but, bloweing so hard, could not.
12. This Monday morneing wind at N.E. and N.E. by N.; blew very hard, and raine some part of
the forenoone; could not weigh.
13. This Tuesday morneing, yᵉ wind at north, we wayed and gote up to the Prince’s ship, the St.
Michel; anchored alongst her side without her. This forenoone his Highnes Prince Rupert came on
bord us, but went of at noone; dyned on bord the R. Prince; after diner returned on bord us. This
day we tooke on bord all the Prince’s retenue and goods, &c.; struck downe some of our gunns into
hold, to recᵉ new ones in ther roomes. All this afternoone yᵉ wind at north; constant rain.
14. This Wedensday we tooke on bord seaverall of the new gunns and mounted them. The wind
this day came round from the N.W. to S.Wᵗ., S.E. and E. by Nᵒ. This day the French fleet apeared in
sight about noone; being litle wind, they anchored short of us about 3 leagues.
15. This Thursday we mounted all the rest of the new gunns; the wind at N.Eᵗ. to E.N.E. Yᵉ French
fleet wayed and plyed towards us; anchored about 4 miles short of us.
16. This Fryday morneing the French fleet weighed and plyed up to us. About 9 a clock this
morneing Monsʳ Conte d’Estrees,[a] ther Admˡˡ, who wore his flagg at yᵉ foretopmast head, being V.
Admˡˡ of Fraunce, past by us about musket shote or somewᵗ more asterne of us; struck his flagg,
lored his topsailes and saluted us, I meane yᵉ Prince, wᵗʰ 13 peece of ordnance; we returned him
eleven in answer. Presantly after Monsʳ Conte d’Estrees came on bord us, to waite on his Highnes yᵉ
Prince. This evening came of from Rye his Majᵗʸ and R. Highnes in there yachts; came on bord us;
stayed about one hower and a halfe, and then returned to the yachts againe after 8 at night.
17. This Satuarday morneing, the wind at N. by E., blowing very fresh, the Prince went on bord
the Cleeveland yacht to waite upon his Majᵗʸ; and about ½ an hower after the King, Duke, and
Prince came on bord this ship. This forenoone we spread a standard in the mizen shrowds, fired a
gunn to call on bord us the flagg oficers. This day the King and Duke dyned on bord us. The wind
hath blowne very hard at N.N.E. and N.E. by N. all day.
18. This Sonday the wind vered to the east and by north, and back to yᵉ N.N.Eᵗ. at night; blew
very fresh all day. This day the King dyned on bord Conte d’Estrees; the standard at maine topmast
head; his flagg struck wᶜʰ he wore at the foretopmast head. This evening the King and Duke supt on
bord us, and at 9 aclock tooke ther leaves of us and went on shore to Rye. This day the noble Lord
Ossory[b] hoysted the Reare Admˡˡ blew flagg on bord the St. Michael.
19. This Monday morning, about 3 aclock, being at anchor still, the wind at E.N.Eᵗ., we designed
to weigh, but, bloweing fresh, we rode fast all this day.
20. This Tuesday, at 3 in the morneing, being alaramed by seavrall gunns from the eastwards, we
fired a gunn and put out a light in the mainetopmast shrowds, our signall of weighing, but did not
weigh by reason of the ebb tyde, the wind being at S.Eᵗ. We had intelligence, by a sloop, of 70 saile
of Hollanders seene on the back of yᵉ Goodwin, and wᵗʰout the Sᵒ Sands Head; but proved to be, by
our 2d intelligence by the litle Greyhound, a fleet of Hamburghers of 26 saile only. This forenoone
we weighed with all the fleet; stood to the southwards; at noone tackt; litle wind. We anchored
about 2 aclock, yᵉ Nesse light howse N. by E., in 21 fadoms, 7 miles distance. This day his Highnes
the Prince dyned on bord the Conte d’Estrees, who struck his flagg as soone as the Prince was on
bord him, and the Prince’s Jack flagg hoysted up at mainetopmast head; and, whilst the Prince
remaind on bord him, his flagg (I meane yᵉ Conte d’Estrees) was kept furld. Towards evening the
Hamburgʳˢ fleet plyed by us to the wᵗwards; gave us many gunns in saluts. Yᵉ wind, since 4 in the
afternoone, at W.S.W. and Wᵗ. This night we rode fast.
21. This 21 day, Wedensday morneing, at 4 aclock, we wayed wᵗʰ the whole fleet; wind at W. by
Nᵒ., a fine fresh gale. By 10 aclock the wind came to yᵉ S.Wᵗ. We steered away on the back of the
Goodwin. About 4, afternoone, we anchored in 10 fadom watter, on the flatts of the Nᵒ Forland, the
lighthouse beareing W. by S. southerly, about 6 miles distant.
22. This Thursday morneing we wayed by 5 aclock; steered away E. by Nᵒ. and E.N.Eᵗ. to goe
cleare of the showld of the Falls;[c] the wind at S.W., a fine gale. After we had gote without ye Falls,
we hauled up E. b. S. and E.S.E.; a fresh gale at S.W. About 4 in the afternoone we made the coast
of Flaunders. At 6, evening, we anchored in 15 fadoms watter, Oostend spire steeples beareing S.E.
by Sᵒ, 5 leagues distant. This evening we saw the Dutch fleet, part of them; they rode in Schonvelt.
Our scout gave us accᵗ they were but 86 saile, the outside, small and great. They wayed and turned
up amongst yᵉ bancks towards the Weelings.
23. This Fryday morneing, by 6 aclock, yᵉ flood being done, we wayed; wind at S.S.W., litle wind.
We stood in; drew our ships into a lyne of batayle. Our squadron ledd the van, the French in the
midle, and yᵉ blew squadron in the reare. We sayled and drove soe farr to the N.E. wards that we
brought Oostend steeples south easterly, about 5 leagues or six leagues of. Anchored in 11 fadom
watter, within the oyster bancks. Yᵉ Dutch fleet, yᵉ nᵒmost, bore E.N.E.; and yᵉ southmost Eᵗ,
southerly from us, about 3 leagues. This night have had but litle wind at S.S.W. and S.Wᵗ.
24. This Satuarday morneing we intended, if the should watter hindred not, to goe in wᵗʰ our fleet
and set upon the Dutch; sending a party of 35 men of warr, 13 fire ships, and 24 tendors ahead of
us, to make the onsett, and we wᵗʰ the whole fleet to have seconded them. But this our intention
was this day prevented by God Almighty’s providence, the wind bloweing very hard at S.W. and
Wᵗ.S.Wᵗ. This morneing came in to the fleet the Soveraigne, Victory, and Dyamond, out of the river
of Thames. Yesterday our scouts gave us accᵗ that yᵉ Dutch fleet, of all sorts that could be told, did
not exceed 84. All this day the wind hath blowne very hard at S.W. and W.S.W.; forct us strick our
yard, and some ships both topmast and yard.
25. This Sonday the wind hath blowne very hard at W.S.Wᵗ.; forct us in yᵉ afternoone to strick our
topmasts and get our sprit-saile yard under the boltsprit. This day severall of the French ships broke
from ther ground tackle, but brought up againe wᵗʰ other anchors and rode fast.
 26. This Monday, in the forenoon, the wind continued bloweing hard at W.S.W., as did also the
night past, but not so violently as the day formerly. In the afternoone the wind dullered. We sett our
topmasts and got up oʳ yards; our neighbours the Dutch did the like also. Toward evening indiferent
faire weather.
27. This Tuesday the wind hath bine from the S.Wᵗ. back to yᵉ S.Eᵗ., wᵗʰ very thick weather, and
then veered to the N.Wᵗ., wᵗʰ some tymes very thick [weather] and raine and wind; all this day very
unconstant weather. This afternoone we spread our red flagg for the severall divissions drawne out
of the fleet to get themselves into a body for the first onsett upon the enemy; but did not weigh
ourselves. Our party out of our squadron anchored to leewards of us, and neere half way betweene
yᵉ Dutch fleet and ours. This day yᵉ standard was spread for the flagg oficers. When come on bord,
twas resolved that tomorrow, about 10 in the morning, the flood being done and faire weather, that
we weigh and atacque the Dutch fleet now rideing in the Schoonvelt, steereing with an easey saile
upon them; and, in case they go in to Flushing, then to anchor in their places; and, that they stand
of into sea, to stand out with them.
28. This Wedensday morneing, being indiferent faire weather, we prepared our ship; gote upp our
sheat anchor, slung our yards, &c. The wind at west, a fresh gale. By 10 aclock we gote up our
anchor, and made sayle. Brave weather; wind at W. b. N. and W.N.Wᵗ. We wᵗʰ our squadron steered
N.E. b. E. wᵗʰ the north end of the Dutch fleet, yᵉ French wᵗʰ the body, and yᵉ blew squadron wᵗʰ the
south part of them. To 11 aclock thay rode most of them fast at anchor, not so much as ther fore
topsailes loose. About 12 at noone we bore downe upon the Dutch and ingaged ther van, and the
French in the body, our blew squadron in the reare. We fought till twas darke, tacking to and againe
in the Schoon Velt. What certaine damage we did the enemy we cannot tell. This night we sailed and
drove out againe; came into 6 fadom watter on yᵉ oyster banck. By day light we were gote 3 leagues
without the Schoon Velt.
29. This Thursday morneing we anchored in 13 fadom watter by our judgement, S. b. Eᵗ. from
Oostend, 6 or 7 leagues of. This day yᵉ Prince called a councill of flagg oficers. Ordered, that yᵉ
respective flaggs call ther divissions on bord and take accᵗ of what damages recᵈ yesterday in the
bataile. This day the wind blew very hard at S.Wᵗ.; forct us to strick our topmasts and yards and
veere out our shot of cable 2½ without bord. This afternoone, about 3 aclock, the Prince sent away
a packet for Whitehall, by whome I wrote for London.
30. This Fryday the wind blew very hard, most part of the day, at S.Wᵗ. and W.S.Wᵗ. Towards
evening lesse wind. We got up our topmasts.
31. This Satuarday forenoone, foggy weather; afternoone, very faire weather; the wind at N.Eᵗ.
This day the Prince tooke resolution to shift shipps, ours being so tender that we could not beare out
our lower tire of gunns in the late bataile.
June 1. This Sonday, yᵉ first day of June, the Dutch fleet many of them were under saile, but
came not out to us. We gote up our anchor and came to saile wᵗʰ all the fleet, but anchored againe
and birth’t our selves in our anchoring posture agreed on, to say: the flaggs to ride N. and south of
each other, 4 cables length distant; and the ships of the severall divissions to ride N.W. and S.E. from
there flaggs, 2 cable length distant of one side and the other; the flagg ships as they are ranged in
ther line of bataile. This day we struck some broken gunns down into hold, and some whole, to the
number of tenn, to stiffen our ship if posible.
2. This Monday the wind blowes very fresh at N.E., and did so all the last night and the day
before. This day the Prince resolved to shift his ship and goe on bord the R. Soveraigne.
3. This Tuesday evening his Highnes the Prince went on bord the Soveraigne. I and Capt. Young[d]
followed him, and this night lay on bord her.
4. This Wedensday morneing, very early, I went on bord the R. Charles to shift the men. Chose
out 250 men to come on bord the Soveraigne.
 [a] Jean, Comte d’Estrées.
[b] Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory.
[c] A long narrow shoal off the North Foreland.
[d] Henry Young.

Journall in the R. Soveraigne, June, 1673.

This 4th day of June, Wedensday, before noone, the Dutch fleet, then rideing in Schoonvelt, all
wayed and came to saile and came out to us. We wayed with our fleet; put ourselves in the best
posture we could; but, makeing saile, we gote ahead next the blew squadron, leaveing most of the
French in the reare, with our Vice Admirall. Betwixt 4 and 5 aclock the Dutch fleet—Trump in the
van, De Rutter in the body—bore downe towards us (the wind at N.Eᵗ., a very fresh gale). We
ingaged till twas darke, more then ½ range of our shot distant. We kept our lufe; they did likewise
the same; would not come close to us. What damage we did them we know not. On our parts we
lost 2 fire ships; shatterd our ships, many of them, in hull, masts, yards, and rigging. Comdʳˢ killed
were: Capt. White of the Warspight, and Capt. Sadleton of the Crowne.[a] What number of men
slaine in the fleet, know not. This night we stood to the northwards with our foresaile and
mainetopsailes only. Most of the Dutch fleet, at 12 aclock at night, tackt away from us; the
remainder tackt after them at 2 aclock.
5. Betwixt 4 and 5 we tackt of after them; stood of wᵗʰ 2 topsailes; put out our Jack flagg. Called
a council of warr to know the condition of our fleet; found our ships to be shatred in our masts and
rigging, not to be repaired in the sea; our powder and shot the greatest part spent in two batailes.
Haveing no shot in the fleet for recrute, twas resolved by the Prince, for the more expedition (sic)
fitting the fleet out againe, to saile for the buoy of the Nore. We tackt; stood in for the shore, seeing
Laistoforland.[b] Stood away alongst the shore, wᵗʰout the sands called Alborough knapes. The wind
at N.E., we steered away S.W. by S., haveing an ebb tyde to goe without the Shipwash.[c] The flood
comeing upon us sett us in so neare yᵉ Sheepewash, that we were within a mile and a halfe of itt.
We hauld of south, and, after we were about that sand, we steered up the Swine.[d] After 8 at night
we anchored in 13 fadom watter, above the Gunflit at least 2 miles. All the fleet likewise anchored.
6. This Fryday morneing the wind came to the S.W.; litle wind. We wayed to plye up, and plyed
the tyde to an end. Anchored about 2 miles belowe the Midle Ground buoy,[e] in 8 fadom watter.
7. This Satuarday, 8 in the morning, we wayed; wind at Wᵗ. and W. b. N. We turned up as high as
the Oase Edge buoy;[f] there anchored and rode all night.
8. This Sonday, wind at east, we wayed and ran up to the buoy of the Nore. There anchored,
about a mile below the buoy.
9. This Monday the wind blew very hard at Eᵗ and E.S.Eᵗ, with raine; forct us to strick our
topmasts and yards. The wind hath blowne very hard all this day, and vered back to the E.N.Eᵗ.
10. This Tuesday, wind came to the north. Slaby weather and cold; bloweing a fresh gale.
11. This Wedensday wind at N.Wᵗ. and north. This day the King and Duke came on bord us. At
night, after they had supt, went on bord ther yachts.
12. This Thursday the wind at Eᵗ to S.Eᵗ. The King came out Sheerenes about noone and dyned on
bord us. This evening his Majᵗʸ and Duke of Yorke tooke there leave of us and went in ther yachts to
London.
 13. This Fryday the wind blew hard at E.N.Eᵗ. This day we were falcely allarum’d by the Holmes
frigᵗᵗ comeing up from the Gunflet wᵗʰ topgalant sails flying and fired gunns, uppon a certaine, or
rather uncertaine, intelligence that 19 or 20 saile of Dutch men of warr were seene wᵗʰout the
Gallaper. All this day it hath blowne very hard, wᵗʰ some raine.
14. This Satuarday morneing, about 5 aclock, his Highnes Prince Rupert went up the river in our
barge for Black Heath. The wind at S.Eᵗ. This day Sʳ John Harman, upon the receipt of a packet from
Whitehall, called a councill of warr. There ordered to send downe 7 or 8 frigᵗᵗˢ and as many fireships,
to ride twixt the Oase Edge and Redd Sand,[g] and the rest to birth themselves N.N.E. and S.S.W.
one of each other, at yᵉ Nore.
15. This Sonday the wind hath bine from north to W.S.W.; little wind till evening. It then blew
hard, westerly. This day we had intelligence, by a Hellicar land[h] dogger, that 17 saile of Dutch men
of warr were rideing without the Gonflitt. Yesterday he was on bord them.
16. This Monday the wind hath bine at Wᵗ. bloweing fresh. Towards evening the wind came to the
S.S.Wᵗ. This day I sent up the Barbabella wᵗʰ our empty caske to London. Tookeing (sic) aship of
beere about 60 ts.
17. This Tuesday wind at S.E.; faire weather; I sent Bassets hoy up to Chatham againe for stores.
18. This Wedensday morning wind at south and S.Eᵗ. I went into yᵉ Swale, to setle our muster
booke of the R. Charles.
19. This Thursday wind at north and N.Wᵗ.; some tyme badd weather.
20. This Fryday we tooke on bord 16 ts. of watter. The wind hath bine at north and back to
W.S.Wᵗ.; sometymes badd weather.
21. This Satuarday the wind at S.W. In the afternoone the Prince returned on bord againe.
22. This Sonday wind southerly. The Prince went into Sheerenes.
23. This Monday wind at S.S.W. to W.N.Wᵗ.; sometymes bad weather. This day yᵉ Prince went on
shore on Essex side; came on bord againe at noone. This day severall of our fleet came out
Sheerenes.
29. To this Sonday we have had the winds southerly to the west; some 3 days badd weather. Have
bine dispatching our ships out Sheerenes, and takeing in our provissions. The Dutch fleet rideing in
the Slade Way and at the Gonflitt since Wedensday. This night his Highnes yᵉ Prince lay on bord the
Monmouth yacht.

[a] Richard White and Richard Sadlington.

[b] Lowestoft Ness.
[c] The Shipwash sand-bank off the mouth of the Deben.
[d] The King’s Channel or East Swin, running down east of the Gunfleet sands, off the Essex
shore.
[e] The Middle Ground shoal lies at the mouth of the Thames, some miles below the Nore, on
the Kentish side of the river.
[f] The Oaze Edge shoal near the Middle Ground, but on the Essex side.
[g] The Red Sand lies between the Ooze Edge and the Middle Ground.
[h] Heligoland.
 Naval Operations, 1652-1673; with Observations by Captain Richard
Haddock.

Year. Mo. D. Observations.

1652 June[a] 19 Fight in Downes Genˡ Blake comanded. Fight to the wᵗward off
between English Dover.
and Dutch.
Sept. 5 French fleet beat by Genˡ Blake comanded.
English
Nov. 15[b] Blake worsted by True; and retired to the Buoy of the Nore over
Dutch. the Flats.
Feb. 18, 19, 20 Fight near Portland. True. Blake, Deane, and Monck. Genˡ Blake and
Dutch beaten. Deane in the Tryumph; Monk in the
Vanguard. Blake wounded.
English worsted in True. Capᵗ Rᵈ Balilo commanded.
Levant by Dutch.
June —[c] Dutch beaten. Deane and Monk Genˡˢ. Deane killed.
’53 July 29, 30 Fight between English True. Dutch beaten. Genˡ Monk only comanded.
and Dutch.[d] Trump killed, and his flag shot down.
’64 Dec. 30[e] Fleet off Portsmouth True. Brought into Portsmᵒ and afterwards made
took 112 Dutch prizes.
prizes.
’65 Aprˡ 20 De Ruyter attempted True.
Berbadoes; and
beaten.
May 30 Hamburgh fleet taken True. Were taken with their convoy.
by Dutch.
June 3 Dutch beaten by yᵉ True. Opdam then blown up; the rest taken and
Duke, and 30 burnt.
capitˡ ships taken
and destroyed.
Aug. 16 Dutch Smerna True; and was forced away by the Danes and
Streights East Dutch, who landed ther guns contrary to,
India ships the concert between the two Crowns of
attacqu’d by Rʳ England and Denmark.[g]
Admˡ Tiddiman[f]
in Bergen.
Sept. 4 2 East India and sevˡ True; and two men-of-war then taken by Sprag
merchᵗ ships taken in the Rˡ James, formerly called the Richard.
by E. of Sandwich.
” 9 18 sˡ of Dutch beaten, True.
and greatest part
taken.
Feb. 8 Dutch chas’d into True.
Weilings by
 Myngs[h].
’66 June 1 Duke Albemᵃ engaged Fought 3 days. Then came Prince Rupert in the
90 sˡ of Dutch on Rˡ James, wᵗʰ the squadron wᶜʰ had been to
coast of Flanders. the westwᵈ to look out for Beaufort from
Toulon. Were sent for back. Yᵉ 3ᵈ day,
Sonday, on our retreat, the Rˡ Prince was
lost on the Galliper; set on fire. The
Swiftsure taken by the Dutch. The 4ᵗʰ day
” June 4, 5, 6 Dutch beaten. both fleets retird: Prince Rupert and Duke of
Albemarle to the Nore, the Dutch to their
own coast.
” July 25, 26 Dutch beaten by Prince The Dutch run home to their harbours.
Rupert and Dᵏ
Albemarle.
” Augᵗ 7 Sʳ Rᵗ Holmes burnt 150 True. Sʳ Rᵗ Holmes went in the Tyger wᵗʰ the
Dutch in yᵉ Fly. Dragon and some fireships and ketches.
Burnt 3 men of war that were in the Fly
amongst the number. Afterwards burnt the
town of Brandros[i] before he went out.
” Dec. 25 Robinson[j] took and True. It was in his return from Gottenburgh,
destroyed 3 Dutch whither he was sent to convoy home a great
men of warr near fleet laden with naval stores.
yᵉ Texell.
1667 April 30 Dutch attempted Burnt True, I beleive.
Isleand in Scotland
and beaten of.
” June 11[k] 12 Dutch taken and 2 True.
sunck near
Norway.
” June 20 Rich Dutch East India True. Taken by Sʳ Jeremy Smyth in his sayling
ship, 74 guns, about Scotland to Ireland.
taken.
” June 25 Sʳ Jno. Harman wᵗʰ 16 True.
Engl. men of warr
engaged 30
French near
Martinego; burnt
and destroyed
most of them.
” 26 8 Dutch prizes with True, I beleive.
masts and deals
taken.
” July 19 Dutch attemptᵈ Torbay, True.
but beaten off.
” 23 23 Dutch make up yᵉ
Thames.
” July 24 Fought by Spragg near True. He forc’t ’em out of the River, after having
yᵉ Hope and retire. burnt and taken 12 sayle of their fireships;
and we lost but one of our 12. So forct them
down the King’s channel below the Middle,[l]
having but 6 men of war and 12 fireships. Sʳ
Joseph Jordain came from Harwich in a smal
man of war with sevˡ colliers made fireships.
We rode then at Lee Road.[m] Dutch at the
Nore. Wind blew hard easterly. Did no
execution on the Dutch.
” Augᵗ 3 De Ruyter attempts yᵉ True, but did no execution on yᵐ.
Virginia fleet.
” 24 Six Engl., cruiseing I beleive it true, but know not of it.
northwᵈ, fought a
squadron of Dutch
and took 3.
’71 May 10 10 Algerines burnt at True. The boom was first cut by Capt. Harman,[n]
Bugia by Sʳ Ed. that comanded the boats.
Spragg.
” July 5 Sʳ Christophʳ restor’d
by the French.
’72 Mar. 14 Sʳ Rᵗ Holmes fought yᵉ True; but ’twas not for refusing to strike.
Dutch refusing to
strike.
” May 28 Fight wᵗʰ yᵉ whole True. In that fight the Rˡ James was burnt, after
Dutch Fleet off she had quitted herself of Brackel,[o] a Dutch
Southwold bay. 70 gun ship, that lay athwort her hawse,
which she took; and being disabled gave
opportunity of a fireship clapping her
aboard.
” Dec. 20 Tobago Island taken True.
from yᵉ Dutch.
’72 Dec. 31 Sᵗ Hellena taken by yᵉ True.
Dutch.
’73 May 6 Sᵗ Hellena retaken by True.
Capt. Monday.
” May 28 Engl. Fleet engage yᵉ True. Fought in yᵉ Schonvelt.
Dutch and force
them to retreat.
” June 4 2ᵈ engagemᵗ wᵗʰ yᵉ True. Fought yᵉ Dutch on yʳ coast, but stood over
Dutch on yᵉ coast. to our own all that battle. The next morn we
tackt on the Dutch: but they stood away for
their own coast; and we stood back and
came to the Nore after 2 battles in eight
days.
” Aug. 11 3ᵈ victory against yᵉ Fought the Dutch; but no great victory. The
Dutch by Pʳ French declined fighting, and fleet retired to
 Rupert. the Nore some time after. Sʳ Edwᵈ Sprag
then drownd. Rˡ Prince’s mainmᵗ shot down;
had like to have been burnt.

[a] A mistake for May.

[b] On the 29th November. It was after this action that Van Tromp hoisted the broom at his
mast-head.
[c] On the 2nd and 3rd June, off the North Foreland.
[d] Off the Dutch coast.
[e] Before declaration of war, in retaliation for attacks by the Dutch on the colonies.
[f] Sir Thomas Tiddiman, or Teddiman.
[g] The Governor of Bergen not having yet received the instructions from his Government and
refusing to admit the English fleet.
[h] Sir Christopher Mings; died of wounds received in the action of 1st June.
[i] Bandaris in the island of Schelling.
[j] Sir Robert Robinson.
[k] The day that the Dutch were in the Medway.
[l] The Middle, a shoal off Foulness, between the West Swin and the East Swin or King’s
Channel.
[m] Near the mouth of the Thames, off the village of Lee on the Essex side.
[n] Thomas Harman.
[o] Adrian Brackell, the captain of the Dutch man-of-war.

William Brandon to Sir Richard Haddock.

Portsmᵒ Victuallᵍ Office, July 24ᵗʰ, 1688.

Honᵇˡᵉ Sʳ,
The last post brought a news letter to this place, wherein are these words: It is reported that Sʳ
Richᵈ Haddock, Capt. Pennyman, and severall other seamen, are gone for Holland; wᶜʰ are lookt
upon heere as a verry greate reflection upon your Honʳ, that cannott without ingratitude and breach
of duty omit acquainting you with itt and the author’s name, wᶜʰ is Edmond Sawkell, att the Generall
Post Office. I have and shall vindicate your Honʳ to my outmost power; and begg leave to subscribe
myself
Yoʳ Honʳˢ
Most humble and obedient servᵗ,
Wᵐ Brandon.
To the Honᵇˡᵉ Sʳ Richᵈ Haddock, Knᵗ, one of the Commʳˢ for Victualling his Majᵗʸˢ Navy, att the office on Tower Hill, London, These.

Sir Richard Haddock to Philip Frowd.[a]

 Tower Hill, London, this 29th July, 1688.

Sʳ,
The last weeke, in a news lettr wrote by a servᵗ of yours, one Mr. Edmᵈ Sawkell, there is a
scandallous reflection on my honʳ and reputation, by his writeing that Sʳ Rᵈ Haddock wᵗʰ seuerall
other seamen were gone into Holland, wᶜʰ I have recᵈ aᶜᶜᵗ of sᵈ letter from 3 or 4 countys, and must
beleive it hath flowne all the kingdome over.
Sʳ, I was this day to waite on you at yʳ post ofice; but, haveing accᵗ given me that you were in the
country, thought fitt, before I spake wᵗʰ Mr. Sawkill, to give you notice hereof, and yᵗ you will
readylie conclude I shall expect satisfaction from him for this scandall, at least yᵗ he finds out his
author or else must conclud him to be the inventor himselfe. I do presume you know me so well as
to beleive, however the King may please to deale wᵗʰ me (wᶜʰ hetherto hath bine extra kind), I shall
never forsake my loyalty and duty to him, even to my last breath. Praying a lyne or two in answer,
with great respect, I remaine
Your very afectᵉ servant,
Rᵈ H.
To Jn. (sic) Frowd, Esq.

[a] Postmaster-General.

Captain Joseph Haddock to his brother, Sir Richard Haddock.

Abord the Ship Princess of Denmark, 17th Xber, 1688. Balasore

Roade.
Sʳ Richᵈ Haddock.
My ever honᵈ Brother,
My last, of the 7ᵗʰ Augᵗ from Visagapatam, gave yoʳ Honʳ accᵗ of our arrivall Madras and of our
affaires to that tyme. The 10ᵗʰ Augᵗ we saild thence for Balasore, wher we arriv’d the 15ᵗʰ; in wᶜʰ
bay we have contᵈ and rid out the monsoone, wᶜʰ has prov’d favourabler then expected (beinge
leape yeare).
The 15ᵗʰ 7ber Capᵗ Heath arriv’d this place, who, by virtue of the President and Counsell of Madras
order requir’d my goeinge up wᵗʰ hime to Chuttynutte[a] in the river of Hugly (the place where our
Agent and factorie resided), myselfe wᵗʰ the rest of the comandʳˢ of the Europe Shipps then in the
river to assist hime in the Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ Compˢ affairs.[b] In fews days after our getting up to
Chuttynutte, a letter was writ to the Nabob of Dacca (the cheife govenʳ of that citty), who had
formerly requested our Agent that if we would assist hime wᵗʰ ships to transport soulders and horss
from Chottagam to Arraccan (they beinge in warrs wᵗʰ that Kinge), he would give us his
Pharwanna[c] of a settlemᵗ of trade, wᵗʰ prevaledges as formerly accordinge to the 12 articles
formerly sent hime from our agent &c. Capt. Heath, in the letter sent, condesended to the Nabob’s
request, in suplyinge hime wᵗʰ 10 ships and vessells for the Mogull’s occations, to transport ther
soulders and horss, provided they would allow of the buildinge of a fortyfiction wᵗʰin the river of
Hugly, for the better security of the Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ Compˢ estate and serᵗˢ; wᵗʰout wᶜʰ grant of a fortyfied
place the Compˢ ordʳˢ possitive are, to wᵗʰdraw off all our factory from this place.
We continued heere 5 weeks for the Nabob’s answer to the proposall: but not comeing, we,
haveinge taken off all the Honᵇˡᵉ Compˢ concernes from the shoare, saild from Chuttynᵗʸ the 8ᵗʰ 9ber,
and passed by ther fortts peaceably. At our arrival Balasore found that the govenʳ of the towne had
(some tyme before our comeinge) detaind the Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ Compˢ goods, beinge this yeares investmᵗˢ,
alsoe partic. mens goods; and would not permit none of the factors, nor our people that were
ashoure buying provit[ions], to come off. Capᵗ Heath sent 2 of our factors wᵗʰ a letter to the govenʳ
(who was come downe to the bancksall, or point of sand goeinge into the river, wher he was
makeinge a fortyfication), to demand the Rᵗ Honbᵉ Compˢ goods wᵗʰ all our men. His answer was,
what he did was by order from the Nabob; and, if he did dilliver our goods and men, should loose
his head. 3 days after, 2 of the factors were againe sent to aquaint the govenʳ that our intention was
to depart out these parts peaceable, we haveinge come away out Hugly river wᵗʰout doeinge any act
of hostillity to any of the Mogull’s subjects; therfore requird hime to send off our goods and people
by faire meanes; if not, we would have them by force of armes. Wᶜʰ hee not permitting them too
goe off, the next day all our soulders, about 320, and upwards 240 seamen were put into the small
vessels and all our boates; and early next morninge they landed a mile to the W.ward of the fort
(wᶜʰ the govnʳ had rais’d); against wᶜʰ landinge place they had planted 5 small guns on a sandhill,
wᶜʰ they discharg’d at our men, and killd 2 and wounded 2 more; soe fled from the guns. And soone
after, the cheife capᵗ of our soulders had drawne all the soulders and seamen in order of battalia,
marcht up to the fort, wᶜʰ, at ther aproach, fired all ther guns they had planted to the land; but,
soone after, the govenʳ and all his men fleed out the fort wᵗʰout doeing much harme to our men; the
wᶜʰ we possest wᵗʰout any farther opposition. In and about this fort they had upwards 40 guns
mounted and a good wall made wᵗʰ timber and clay; might have bine sufficient (if manag’d by
Europeans) to [have] wᵗʰstood a great armie of men, or at least done much more mischief then they
did.
The govenʳ, after deserted his fort, made all hast possable up to Balasore towne, and orderd the
factory house (in wᶜʰ were confind all our people, thirteene in number) to be sett on fire. Our people
in the house defended themselves bravely, killinge sevˡ of the Moors; but by the firsness of the fire
were forct to surrender themselves on tearmes to have ther lives and good useage. The next day
Capt. Heath (who went ashoare wᵗʰ the soulders—Capᵗ Sharpe comanded the small vessells and
boates that were to goe over the barr, leaveinge mee in comand of the ships in the roade) went up
with all the soulders and seamen to Balasore towne by watter and landed short of old Balasore fort,
the wᶜʰ they soone tooke; soe marcht into the towne, few or noe people beinge left to oppose them;
the govenʳ disertinge it at ther comeinge, caryinge wᵗʰ hime all our English, amongst wᶜʰ are 3 of
our ships compᵃ, vizᵗ. Mr. Davenant (beinge ashoare buyinge provit[ions]), Charles Scarlet,
midshipman, and Sam Harbin, gunʳ, serᵗ of Capⁿ Heath’s, his pursur, and 3 more, Mr. Stanly, cheife
of the factory, the rest free men that trades in the country. As yet we cannot gett the govenʳ to give
ther releasemᵗ. We have sent sevˡ messingers to hime, that we have not burnt ther towne nor ships,
expectinge he would dilliver up our men; but, if not, we will returne and doe both. Our soulders (but
seamen more espetially) have comitted many inhuemane actions in the towne, plundringe not only
Moors but sevˡ Portugeese houses, and killed sevˡ innocent people. We have had the greatest loss in
this axtion, vizᵗ. 4 men killd and 3 wounded. Ther names are: Mr. Starland, 3d mate, Henry Grove,
cheife trumpetter, Christopher Hogg, and Jnᵒ Hinton, who very indiscreetly went out wᵗʰ sevˡ more
seamen to a garden house, expectinge great plunder, were cut off, sevˡ of them, by a party of horss.
The 3 wounded are Henʳʸ Roxby, Franˢ Johnson, and Jnᵒ Smart.
I have, by the Williamson (by whom this is alsoe intended you), sent Sʳ Henʳʸ Johnson and Sʳ Tho.
Rawlinson, and alsoe to my wife, a list of our dead &cᵃ men, in all 44. Our supernumery men wᶜʰ I
brought out of England, beinge 27, at my arivall Madras, I aquaintd the President therwᵗʰ, who
offred them to Cap. Bromwell, the Rotchester haveinge lost most of ther men. But he refuseinge to
pay the charge the Honᵇˡᵉ Compᵃ were at sendinge them out, they were not taken out ther; and
what of them that are alive doe still remaine in our ship, not beinge demanded here by the agent. I
supose our owners will be alowed for them at 50ˢ per mᵒ, noe longer then our departure Madras, to
wᶜʰ tyme we had lost 30 men. I doe not repent ther continueinge abord, haveinge had soe great
mortolaty and most of them the best of our seamen.
 I supose our next enterprize will be towards Chottagam, a place neere the coast of Arraccan. The
Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ Compᵃ possative orders are for endeavouringe the takinge it; but I feare we shall not have
strength sufficient to effect it, the Nabob haveinge sent many thousand of [men] this yeare ther to
over run and take the kingdome of Arracan. The king of that country beinge some tyme since dead,
part of the people are in rebelion against the present govermᵗ; by whᶜʰ its supos’d the Mogullers will
goe farr in takeing that country this yeare, and we frustrated of our designe.
Honᵇˡᵉ Sir, I have not writt to any of owners (except the 2 in charty party), beleivinge we shall
returne to Madras before the Williamson sailes for England. Our ship is in a very good condition and
very thite. I beleive our stay in India will be the extreme of our tyme, for at present noe prospect of
a freight for Europe; and I feare the brave trade of Bengall will be lost, at whᶜʰ the Dutch and French
rejoyce, that this trade may wholy fall to them.
I have not elce to add; only please to present my duty, respects, and love to all our deere relations
and freinds. Thus, wᵗʰ my due respects to yoʳ selfe and my good lady sister, doe remaine,
Honᵇˡᵉ Sʳ, yoʳ affectionate bro. and Serᵗ, whilst
Joˢ Haddock.
Sʳ I recᵈ yoʳ letter, alsoe one from my wife sent per the Defence; and returne my humble thancks
for it.
For the Honᵇˡᵉ Sʳ Richᵈ Haddock, at his house on Tower Hill. Present. London.
Pʳ the Williamson, Capt. Ashby, Comandʳ, D.G.

[a] Chuttanuttee, now Calcutta.

[b] Early in 1686 the Company fitted out an expedition to retaliate on the Nawab of Bengal for
past injuries, and to attempt to seize Chittagong. But before the arrival of the forces a
premature quarrel with the natives forced the English to abandon Hoogly and retire to
Chuttanuttee. In Sept. 1687, a truce was patched up, but the Company was not satisfied. An
armament was despatched under command of Heath. The result was the attack on Balasore, as
told in this letter, an abortive attempt on Chittagong, and the abandonment of the Company’s
factories in Bengal.—See Mill’s Hist. of British India, book i. chap. v.
[c] Farwana, the licence granted by a viceroy; as distinguished from a firman, granted by a
sovereign.

Richard Haddock[a] to his Father, Sir Richard Haddock.

Aprill[b] yᵉ 23ᵈ [1692]; Munday, in yᵉ Hooke.[c]

Honourd Sʳ,
This is to acquaint of our ingaging wᵗʰ yᵉ French and of our haveing gott yᵉ victory. Wee mett yᵐ
of sea, May 19. There was about 60 saile. Wee fought yᵐ from 11 to 9 att night; since wᶜʰ, have
been in pursuit of yᵐ. There is run ashoare, in Sherbrook bay, Torveil[d] wᵗʰ 3 more capitall ships, wᶜʰ
are now burned. Cozen Tom Heath[e] burnt Torveil; and have chased 14 saile more in yᵉ Hooke,
where wee now are. Sʳ Cloudsly Shovel is goeing in wᵗʰ yᵉ 3ᵈ rates and fire-ships to destroy yᵐ. Wee
have been soe unfortunate as [to] lose Rear Admˡˡ Carter[f] in yᵉ fight. I am very well and have
received no wound; only a small splinter hitt mee on yᵉ thigh, but did no damage, only made itt
black and blew. I would write more particularly, but yᵉ vessell I heare is goeing away presently; soe,
haveing no more att present, butt duty to your self and my mother,
I remain your dutyfull Son,
 Richᵈ Haddock.
Cozen Ruffin is alive and very well. I will write yᵉ particulars of our fight as soon as wee come into
any port.
Rᵈ H.
For Sʳ Richᵈ Haddock, att yᵉ Navy Office, in Crutched Fryers, London.

[a] Afterwards Comptroller of the Navy. See Preface.

[b] A slip of the pen for May.
[c] “The Hooke” and “Sherbrook,” nautical English for La Hogue and Cherbourg.
[d] Tourville fought in the great three-decker “Royal Sun,” the largest vessel afloat.
[e] Afterwards captain of the Chester. Died in the West Indies in 1693.
[f] “Carter was the first who broke the French line. He was struck by a splinter of one of his
own yard-arms, and fell dying on the deck. He would not let go his sword. ‘Fight the ship,’ were
his last words; ‘fight the ship as long as she can swim.’”—Macaulay, Hist. of England, chap. xviii.

Isabella Chicheley[a] to Sir Richard Haddock.

Your good nature, Sʳ, hath drawne upon you the gossupin of a Wedensday night, the 4 July, [16]94.
company of women. My sisters desire we may drinke our punch with
you to-morrow in the evening, about six aclocke, if it is not inconvenient to you. I should have sent
to you to day, but was prevented. However, Sʳ, it may yett be ajorned for longer time, if you are
othere wise disposed. The docters are sending me to Tunbridge ere long, soe that a warm
foundation before drinking those cold waters will not [be] amisse for, Sʳ,
Your oblidged, humble servant,
Isabella Chicheley.
For Sʳ Rich. Haddocke, These.

[a] Probably related to Admiral Sir John Chicheley.

Sir Richard Haddock to his son Richard.

Navy Office, this 27th Novʳ, 1702.

Deare Son,
I have yoʳˢ of yesterday’s date, from the Downes, wᶜʰ brings us the joyfull tydeings of yoʳ safe
arrivall there. Yoʳ long passage from Newfoundland put us in great feare of your wellfare, and
perticularly your moʳ hath bine for a month or 5 weekes crying for you and yoʳ brother Nicˢ safety;
but blessed be God you are both come well home. Your broʳ now with us came up from the Downes
by leave from his Captⁿ, and hath behaved himself with so much bravery and couradge that he hath
gained the good report of the Duke of Ormond, his Captⁿ, &c., both in the action at Rotta and St.
Mary Port,[a] and Vigo, and was the first man that borded one of the gallions at Vigo,[b] wᶜʰ is come
home. I do not find by yoʳ letter that you were wᵗʰ your Comodore at the takeing and destroying the
French shipps to the southwards of Trepassa,[c] and consequently you will not come in for your share
of that capture. The news papers tells us yoʳ prize is got into Plymᵒ, and for your boate wᵗʰ 5 men
you say you left behind at Plymᵒ we never heard anything of it, wᶜʰ gives you trouble; and because
you write not of my Coz Wᵐ’ˢ[d] wellfare, I am conscernd for feare he might be in that boate. To
morrow morning I intend to go to yᵉ Admᵗʸ and endeavor you may come into the River, if his R.
Highness orders your cleaneing.
God Allmighty hath blest yᵉ forces of her Majᵗʸ and her Allies, both by land and sea, in a
wonderfull manner; for wᶜʰ we lately had a publick day of thanksgiveing in this citty. The Queene,
House of Lords and Comons, wᵗʰ the Bishops, Judges, &c. came to Sᵗ Paul’s Church, where, after
sermon, Te Deum was sung.
Since your leaveing England, two of our bord are dead, vizᵗ. Mr. Sotherne and my good freind
Comʳ Willshaw,[e] who dyed yᵉ 23ᵈ Sepʳ last. My Coz Anna Babb, that was in one of our almes
houses at Stepny, is likewise dead, and my poore Cozⁿ Lockwood’s son in law, Cozⁿ Hodges, dyed
lately at Gosport, since his arrivall from Cadix and Vigo, who waited a tender on yᵉ Duke of Ormond’s
shipp. We are all in good health, praised be God, and do kindly salut you. I am your most afectionᵗ
father,
Rᵈ Haddock.
Pray let me know how yoʳ shipp proves. I have concernd my selfe to get one of yᵉ 4ᵗʰ rates
building at Deptford for you, and this day spake to Sʳ Geo. Rooke about it, and formerly to yᵉ other 3
Councill of yᵉ Lord High Admˡˡ. I know she is tender by your reifeing your courses; and twas well
hinted in yours to yᵉ Admᵗʸ. I am glad you past by Plymᵒ. Orders went thither some tyme since to
cleane you and severall of yoʳ consarts.
Rᵈ H.
On Her Majesty’s Service. To Captⁿ Richard Haddock, Comandʳ of her Majᵗʸ Shipp the Reserve, these present, In yᵉ Downes.
 [a] In the expedition against Cadiz, the Duke of Ormond
effected a landing at Rota at the north end of the Bay of Cadiz,
on the 15th August, and occupied Puerto de Santa Maria, on the
east of the Bay, six days afterwards.
[b] The attack on the shipping in Vigo took place on the 12th
October.
[c] Trepassey, in Newfoundland.
[d] This is probably the William Haddock noticed by Charnock,
Biographia Navalis, iv. 44, who died in 1726. He may have been
the son of Richard Haddock, Sir Richard’s uncle.
[e] Thomas Willshaw, Commissioner of the Navy and Master of
the Trinity House.

The same to the same.

Navy Office, this 10ᵗʰ Decembʳ, 1703.

My deare Son,
Your letter of the 17ᵗʰ Novʳ past, giveing me accᵗ of the unhapy
disaster of your ship being run ashore by a Dutch pilot and of your
happy getting off againe, I recᵈ 3 or 4 ds. after its date; but,
hopeing you might have gote away before an answer could arrive
you, I forbore answering it to you to Helvoet Sluce. I have just now
recᵈ yours of the 7ᵗʰ instant, Tuesday, and, to our great joy, the accᵗ
of God Almighty’s wonderfull preservation of you in the late most
dreadfull storm,[a] wᶜʰ no man liveing can remember the like. I
perseave you have had an accᵗ of the most sad and lamentable
efects of it heere in England, not only in the losse of our shipp[ing],
but about 1500 men in the Queen’s shipps. I shall not eneumerate
yᵉ perticulars of the losse, only that Capt. Emes,[b] wᵗʰ his wife and
son and all yᵉ men in yᵉ Restauration, lost on yᵉ Goodwin, and poore
Tom Blake drowned at Bristoll in yᵉ Canterbury store ship cast away.
The Dorcetshire we have accᵗ of her being on yᵉ back of Yarmᵒ
Sands, cruseing, I supose for want of anchors and cables, and hope
yᵉ Association is cruseing in the sea on the like occasion. My deare
son Nicᵒ hapend to be sick on bord her, as Sʳ S. Fairebone[c] wrote
me from the Downes. I sent Tom Apleby imediatly to Deale to bring
him up; but the ship sailed yᵉ morning before he gote downe. I hope
he will come well home to us. Pray God the Russell may be got of yᵉ
sands and into Helvoet Sluce.
Wee haue 7 or 8 vessells wᵗʰ anchors and cables in Harwᶜʰ or
Oasely bay, ready to put to sea when we heare where Sʳ Stafford is.
Sʳ Cloud. Shovell I hope now safe at the Nore; his mainemast cut
downe after he had drove 3 leagˢ from yᵉ Longsᵈ, very neare the
Galloper. Yᵉ Sᵗ Geo. and R. Oake, now at Blackstakes, rode out yᵉ
storme wᵗʰout damage; and the Cambridge I beleive the same. The
4 ships that broke from their ground takle was the Association,
Russell, Revenge, and Dorcetshire. The Revenge was in Solebay
some tyme since, and furnish wᵗʰ anchors and cables from yᵉ
Nottingham and another man of warr yᵗ went out Yarmᵒ roads to
looke for our shipps. Capt. Kerr[d] in yᵉ Revenge gave accᵗ that he
saw yᵉ Association, Monday last was sevenight; so that we are in
hope she is very well. I shall not inlarge, only to give you our kind
saluts. Pray God send you wᵗʰ yᵉ King of Spaine well out that place
and over to us. My harty and humble service to Sʳ Geo: Rooke.
I am your most afecᵗ father,
R. H.

[a] On the 26th November.

[b] Fleetwood Emms.
[c] Sir Stafford Fairborne, Vice-Admiral of the Red.
[d] William Kerr. Dismissed the service, in 1708, for joining in a
contraband trade with the enemy.
 Captain Edward Whitaker[a] to Sir Richard
Haddock.

Dated on board her Majᵗⁱᵉˢ ship Dorsetshire,

in Gibralter Bay, July yᵉ 29ᵗʰ [1704].

Sʳ,
I heare give you an accoᵗ of our good success, especially what has
related to my own particular part. July 21ˢᵗ we anchor’d here in yᵉ
Bay, and about 4 in the afternoon landed about 2000 marrines,
Dutch and all. I commanded yᵉ landing with three captaines more;
all which was don wᵗʰ little opposition. About 40 horse came downe
from yᵉ towne, wᶜʰ was all; and they run away soe soon as our guns
began to play upon them. We landed about 2 miles from the towne,
in yᵉ Bay, and march’d directly to the foot of the hill, were they
posted themselves within muskett shott of the gates; so cutt of all
manner of communication from yᵉ land. We hove into yᵉ towne this
evening about 17 shells. The Prince of Hess[b] landed with us and
immediatly sent a summons to the Governer, wᶜʰ did not returne any
answer tell the next morning, and then the Governer said he would
defend the towne to the very last. Then Admirall Byng, who
commanded the cannonading, began to draw up all his ships in a
line before the towne; but, it proving little wind, could not gett in
with them all, so that we did little this day. There was three small
ships in the old mold, one of which annoy’d our camp by fireing
amongst them, having about 10 guns lying close in the mold and
just under a great bastion at yᵉ north corner of the towne. I
proposed to Sʳ George[c] the burning her in the night. He liked itt;
accordingly ordered what boats I would have to my assistance; and
about 12 at night I did it effectually, wᵗʰ the loss of but one man and
5 or 6 wounded.
July 23rd. At 4 this morning, Admˡ Byng began with his ships to
cannonade, a Dutch Rear Admˡ with 5 or 6 ships of theirs along with
him; which made a noble noise, being within half shot of the towne.
My ship not being upon service, I desired Sʳ George to make me his
aducon to carry his comands from tyme to tyme to admirall Byng,
which he did accordingly; and after about 2 hours continuall fireing
sent me with orders to forbare. Upon this I went to every ship in the
line wᵗʰ this orders, and coming on board Capt. Jumper,[d] in yᵉ
Lenox, found him extraordinary well posted within muskett shott of
the new mold head, and had beat them all out of yᵉ battery and of
the mold, so that I beleived we might attack it with our boats. I
went immediatly and acquainted Admˡ Byng wᵗʰ it, who ordered all
the boats to be man’d and arm’d. From him I went to Sʳ George and
gave him my oppinion that the mold might be attack’d. He
immediatly made the signall for all the boates in yᵉ fleet, and gave
me the command of yᵉ attack, wᵗʰ 3 or 4 captaines along wᵗʰ me. I
made all the hast I could with orders to Admirall Byng to send me
accordingly; but some of the boats got ashore before I could reach
them, wᵗʰ little or no opposition. Severall of our men gott into yᵉ
Castle; upon which it blew up. We had kill’d between 40 and 50
men. Most of all the boates that landed first were sunk; about 100
or two wounded; upon which, all yᵗ remain’d came running downe
and leap’d into the water, being so mightyly surprized. I landed
within a minute after the accident, and rallied our men. We went
over a breach in the wall but one at a time, and took possesstion of
the hill. I immediatly sent Capt. Roffy[e] and Capt. Acton,[f] wᵗʰ
between 40 and 50 men, and took possesstion of a bastion of 8
guns within less then half muskett shott of the towne wall: and there
we pitch’d our collours. Soon after, Admˡ Byng came ashore to me
and sent in a drumer wᵗʰ a sommons, who returnd in about 2 hours
wᵗʰ a letter in answer that they would surrender the next day; wᶜʰ
they accordingly did. I beleive I had wᵗʰ me, at the first onsett,
between 2 and 300 men; but we grew in a very little time to neare
1000. This was the manner we took Gibralter, which I hope we shall
maintaine.
I hope, Sʳ, youle excuse this trouble I give, butt, beleiving that
every boddy here rights att this tyme uppon this occation, I could
not forbeare giveing my very good friend Sʳ Ricᵈ this perticuler accᵗᵗ
of yᵉ whole matter; which I dont doubt butt Capt. Haddock will give
yᵉ much yᵉ same accoᵗᵗ. Pray please to favour my spouse with a line
or two, feareing mine should miscarry. My most humble servis to my
good lady and all yʳ good family. I beg youle make use of this as
farre as you shall think fitt, itt being a trew accoᵗᵗ of yᵉ whole matter.
I am
Yʳ most harty humble Serᵗ and kinsman to serve, whilst
Edwᵈ Whitaker.
P.S. This is rite all in a hurry, so yᵗ I hope youle excuse me.

[a] Afterwards knighted and Rear-Admiral. This letter has been

printed by Charnock in his Biographia Navalis; but it is worth re-
printing.
[b] George, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt.
[c] Rooke.
[d] Afterwards Sir William Jumper, Commissioner of the Navy.
[e] Kerril or Kerrit Roffey.
[f] Edward Acton, killed in action in 1706.

Nicholas Haddock[a] to his Father Sir Richard

Haddock.

Sᵗ George in Barcelona Road, this 1ˢᵗ of

May, 1706, O.S.
Honᵈ Sʳ,
This comes to you by the Faulcon pink, which is sent home
express wᵗʰ the good news of our releiving Barcelona in the greatest
extremity. The French had made preparations for a generall assault
that very day we came; and it must have been infallibly taken, had
we not had the luckiest passage imaginable (being but five days
from Lisbon to Cape Martin, where we joynd Sʳ Jno. Leake).
Saturday last in the morning, when were about 5 leagues to the
wᵗward of Barcelona, my Lord Peterborow came of to the fleet wᵗʰ
twelve hundᵈ soldiers embarqued in felucas and boats, and in the
afternoon got in and landed them, wᵗʰ all the soldiers out of the
transports and most of the marines of the fleet. We have now about
nine thousand soldiers in the towne. The French army consisted at
first of twenty thousand; four of wᶜʰ, horse under the command of
the Duke of Anjou.[b] Their loss during this seige is computed to be
five [thousand] including a thousand sick and wounded they have
left behind, when they raised the seige, wᶜʰ was at twelve aclock last
night. They have left 50 peices of brass cannon mounted and 15
mortars, and are now bound to Roussilion. They will find great
difficultys on their march. The Miquelets,[c] being very numerous and
all in arms, will destroy a great many of ’em before they get out of
Catalonia, it being a close country. The French squadron before this
place consisted of 26 saile, line of battle ships. They sailed the night
before we came, having intelligence of us by their scouts. They were
all the supply the army had for provisions, for the Catalans have not
given them the least; nor could a man of ’em stirr from his tent a
musquet shot out of the Camp but they killed him. We are now
sending four ships with 6 hundred soldiers for Girone, to reinforce
that garrison, lest the French should make any attempt on it, it lying
in their way.
I hear there is an express come to Barcelona from my Lord
Gallaway, giving an account of his being got to Toledo and on his
march for Madrid. The lucky turn Providence has given to our affairs
in these parts I suppose will be joyfull news in England; and this
being the first certain accᵗ you’l have, this long letter wont seem
tedious.
 I can expect no letters from you till Sʳ Clowdsly joyne us, and then
do hope shall hear of your welfare and some good news in return of
all this, which, with my duty to yʳ self and mother and love to all
friends, is from,
Honᵈ Sir,
Yʳ dutifull Son,
Nˢ Haddock.
P.S.—We have had an eclipse of the sun to-day; lasted above two
hours, and for a quarter ’twas total and as dark as night. Wᵗ it may
portend, I leave to the learned. Our fleet consists of 50 saile in the
line; 13 of wᶜʰ, Dutch.

[a] Afterwards Admiral.

[b] Philip V. of Spain.
[c] Irregulars of the militia of Catalonia.

The same to the same.

Alicant, this 31ˢᵗ of July, 1706.

Honᵈ Sʳ,
I have both yʳ letters by Captⁿ Delevall,[a] as also the butter and
cheeses, for wᶜʰ I returne you thanks. I’m glad to hear both my
sisters are so well recovered by the Bath. Pray God continue their
healths. Sunday last we took this place, attacking it by land and sea;
and almost all the people of it are run up to the castle, wᵗʰ the
garrison, for protection. We assisted our army with 500 seamen. I
have been ashore with 50 of our ship’s company during the seige;
am very heartily fateigued, but very well in health. After we have got
the castle, I hear the fleet will go for the Islands of Minorca and
Majorca, and, after that, I hope home. If the Sᵗ George should not
do, intend asking Sʳ Jnᵒ Leake leave for my self.
I’m glad to hear the ship at Sheernes will be launcht so soon as
March. I hope I’m pretty secure of her. I desire your excuse for this
bad scrawle and blotted paper, but I write wᵗʰ a pen made wᵗʰ an old
razor that I find in the house I’m quartered in. I have no more to say
but my duty to yʳ self and mother and love to all freinds in London
and Mile end, and remaine,
Honᵈ Sʳ,
Yʳ dutifull Son,
N. Haddock.
P.S.—This lettʳ goes by the Rye.
To Sʳ Richᵈ Haddock, at the Navy Office in Crutched Fryars, London, these.

[a] George Delaval, of the Tilbury.

Sir Richard Haddock to the Commissioners of the

Admiralty.

25ᵗʰ July, 1709.

Gentlemen,
In the yeare 1672 I comanded as Captⁿ of the Royall James,
under the Rᵗ Honᵇˡᵉ the Earle of Sandwᶜʰ, in the Sowle Bay fight. The
said shipp, after a vigorous defence, was burnt by the Dutch; in wᶜʰ
action I was wounded, the cure of wᶜʰ cost me, in surgeons,
apothicary, nurses, &c., betwext fower score and a hundred pounds.
I have bine so remise and negligent as not to demaund satisfaction
for my reimbursemᵗ. Do pray the favor of the bord I may have a bill
made out, what you shall think convenient, haveing bine out of my
mony now 36 ys. I likewise, in the yeare 1690 (being then one of
the Comʳˢ for Victualling), was taken into custody at Portsmᵒ, and
brought up a prisoner from thence by order of the then House of
Comons, and remained as such a considerable tyme in yᵉ hands of
Mr. Topham, then sergant at armes to sᵈ house, under pretence of
our poisoning the fleet then at sea (under comᵈ of Admˡˡ Herbert,
now Earle of Torrington), with gutts in our beere and gaules in our
beefe;[a] and with great dificulty obtained to be bailed. I must not
call it injustice in that august assembly, what they did to me; but it
cost me about a hundred pounds to Mr. Topham for his fees, and to
lawyers soliciting the House of Comons, wᵗʰ expences of
entertainment whilst in custody; for satisfaction of wᶜʰ I presume the
bord will not think fitt to allow me, except directed soe to doe by
order of the Lord High Admˡˡ, for wᶜʰ shall make my aplication to
him; but for my cure, I doubt not the favor and justice of the bord in
ordering a bill to be made out.
I remain, Gentⁿ, yoʳ very humble servᵗ,
Rᵈ. Haddock.

[a] Macaulay’s “casks of meat which dogs would not touch, and
barrels of beer which smelt worse than bilge water.”—Hist. of
England, ch. xiv.

Sir Richard Haddock to his Grandson.[a]

Clapham, 28ᵗʰ May, 1712, Wedensday.

Deare Grandson,
I came yesterday to this place, and, according to my promise, do
answer yours of 18ᵗʰ instant from Christ Colledge in Oxford.
 It happens to be this day 40 years that I was burnt out of the
Royall James in the Sole Bay fight against the Dutch. Am well
pleased to find the efforts you intend to make yourselfe famous in
Westminster Hall. It is like the saying of your Unckle Nichˢ, who
doubted not but to be as great as Sʳ Cloudesly Shovell was; and he
pushes very faire for it. Your father and family went to Wakehurst
Satuarday last; tooke Betty and Fanny Clark[b] downe wᵗʰ them; gote
well thither. Yoʳ Unckle Richard, the weeke past, hath bine very ill
wᵗʰ a feavor and ague, wᶜʰ kept me from hence longer then I
designed; is under the advice of Doctor Ratclif,[c] who gave me leave
to come downe hither, promiseing his care of him; and was downe
staires when came away.
With my harty prayers for yoʳ health and wellfare, I am
Yoʳ most afecᵗ grandfather,
Rᵈ. H.

[a] This must be a son of Sir Richard’s daughter, who married a

Mr. Lydell.
[b] Children of another of Sir Richard’s daughters, who married
John Clarke, of Blake Hall, in Bobbingworth, co. Essex.
[c] No doubt Dr. John Radcliffe.

Captain Nicholas Haddock to his Wife.

Grafton at sea, about 10 leagues from

Cape Passaro, Aug. the 4ᵗʰ, 1718.
My dʳ Fanny,
The Superbe being orderd from the fleet wᵗʰ the Admirall’s letters,
I send this to tell you I am well.
 Five days ago we had a battle wᵗʰ the Spanish fleet off of Cape
Passaro,[a] on the Island of Sicily, in wᶜʰ severall of their ships were
taken and some destroyd. The Grafton had her share in that action,
and the Admirall has been pleased to make me great compliments
on my behaviour that day. I shall soon be orderd to be refitted at
Port Mahon, the ship requiring it. I had fifty men killd and wounded.
Among the former was Lᵗ Bramble, who was appointed by the intrest
of Sir Cha. Wager. I’m sorry for him, he being a good officer. My
Cousin Haddock[b] chased towards the shoar after part of the
Spanish fleet, when they separated, wᵗʰ 4 or 5 other ships whose
signalls were made for that purpose, and they are not yet come into
the fleet. However, I doubt not but he is well, the ships that they
were sent after being of the smaller sort.
My dʳ, pray send to Mrs. Harris to tell her her spouse is well.[c] He
dined aboard me the day after the action; he was one of the ships
engaged.
Just before we saild from Naples I received yʳ letter, and am glad
to hear yʳself and the little boy are well. I give my love to all freinds,
and remaine, my dʳ Fanny,
Yʳ most affecᵗ husband,
Nˢ. Haddock.

[a] On the 31st July, when Sir George Byng almost destroyed
the Spanish fleet.
[b] Probably William Haddock. See above, p. 43, note d.
[c] Captain Barrow Harris, of the Breda.

The same to the same.

 Grafton, at Regio, Janʳʸ the 19ᵗʰ, O.S.,
1718/9.

My dear Spouse,
I send this to tell you I am well. I believe, before this come to
you, you will have heard of my having forced ashoar on Sicily a
Spanish man of war of 70 guns, wᶜʰ is overset and sunk. I recᵈ some
shot from her, but without much damage. My dʳ, we are here at an
anchor, in company wᵗʰ the Kent, Royˡ Oake, and Rochester, to block
up Camock,[a] who is at Messina and will not venture out, his
squadron being much inferiour to us. By the news we receive from
England, I conjecture Spain will soon be oblidgd to accept the terms
proposed to ’em; after wᶜʰ I suppose the bigger ships will be orderd
home, where I shall always be glad to be, whenever it consists wᵗʰ
my honour; for, indeed, my dear Fanny, I heartily love you.
Pray give my love to all freinds, and I remaine, my dʳ,
Yʳ most affect. husband,
Nˢ. Haddock.
P.S. This goes for Naples wᵗʰ an express that Capt. Mathews[b]
sends to the Admˡ, and from thence it will be forwarded to you.
Nˢ. H.

[a] George Cammock, the Spanish Rear-Admiral, who had

taken refuge in Messina. He slipped out in a frigate, which
however he had to abandon, and escaped by boat to land. He
was an Irishman who had served with distinction in the English
navy under Queen Anne, but had been dismissed on account of
his Jacobite tendencies. He then entered the Spanish service; and
it is said that, if the Spanish Admiral had followed his advice, the
battle off Cape Passaro might have had a different result.
[b] Thomas Mathews, afterwards Admiral, who commanded the
blockading force.
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