International Journal of Research in Agronomy 2024; 7(12): 464-469

E-ISSN: 2618-0618
P-ISSN: 2618-060X
© Agronomy Phenology, growth and yield of wheat genotypes in
www.agronomyjournals.com
2024; 7(12): 464-469
relation to thermal regimes under different sowing dates
Received: 06-11-2024
Accepted: 07-12-2024
SD Gondake, GN Gote, SM Umate, AM Khobragade, BV Asewar, MG
SD Gondake
PG Scholar, Department of
Jadhav and SA Katait
Agricultural Meteorology,
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/2618060X.2024.v7.i12f.2197
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India Abstract
The Field experiment was conducted during 2023-24 at Wheat and Maize Research unit, Vasantrao Naik
GN Gote Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani to study effect of weather parameters on wheat genotypes under
Assistant Professor, Department of
different dates of sowing and agro meteorological indices during Rabi season. The field experiment was lay
Agricultural Meteorology,
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik
out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications for providing the different thermal
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, environments, the experiment examined the impact of three sowing dates (4th November, 23rd November,
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India and 9th December) and six wheat genotypes (Genotype 1 HZWYT-501, Genotype 1 HZWYT-516,
Genotype 1 HZWYT-519, Genotype 1 HZWYT-521, Genotype 1 HZWYT-530, and NIAW-1994) on crop
SM Umate growth and yield. The grain yield recorded in 23rd November was statistically at par with 4th November.
Associate Professor, Department of The highest grain yield recorded in 23rd November sowing. The significant reduction in grain yield of late
Botany, Wheat and maize research sown genotypes was recorded when sowing was delayed beyond 9th December. Among the genotypes
Unit, VNMKV, Parbhani, highest grain yield of 7682 kg ha-1 was recorded in genotype 1HZWYT-519, which was significantly
Maharashtra, India superior over 1HZWYT-530 (7650 kg ha-1), 1HZWYT-521 (7147 kg ha-1), 1HZWYT-516 (6857 kg ha-1),
NIAW-1994 (C) and 1HZWYT-501 (6440 kg ha-1). Among the genotype 1HZWYT-519 took highest days
AM Khobragade growing degree days, photo thermal unit, helio-thermal unit to reach the maturity. The genotype 1HZWYT-
Assistant Professor, Department of
519 recorded the highest grain yield at 23rd November sowing as compared to all other sowing dates.
Agricultural Meteorology,
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Keywords: Wheat genotypes, dates of sowing, thermal indices
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
Introduction
BV Asewar Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is originated in South West Asia. Wheat is comes under poaceae
Director of Instruction and Dean, family. It belongs to genus Triticum, Is India only three species of wheat namely Triticum
Faculty of agriculture, VNMKV,
aestivum (common bread wheat), Triticum durum (macaroni or durum wheat), and Triticum
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
dicoccum (emmer wheat) are economically important. In India wheat is the main cereal crop. In
MG Jadhav respect of area and production it occupies the second position. It is one of the most important
Assistant Professor, Department of staple food grain crops throughout the world. India ranks second in the world in respect of wheat
Agricultural Meteorology, production, next only to china that has played a vital role in stabilizing the food production of
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik
the country. Area under this crop in India is 31.61 million hectare with a production of 109.52
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India million tonnes of production. Wheat is basically a long day crop of the temperate region and
requires relatively low temperature for satisfactory growth. Among the climatic factors,
SA Katait temperature plays a key role in determining the sowing time and consequently the duration of
PG Scholar, Department of different phenophases, which affect the crop productivity (Satish et al. 2023) [15]. The adverse
Agricultural Meteorology,
impact of heat stress induced through temperature and unpredictable climatic variations is clear
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, and threatening wheat production in all ecologies (temperate, subtropical and in tropical regimes
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India climate), (Yadav et al. 2022) [17].

Material and Methods

Corresponding Author: The Field experiment was conducted during 2023-24 at Wheat and Maize Research unit,
SD Gondake
PG Scholar, Department of Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani to study effect of weather parameters
Agricultural Meteorology, on wheat genotypes under different dates of sowing and agrometeorological indices during Rabi
Parbhani, Vasantrao Naik season. The field experiment was lay out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, replications, the experiment examined the impact of three sowing dates
Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

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(4th November, 23rd November, and 9th December) and six wheat (2022) [5] stated that Temperature and moisture are essential
genotypes (Genotype 1 HZWYT-501, Genotype 1 HZWYT- factors in germination and seedling growth. Temperature
516, Genotype 1 HZWYT-519, Genotype 1 HZWYT-521, significantly influenced germination duration and seedling
Genotype 1 HZWYT-530, and NIAW-1994) on crop growth and development of wheat. The more duration to maturity were
yield. There were fifty four treatment combinations comprising recorded for the first date of sowing (D1), taking 113 days,
of three sowing dates viz., 44th, 47th and 49th SMW as main plot followed by second date of sowing (D2) for 103 days and third
treatments and five genotypes and one check varieties viz., date of sowing (D3) i.e. 99 days for the. The shortest time to
Genotype 1 HZWYT-501, Genotype 1 HZWYT-516, Genotype maturity stage was observed in the third sowing date (D 3).
1 HZWYT-519, Genotype 1 HZWYT-521, Genotype 1 Delayed sowing resulted in a shorter growing period due to
HZWYT-530, and NIAW-1994(C). The gross and net plot sizes higher temperature and reduced accumulation of heat units. The
were 4.8 m2 respectively. A spacing of 20 cm x 5 cm was impact of sowing dates on days to heading and physiological
adopted. A recommended dose of fertilizer (N, P, K ha -1) was maturity was significant; delays in sowing led to fewer days to
applied uniformly to all the treatments. heading and physiological maturity, likely due to the higher
temperatures associated with later sowings genotype 1 HZWYT-
Computation of Agro meteorological indices 519 was notably superior compared to the other genotypes and
Growing Degree Days (GDD) the check variety, requiring the longest period for maturity at
The growing degree days (GDD) was worked out by considering 106 days. This was followed by genotype 1 HZWYT-530 at 104
the base temperature of 10°C (Patel et. al., 1999) [12]. The total days, and genotype 1 HZWYT-521 at 104 days genotype 1
growing degree days (GDD) for different phenophases were HZWYT-516 required 104 days, while the check variety NIAW-
determined by the following formula 1994 took 103 days respectively. The shortest time to maturity
was observed in genotype 1 HZWYT-501, which required only
Dh 102 days. The variation in maturity duration among genotypes is
Accumulated GDD (oC day) = ∑ [(Tmax + Tmin ) / 2]-Tb attributed to their genetic traits and their responses to different
ds thermal regimes. Similar finding was revealed by Chakrabharti
et al. (2020). The present findings are similar with Singh et al.
Where, (2001) [16]. The phenology of plants encompasses the initial
GDD = Growing Degree Days growth and development leading up to the reproductive phase.
Tmax = Maximum temperature (oC) Thermal stress impacted each genotype and variety of wheat
Tmin = Minimum temperature (oC) from the 50% heading stage (P4) through to maturity (P6) under
Tb = Base temperature (oC) varying sowing dates. Delays in sowing led to a reduction in the
DS = Date of Sowing total duration of the crop growing period, attributed to thermal
DH = Date of Harvest stress and lower accumulation of growing degree days (GDD).
Similar finding was revealed by Chakrabharti et al (2020),
Results and Discussion Younus et al (2024) [18]. Hatfield et al. (2015) [3] stated that in
Phenological studies controlled environment studies, warm temperatures increased
The impact of temperature on crop physiology is well- the rate of phenological development; however, there was no
established, influencing various stages of crop phenology of effect on leaf area or vegetative biomass compared to normal
wheat. The duration from sowing to emergence, CRI/Tillering temperatures. Jadhav et al. (2015) [4]. An experiment was
stage, Flag leaf stage, Heading 50% stage, Grain filling stage, conducted to assess the number of days and growing degree
and Maturity stage were recorded for all five genotypes and one days (GDD) needed for different phenological stages of crop.
check variety under three different sowing dates. Khaeim et al.

Table 1: Phenological days required for different Wheat genotypes

Phenological Stages
Genotypes Date of Sowing
Emergence Stage CRI / Tillering Flag Leaf Stage Heading 50% Grain Filling Maturity
1HZWYT – 501 D1G1 (04/11/2023) 6 22 50 65 93 110
1HZWYT – 501 D2G1 (23/11/2023) 5 24 50 62 88 103
1HZWYT – 501 D3G1 (09/12/2023) 6 22 47 58 80 99
1HZWYT – 516 D1G2 (04/11/2023) 6 22 51 64 93 112
1HZWYT – 516 D2G2 (23/11/2023) 6 23 50 63 87 104
1HZWYT – 516 D2G3 (09/12/2023) 6 21 45 61 79 98
1HZWYT – 519 D1G3 (04/11/2023) 6 24 52 68 92 115
1HZWYT – 519 D2G3 (23/11/2023) 5 24 53 62 88 105
1HZWYT – 519 D3G3 (09/12/2023) 5 22 46 57 81 99
1HZWYT – 521 D1G4 (04/11/2023) 6 23 55 66 93 116
1HZWYT – 521 D2G4 (23/11/2023) 5 24 50 63 87 104
1HZWYT – 521 D3G4 (09/12/2023) 6 22 45 58 80 97
1HZWYT – 530 D1G5 (04/11/2023) 6 22 51 65 92 111
1HZWYT – 530 D2G5 (23/11/2023) 6 23 52 62 87 104
1HZWYT – 530 D3G5 (09/12/2023) 5 21 45 57 79 95
NIAW – 1994 D1G6 (04/11/2023) 6 23 53 66 90 112
NIAW – 1994 D2G6(23/11/2023) 6 23 48 63 88 101
NIAW – 1994 D3G6(09/12/2023) 5 21 44 56 80 94

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Plant height (cm) significant across all stages of crop growth.

From the CRI stage to harvesting, the mean plant height for all Also observed that, with delayed sowings, the plant height
three genotypes under various sowing dates was recorded, as reduced and date of sowing has greater influence on plant
shown in Table 2. The analysis of mean plant height across height. These results are in agreement with Modh an MOR et al.
different sowing dates revealed that timely sowing resulted in (2024) [8]. Basir A. et al. (2015) [1] concluded that both the
taller plants compared to late sowing. Specifically, plants sown sowing dates and the genotypes had a significant impact on yield
at the second date (D2) were the tallest, reaching 84.9 cm at and yield components. Days to maturity, plant height, spike
physiological maturity. In comparison, plants sown at the first length, spikes m, grains spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain
date (D1) measured 82.9 cm, and those sown at the third date yield of the 21 genotypes decreased by 19.0, 15.0, 5.0, 7.5, and
(D3) measured 80.08 cm. similar result were found by Lal (2018) 19.0.
[6]
. Among the genotypes, the highest plant height was recorded While plant height is primarily governed by genetic factors, it is
for genotype 1 HZWYT-519 (G3), measuring 89.7 cm. This was also influenced by environmental conditions and management
followed by genotype 1 HZWYT-530 (G5) at 86.26 cm, then practices. The lowest plant height was recorded for the 49 th
genotype 1 HZWYT-521 (G4) at 83.46 cm, and genotype 1 SMW sowing window in December. This reduction in height is
HZWYT-516 (G2) at 81.33 cm. The check variety NIAW-1994 likely due to increased temperatures associated with delayed
(G6) measured 79.31 cm, while the shortest was genotype 1 sowings, which created unfavorable weather conditions and
HZWYT-501 (G1) at 77.13 cm. These differences were negatively affected plant growth.

Table 2: Effect of different thermal regimes on plant height (cm) of wheat crop (Phenological stage wise)
Phenological Stage Wise Mean Plant Height (Cm)
Treatments
Cri Flag Leaf Stage Flowering Stage Heading 50% Maturity At Harvest
Date of sowing
D1: (44th SMW) 24.03 44.17 68.25 74.87 82.40 82.90
D2: (47th SMW) 26.40 54.50 69.57 79.53 83.45 84.90
D3: (49 th SMW) 22.62 40.36 64.30 77.42 78.08 80.80
S.E. 0.23 0.59 0.61 0.73 0.73 0.72
C.D.@ 5% 0.66 1.70 1.75 2.11 2.10 2.11
Genotypes
G1-1HZWYT-501 23.60 44.65 65.20 72.57 76.53 77.13
G2-1HZWYT-516 24.00 46.20 66.60 76.23 79.33 81.33
G3-1HZWYT-519 25.40 48.54 69.83 83.46 87.77 89.70
G4-1HZWYT-521 24.46 46.54 68.07 76.60 81.50 83.47
G5-1HZWYT-530 24.76 46.80 68.33 80.33 84.47 86.27
G6-NIAW-1994 23.80 44.87 66.20 74.43 77.67 79.30
S.E. 0.32 0.83 0.86 1.03 1.04 1.01
C.D.@ 5% 0.93 2.40 2.48 2.11 3.00 2.93
D X V Interaction
S.E. 0.56 1.44 1.49 1.79 1.80 1.76
C.D.@ 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS
G. Mean 24.35 46.34 67.37 77.27 81.31 82.87

Crop Growth Rate (CGR) filling stage (P5) to the maturity stage (P6). At harvest, CGR
The data of wheat genotypes and one check variety as in P1 decreased due to the crop reaching maturity. Similar findings
(CRI/Tillering stage), P2 (Flag leaf stage), P3 (Heading 50% were observed with as crop growth rate were lower at initial
stage), P4 (Grain filling stage), P5 (Maturity stage) and P6 (At stage of growth and increased with plant age. The CGR being
harvest) influenced by different thermal regimes are presented in controlled by canopy, photosynthesis and respiration, so, it is
Table 3. For genotype 1 HZWYT-519 (G3), the highest Crop considered more meaningful function of crop growth. In each
Growth Rate (CGR) was recorded between stages P2 to P4 for growing conditions, starting from a lower value, CGR of all the
the D2 sowing date, followed by D1 and D3, with only slight genotypes reached a certain peak and thereafter declined. The
differences, Similarly, for genotype 1 HZWYT-530 (G5), the CGR fluctuated at certain stages in all genotypes it might be due
highest CGR between P2 and P4 was observed for the D 2 to fluctuation in minimum and maximum temperature.
sowing date, followed by D1 and D3, Genotype 1 HZWYT-521
(G4) also showed the highest CGR between P2 and P4 at the D 2 Yield
sowing date, with D1 and D3 following, For genotype 1 The highest grain yield was observed for the D 2 sowing date,
HZWYT-516 (G2), the highest CGR between P2 and P4 was producing 8,144 kg ha-1, which was significantly higher than the
recorded for the D2 sowing date, with D1 and D3 in that order. yields from D1 (7,002 kg ha-1) and D3 (5,980 kg ha-1) sowing
The check variety NIAW-1994 (G6) had the highest CGR dates. The decrease in yield with delayed sowing is attributed to
between P2 and P4 for the D2 sowing date, followed by D 1 and reduced accumulation of GDD. These findings are consistent
D3, Lastly, genotype 1 HZWYT-501 (G1) also recorded the with the results reported by Modh and Mor (2024) [8].
highest CGR between P2 and P4 for the D2 sowing date, Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz et al. (2015). Genotype 1 HZWYT-
followed by D1 and D3. 519 recorded a significantly higher number of grains per spikelet
The Crop Growth Rate (CGR) of the wheat crop was lowest compared to other genotypes, including 1 HZWYT-530, which
during the initial stages, specifically at the CRI/tillering stage. was followed by 1 HZWYT-521, 1 HZWYT-516, and the check
CGR began to increase from the CRI stage through to the variety NIAW-1994. In contrast, 1 HZWYT-501 had the lowest
heading stage (P4) and then slightly declined from the grain number of grains per spikelet. These variations in yield are

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likely due to the distinct varietal characteristics of each was significantly affected by the sowing dates. Wheat sown
genotype, which influence their performance under similar during the 47th SMW (D2) achieved the highest number of grains
environmental conditions. per spikelet, surpassing those sown in the 44th SMW (D1) and
Table 4, presents data on spikelet length recorded at harvest. The 49th SMW (D3). Conversely, the lowest number of grains per
mean length of the spike was found to be 10.3 cm. The effect of spikelet was recorded for wheat sown during the 49 th SMW (D3).
different planting dates on spikelet length was significant. The This outcome is likely due to the longer photoperiod associated
47th SMW had the highest spikelet length at 10.9 cm, with earlier sowing, which allows for greater assimilate
significantly outperforming the 44th SMW, which had a length accumulation in the spikelet, resulting in a higher number of
of 10.3 cm. grains per spikelet. These findings are consistent with the results
The 49th SMW, however, had the shortest spikelet length at 9.9 reported by Modh and Mor (2024) [8], which also indicate that
cm. High temperatures associated with delayed sowing early sowing improves grain production by extending the period
adversely affected spikelet length, with reduced lengths for assimilate accumulation.
observed in crops sown later. Genotype 1 HZWYT-519 Among the genotypes, 1 HZWYT-519 exhibited a significantly
exhibited the greatest spikelet length at 11.43 cm, surpassing all higher number of grains per spikelet compared to the other
other genotypes and the check variety. genotypes. It was superior to 1 HZWYT-530, which in turn had
Data on number of grains per spikelet (Table 4) indicates that more grains per spikelet than 1 HZWYT-521, followed by 1
there was significant influence by all five genotype and one HZWYT-516 and NIAW-1994 (the check variety). Conversely,
check variety and dates of sowing and their interaction was 1 HZWYT-501 had the lowest number of grains per spikelet.
found significant. Mohammadi et al. (2004) [9] as per kernel This variation is likely due to the distinct genetic characteristics
weight and head weight of the inherited lines of wheat, but did of these genotypes, which influence grain setting and panicle
not change kernel number. The number of grains per spikelet development.

Table 3: Impact of different thermal regimes on crop growth rate (g plant -1 day-1) of different wheat genotypes
Phenological Stages
Treatments
Genotypes CRI Flag Leaf Stage Heading 50% Grain Filling Maturity At Harvest Mean
Date of Sowing
D1G1 (04/11/2023) 0.008 0.202 1.124 0.201 0.205 0.092 0.305
1HZWYT-501 D2G1 (23/11/2023) 0.008 0.265 1.584 0.247 0.261 0.121 0.414
D3G1 (09/12/2023) 0.004 0.219 1.539 0.248 0.192 0.152 0.393
MEAN 0.007 0.229 1.416 0.232 0.219 0.122 0.371
D1G2 (04/11/2023) 0.009 0.263 1.350 0.194 0.189 0.109 0.352
1HZWYT-516 D2G2 (23/11/2023) 0.010 0.358 1.658 0.322 0.270 0.138 0.459
D2G3 (09/12/2023) 0.005 0.311 1.101 0.304 0.197 0.133 0.342
MEAN 0.008 0.311 1.370 0.273 0.219 0.127 0.385
D1G3 (04/11/2023) 0.018 0.468 1.715 0.235 0.156 0.150 0.457
1HZWYT-519 D2G3 (23/11/2023) 0.014 0.524 3.041 0.221 0.328 0.161 0.715
D3G3 (09/12/2023) 0.009 0.539 2.501 0.228 0.208 0.152 0.606
MEAN 0.014 0.511 2.419 0.228 0.231 0.154 0.593
D1G4 (04/11/2023) 0.010 0.328 1.559 0.209 0.156 0.171 0.405
1HZWYT-521 D2G4 (23/11/2023) 0.010 0.482 1.704 0.281 0.211 0.138 0.471
D3G4 (09/12/2023) 0.006 0.449 1.325 0.248 0.221 0.119 0.394
MEAN 0.009 0.419 1.529 0.246 0.196 0.143 0.424
D1G5 (04/11/2023) 0.013 0.398 1.587 0.209 0.189 0.100 0.416
1HZWYT-530 D2G5 (23/11/2023) 0.013 0.449 2.275 0.271 0.387 0.138 0.589
D3G5 (09/12/2023) 0.009 0.491 1.822 0.248 0.234 0.097 0.484
MEAN 0.012 0.446 1.895 0.243 0.270 0.112 0.496
D1G6 (04/11/2023) 0.008 0.209 1.291 0.235 0.208 0.109 0.343
NIAW-1994 D2G6 (23/11/2023) 0.009 0.314 1.283 0.309 0.259 0.097 0.379
(check variety) D3G6 (09/12/2023) 0.004 0.265 1.404 0.228 0.339 0.089 0.388
MEAN 0.007 0.263 1.326 0.257 0.269 0.098 0.370

Growing Degree Days (GDD) days), followed by D2 (2309.36°C days) and D3 (2272.26°C
Growing Degree Days (GDD) for the wheat crop across days). The total GDD drastically decreased from D1 to D2 and
different sowing dates and genotypes were calculated from D3 respectively in all the genotypes and check variety. Ram et
sowing to maturity using the standard degree day method, as al. (2012) [14]. For genotype G3-1 HZWYT-519, the highest
shown in Table 5. The percentage decrease in total GDD for the Growing Degree Days (GDD) were recorded in D 1 (2552.06°C
second, and third sowing dates was computed relative to the first days), followed by D2 (2309.36°C days) and D3 (2272.26°C
sowing date. days). In genotype G5 1 HZWYT-530, the highest GDD were
Table 5, presents the accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD) observed in D1 (2458.76°C days), followed by D 2 (2229.61°C
for the entire life cycle of the wheat crop, from the emergence days) and D3 (2165.81°C days). For genotype G4-1 HZWYT-
stage to maturity. The highest total accumulated GDD was 521, the highest GDD were also in D1 (2458.76°C days), with
observed for the first sowing date, D1 (04/11/2023, 44th SMW), D2 at (2229.61°C days) and D3 at (2165.81°C days). Genotype
followed by D2 (23/11/2023, 47th SMW) and D3 (09/12/2023, G2-1 HZWYT-516 recorded the highest GDD in D 1 (2480.41°C
49th SMW) For genotype G3-1 HZWYT-519, the highest days), followed by D2 (2404.11°C days) and D3 (2272.26°C
Growing Degree Days (GDD) were recorded in D1 (2552.06°C days). The check variety NIAW-1994 had the highest GDD in

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D1 (3231.21°C days), with D2 at (2197.26°C days) and D3 at be attributed to a shorter crop growing period and earlier
(2138.51°C days). For genotype G1-1 HZWYT-501, the highest maturity of the crops under delayed sowing conditions, likely
GDD were recorded in D1 (2436.11°C days), followed by D 2 due to increased temperatures.
(2260.41°C days) and D3 (2022.71°C days). This reduction may

Table 4: Post-harvest observations

Treatments Post-Harvest Observations
Tiller per plant at time Length of spikelet Number of grain / Weight of grains/ plant Grain yield
of harvesting (Cm) spike (G) (Kg/Ha)
Date of sowing
D1: (44SMW) 14 10.34 47 52.4 7002
D2: (47SMW) 15 10.87 48 63.4 8145
D3: (49SMW) 13 9.95 46 49.4 5981
S.E. 1 0.09 0.1 3.0 156
C.D.@ 5% NS 0.25 0.2 8.6 450
Genotypes
G1-1HZWYT-501 12 9.45 41 49.7 6440
G2-1HZWYT-516 14 10.00 44 53.3 6857
G3-1HZWYT-519 17 11.44 54 61.3 7682
G4-1HZWYT-521 15 10.40 48 54.2 7147
G5-1HZWYT-530 16 11.27 51 59.7 7650
G6-NIAW-1994 14 9.75 43 52.2 6480
S.E. 1 0.12 0.27 4.2 221
C.D.@ 5% 3 0.36 0.77 N/A 637
D X V Interaction
S.E. 2 0.62 0.5 7.32 34384
C.D.@ 5% NS 0.21 1.3 21.13 286461
G. Mean 15 0.41 47.0 14.22 160423

Table 5: Phenophase wise accumulated growing degree days (GDD) (oC day) by different wheat genotypes
Phenological Stages
Genotypes Date of Sowing
Emergence Stage CRI / Tillering Flag Leaf Stage Heading 50% Grain Filling Maturity Total GDD
D1G1 (04/11/2023) 143.6 373.3 597.3 308.4 600.7 413.0 2436.1
1HZWYT-501 D2G1 (23/11/2023) 138.3 371.8 529.3 261.9 586.9 372.2 2260.4
D3G1 (09/12/2023) 143.5 312.9 537.6 252.2 531.6 245.1 2022.7
MEAN 141.8 352.6 554.7 274.1 573.1 343.4
D1G2 (04/11/2023) 143.6 373.3 616.5 268.5 621.4 457.3 2480.4
1HZWYT-516 D2G2 (23/11/2023) 161.8 328.3 549.3 284.9 539.7 421.4 2285.3
D2G3 (09/12/2023) 143.5 334.0 480.2 360.9 431.5 522.3 2272.3
MEAN 149.6 345.2 1388.3 304.7 530.8 467.0
D1G3 (04/11/2023) 143.6 418.9 590.5 334.8 512.8 551.6 2552.1
1HZWYT-519 D2G3 (23/11/2023) 138.3 371.8 598.7 192.6 586.9 421.2 2309.4
D3G3 (09/12/2023) 123.5 332.9 520.3 244.5 583.4 467.8 2272.3
MEAN 135.1 374.5 569.8 257.3 561.0 480.2
D1G4 (04/11/2023) 143.6 398.0 671.5 231.2 578.9 556.6 2579.7
1HZWYT-521 D2G4 (23/11/2023) 138.3 371.8 529.3 284.9 539.7 421.4 2285.3
D3G4 (09/12/2023) 143.5 312.9 501.3 288.5 531.6 439.9 2217.5
MEAN 141.8 360.9 567.4 268.2 550.0 472.6
D1G5 (04/11/2023) 143.6 373.3 616.5 289.1 578.0 458.3 2458.8
1HZWYT-530 D2G5 (23/11/2023) 161.8 328.3 595.2 238.4 562.6 343.4 2229.6
D3G5 (09/12/2023) 123.5 354.0 480.2 263.5 528.9 415.8 2165.8
MEAN 143.0 351.9 563.9 263.7 556.5 405.8
D1G6 (04/11/2023) 143.6 398 631.1 271.6 512.1 524.1 2480.4
NIAW-1994 D2G6(23/11/2023) 161.8 318.3 505.9 328.3 564.0 319.1 2197.3
D3G6(09/12/2023) 123.5 354.0 457.2 263.7 579.3 360.9 2138.5
MEAN 143.0 607.0 531.4 287.8 551.8 401.3

Conclusion physiological maturity was significant; delays in sowing led to

Based on the above findings, it may be concluded that The fewer days to heading and physiological maturity, likely due to
highest grain yield was observed for the D2 sowing date, the higher temperatures associated with later sowings. The
producing 8,144 kg ha-1, which was significantly higher than the accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD) for the entire life
yields from D1 (7,002 kg ha-1) and D3 (5,980 kg ha-1) sowing cycle of the wheat crop, from the emergence stage to maturity.
dates and genotype 1HZWYT-519 found highest grain yield The highest total accumulated GDD was observed for the first
7682 kg ha-1. Delayed sowing resulted in a shorter growing sowing date, D1 (04/11/2023, 44th SMW), followed by D2
period due to higher temperature and reduced accumulation of (23/11/2023, 47th SMW) and D3 (09/12/2023, 49th SMW) For
heat units. The impact of sowing dates on days to heading and genotype G3-1 HZWYT-519, the highest Growing Degree Days

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International Journal of Research in Agronomy https://www.agronomyjournals.com

(GDD) were recorded in D1 (2552.06°C days), followed by D2 16. Singh AK, Tripathi P, Mishra SR. Phenology, growing
(2309.36°C days) and D3 (2272.26°C days). degree-days and phasic development model of wheat
(Triticum aestivum) under rice (Oryza sativa) wheat
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