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STO. NIÑO COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

Department of Criminology
Brgy. Doña Feliza Mejia Village, Ormoc City

Operational Efficiency and Effectiveness: Factors Influencing Bureau of Fire

Protection in Response to Fire Incidents in Matag-ob, Leyte

RODEL G. PEREZ
CRIS SILLY A. MACABAN
MYLA ROSE H. DUMAGUIT
MARGIE SALERA
LYKA N. ARCENAL
CHERRELYN L. ZAMORA
MARYNEL V. REQUINA
BEVERLY S. URBANO
KIERBY A. JORDAN
JUAN MIGUEL D. MONTERDE
CLARENCE P. PALACIO
KEVIN A. PANCHO
MIGUELITO R. MARAPOC
MARK DAVE V. BATION
JOEY GUINAREZ

A thesis proposal presented to the Department of Criminology

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, Sto. Nino College Ormoc City, Inc.,

January 2025
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the Study

A lot of natural disasters occur every year in one place to another; fire incidents are among

them that cause damages and threaten the lives of others. Authority gave their all capabilities

to ensure the safety by giving awareness to people from time to time, even conducting a

prevention program about fire safety so that people in the community know what are the

don'ts and dos to prevent such disasters and also what to do during the fire outbreak because

no matter what measures employed, disasters could happen anytime and are unpredictable by

human senses. Having knowledge in measures of fire-related training, fire evacuation drills,

fire alarms, fire emergency exits, and an escape plan if there is an occurrence of fire. Some

people are out in danger unexpectedly because of the panic felt by the individuals, affecting

their response instead of putting the fire out before it is too late and bringing casualties to the

community. We could only reduce the chance of having a fire incident by being meticulously

watchful. Fire does not choose a time for it to happen regardless of the weather condition.

Fire is a natural disaster that can take place anywhere; however, it cannot be prevented fully

in one blow, and there are a lot of cases regarding fire incidents that will be borne to the

(BFP) Bureau of Fire Protection authority; it's a matter of how they will take responsibility

and respond to it. Particularly, the Philippines is prone to the fire disaster, which shall be

mitigated through having effective safety measures not just for the persons involved in it but

of BFP personnel who may employ the said implementation and is prone to various reasons

—weather conditions and the kind of construction of buildings up to population.

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The BFP has recognized this gap and has been working tirelessly to enhance fire safety, both

preventative and in timely response (2021). In this regard, the BFP assumes a very important

role in mitigating and managing fire risks around the country, but there are still challenges as

they have insufficient resources and also rapid urbanization. In terms of BFP’s role, they

don’t just fight fires; instead, they implement fire prevention activities, inspect, and put into

place emergency preparedness systems in all sectors, DILG (2022). In the prevention of fire

outbreaks and during emergencies, public awareness is crucial. The BFP (2022) regularly

conducts fire drills and awareness programs to educate the public on fire safety protocols and

emergency procedures. According to the BFP, community fire safety education can

significantly reduce the occurrence of fire-related casualties. Fire drills and evacuation plans

are critical in ensuring people remain calm and take appropriate action during a fire

emergency. International Fire Safety Standards (IFSS), 2020 research that shows that

performing fire drills helps in decreasing panic and quickening the response time of

individuals during the outbreak of fire and make them act more efficiently in fire. Advances

in fire detection and response technologies, including It-enabled alarm systems and

automated drones, have been demonstrated to considerably improve fire management. The

innovations have helped bridge gaps in response time and operational efficiency in rural

areas, which have limited access to resources.

Setting of the study

The study is conducted at the Matag-ob Fire Station in the Province of Leyte, located in a

town known for its sense of unity and happiness. The Matag-ob Fire Station plays a crucial

role in ensuring the safety of the community, protecting properties from fire incidents, and

maintaining peace. Additionally, it provides disaster-related information through publications

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to raise awareness among local residents. The Matag-ob Fire Station is also a hub for

community engagement and education. The station actively promotes fire prevention and

disaster preparedness to residents through outreach programs. These efforts involve fire

drills, emergency response seminars, and outreach programs with schools and organizations.

The fire station plans to create a culture of alertness so that these neighborhoods could

respond if a natural disaster or others could occur and consequently prevent causes of life and

property damage. This will help not only with emergency response but make the community

more resilient and informed, among others, which is part of the service that the station

provides. Although Matag-ob is a rural area, the Bureau of Fire Protection encounters

significant challenges in emergency management. These challenges stem from its remote

nature, characterized by narrow (and winding) access roads that can impede response times

during fire emergencies. However, the fire station is proactively addressing these issues,

aiming to enhance the speed and efficiency of its operations. Upgrading firefighting

equipment, improving communication tools, and cultivating community support are essential

factors in boosting their overall effectiveness.

This study critically assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of the Matag-ob Fire

Station, concentrating on various elements such as response time, equipment quality, traffic

conditions, radio communication, and community relations. It also examines the challenges

that arise during fire and rescue operations and how they are addressed. The findings will

yield valuable insights that could improve emergency services in Matag-ob and similar

communities, ultimately enhancing safety and support for local residents.

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Theoretical Framework

This study is grounded in system theory, in which all factors are essential in fire operations to

avoid the greater result of damage to property and even risk to life. It emphasizes response

time as a factor depending on other subsystems like equipment availability, traffic

management, and communication efficiency. If there are factors lacking for this operation, it

will trigger a series of effects impacting overall operation and rescue. Just like a machine,

every part of the system must function properly for the organization to respond effectively in

emergencies. If any part of the system is missing or not functioning well—whether it's

communication, resources, or trained personnel—it can lead to problems that affect the entire

operation. These issues can compromise the success of the mission and, more importantly,

the safety of those involved. A study by Hwang (2020) highlights that fire service response

times depend on the optimal allocation of resources like firefighters and fire stations and how

these inputs transform into efficient fire suppression outcomes. The research also shows how

delays in response times due to insufficient resources or poor coordination can exacerbate fire

damage, underscoring the system's interconnected nature. Similarly, integrated approaches

combining traffic management and communication networks are essential in disaster

scenarios, as shown in wildfire evacuation studies. These studies demonstrate how

bottlenecks in traffic or communication significantly impact response efficiency and

coordination during emergencies, reinforcing the necessity of a well-synchronized system.

The importance of integrated approaches in combining traffic management and

communication networks for disaster scenarios has been well documented in recent studies.

For instance, Soga (2021) highlights how communication bottlenecks and traffic congestion

during wildfire evacuations significantly impact response efficiency. By using an

interdisciplinary simulation framework, the study demonstrates the necessity of

synchronizing natural environment models, traffic systems, and communication networks to

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ensure effective disaster responses. This research shows how well-coordinated systems

improve evacuation strategies and minimize risks during emergencies. cy. If there are factors

lacking for this operation, it will trigger a series of effects impacting overall operation and

rescue. Just like a machine, every part of the system must function properly for the

organization to respond effectively in emergencies. If any part of the system is missing or not

functioning well—whether it's communication, resources, or trained personnel—it can lead to

problems that affect the entire operation. These issues can compromise the success of the

mission and, more importantly, the safety of those involved. A study by Hwang (2020)

highlights that fire service response times depend on the optimal allocation of resources like

firefighters and fire stations and how these inputs transform into efficient fire suppression

outcomes. The research also shows how delays in response times due to insufficient resources

or poor coordination can exacerbate fire damage, underscoring the system's interconnected

nature. Similarly, integrated approaches combining traffic management and communication

networks are essential in disaster scenarios, as shown in wildfire evacuation studies. These

studies demonstrate how bottlenecks in traffic or communication significantly impact

response efficiency and coordination during emergencies, reinforcing the necessity of a well-

synchronized system. The importance of integrated approaches in combining traffic

management and communication networks for disaster scenarios has been well documented

in recent studies. For instance, Soga (2021) highlights how communication bottlenecks and

traffic congestion during wildfire evacuations significantly impact response efficiency. By

using an interdisciplinary simulation framework, the study demonstrates the necessity of

synchronizing natural environment models, traffic systems, and communication networks to

ensure effective disaster responses. This research shows how well-coordinated systems

improve evacuation strategies and minimize risks during emergencies.

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Different effects arise when there is a problem with the organization, particularly in

BFP in regards to their functions as a whole. It could compromise the entire system if the

reliable factors that believe to have a crucial role to the organization had an issue, such as a

lack of equipment like a firetruck, flow of communication between residents and acting

personnel, etc. The trust of people had always been there, and we expected them to serve the

best service to the community without further jeopardizing anyone’s safety. "Effective

communication and well-maintained resources are essential for the proper functioning of

emergency services, as delays or failures in these areas can result in loss of life and property,

eroding the trust of the community" (López, 2022). Similarly, when organizations like the

BFP face such challenges, it can hinder their capacity to respond to emergencies swiftly,

leaving residents vulnerable. d an issue, such as a lack of equipment like a firetruck, flow of

communication between residents and acting personnel, etc. The trust of people had always

been there, and we expected them to serve the best service to the community without further

jeopardizing anyone’s safety. "Effective communication and well-maintained resources are

essential for the proper functioning of emergency services, as delays or failures in these areas

can result in loss of life and property, eroding the trust of the community" (López, 2022).

Similarly, when organizations like the BFP face such challenges, it can hinder their capacity

to respond to emergencies swiftly, leaving residents vulnerable.

Moreover, the breakdown of this trust can have a broader societal impact, as the community's

perception of the organization's ability to protect them is foundational to the effectiveness of

such services. People must feel confident that the fire department will respond quickly and

appropriately during crises. “The integrity and competence of fire protection services play a

critical role in sustaining public trust and ensuring that communities remain safe and resilient

in the face of emergencies” (Keller, 2021

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Consequently, investment in resources, improving internal systems, and fostering transparent

communication with the public are crucial to maintaining effective fire protection services.
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Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

INPUT
The relationship of the factors to the efficiency and
effectiveness in responding to fire incidents.
a. Response time
b. Equipment
c. Flow of traffic
d. Radio communication
e. Community relations

1. What is the level of operational efficiency and

effectiveness of the BFP, Matag-ob, Leyte in responding to

fire incidents: PROCESS OUTPUT

a. Response time Survey Factors

influencing
Data
b. Equipment BFP
Analysis
response to
fire incidents
c. Flow of Traffic and level of
operational
d. Radio Communication effectiveness
and
efficiency.
e. Community Relations

2. What are the factors influencing BFP in Response to fire

incidents?

3. What strategies are being implemented to address the

identified factors that affect the BFP in responding to fire

incidents?

4. Is there significant relationship difference between the

factor influencing BFP response to fire incidents and level of

operational effectiveness and efficiency?

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Statement of the problem

This study will measure the factors affecting the operational effectiveness and efficiency of

the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Matag-ob, Leyte in responding to fire incidents

1. What is the level of operational efficiency and effectiveness of the BFP, Matag-ob, Leyte in

responding to fire incidents:

a. Response time

b. Equipment

c. Flow of Traffic

d. Radio Communication

e. Community Relations

2. What are the factors influencing BFP in Response to fire incidents?

3. What strategies are being implemented to address the identified factors that affect the BFP

in responding to fire incidents?

4. Is there significant relationship difference between the factor influencing BFP response to

fire incidents and level of operational effectiveness and efficiency?

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Research Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference between the factors affecting fire operation and fire

rescue incidents of BFP Matag-ob, Leyte.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The general intent of this study is to measure the factors affecting the operational

effectiveness and efficiency of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in responding to fire

incidents. Particularly, the study focuses on examining the relationship of selected factors,

which are the response time, equipment, flow of traffic, radio communication, and

community relations, with the performance of the BFP. Additionally, investigate if there is a

significant difference between the factors affecting fire operations and fire rescue

incidents.This research evaluates the strategies being implemented to address the identified

factors that affect the BFP in responding to fire incidents.

This study was conducted in Matag-ob, Leyte fire station, during the years 2024-2025,

thereby excluding other offices within the region. It specifically assesses fire incidents and

fire rescue operations while omitting other emergencies (such as medical or disaster

responses). The respondents of the study were only the BFP personnel in Matag-ob Fire

Station. However, those hailing from other municipalities or unrelated stakeholders are not

included.

Furthermore, this study evaluates only the pre-existing strategies executed by the BFP to

tackle identified challenges without venturing into proposing or examining future strategies.

Although these limitations may seem constraining, they serve to ensure that the study remains

focused on achieving its objectives and offers insights that are particularly relevant to the

operational challenges faced by the BFP in Matag-ob, Leyte.

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Significance of the study

The findings of this study may provide valuable insights for the following:

BFP Officials. The study's findings will identify operational inefficiencies and challenges,

guiding the creation of effective strategies to improve response times and optimize resource

utilization, thus enhancing overall performance.

LGU. The study emphasizes the need for cooperation between the BFP and LGUs to reduce

fire incidents. It shows that better communication and resource sharing can enhance

emergency response, allowing LGUs to create more effective fire prevention and safety

policies and programs.

Local Community. The understanding the factors affecting fire response efficiency

empowers the community to actively participate in fire prevention and preparedness

programs. This research not only highlights the importance of individual and collective action

but also emphasizes the critical role of community relations in building a resilient and well-

informed population during emergencies.

Policymakers. The results of this study can influence policy decisions at regional and

national levels, especially in terms of allocating funds for firefighting equipment, improving

infrastructure, and fostering multi-agency coordination. Policymakers can use the findings to

prioritize investments in fire safety systems and training.

Future Researchers.

The study provides a basis for future research that examines the operational challenges faced

by rural fire stations or compares different municipalities. The results of this study will serve

as a valuable reference for their research, providing insights into the research process and

guiding them in developing a strong research paper.

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Disaster Risk Reduction Advocates. The study highlights important areas for improving fire

prevention and response, aiding efforts to enhance disaster preparedness, especially in rural

regions with limited resources and infrastructure challenges.

Students. The results of this study will encourage further exploration in this field and serve

as a valuable guide throughout the process.

Definitions of terms used

Fire Incidents - one of the natural disasters occurred in a certain area, it is a life-threatening

situation to people involved.

Fire Safety - It is a preventive measure to avoid further damage of property and risk of lives

in fire incidents.

Fire Protection Bureau (BFP) - conceptually, is a government agency that is responsible for

ensuring fire safety, prevention, and response to fire emergencies across the residents of

Matag-ob leyte. It also helps in responding to fire incidents, providing fire safety education,

raising public information enforcing fire-related regulations, and implementing measures to

minimize fire risks.

Response Time - refer to the duration it takes for law enforcement agencies to arrive at a

location after receiving a call for service. This metric is crucial in assessing the effectiveness

of fire operations, as quicker response times can be vital in emergencies where every second

counts.

Equipment Quality - conceptually, refers to the equipment needed for the fire operation

rescue that can be used in responding effectively and quickly.

Radio Communication- operationally, uses radio communication to transmit orders and get

updates from several teams, including support services, ventilation, search and rescue, and
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fire attack, during fire emergencies. During complicated operations, radio communication

aids in keeping a clear direction and an orderly command structure.

Community Relations - conceptually, it is the engagement of BFP's between people in the

community and being able to cooperate in the fire operations.

Fire rescue - it is under fire operation it has a main purpose is to save lives.

Fire operation - operationally, refers to the systematic and coordinated efforts of firefighters

and emergency respondents to combat, control and extinguish fires, as well as respond to

other emergency situations, ensuring safety, minimizing damage and protecting lives.

Efficiency - Efficiency it helps in enhancing the effectiveness of fire departments when

responding to fire incidents. It enables them to quickly respond, effectively manage

resources, and minimize damage.

Effectiveness - conceptually, it is the effective response strategies of a fire incident. It's about

achieving desired outcomes and meaningful impact.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter highlights the conceptual literature reviewed by the researchers related to

this study which provide relevant information. These will suffice to present study as a

background and reference that will support additional information to the study These

materials are deemed necessary to support the identified variable involved of the study.

The operational effectiveness and efficiency of fire departments in responding to fire

incidents are critical components in reducing fire-related damages, fatalities, and injuries.

Various factors influence the performance of fire response operations, including response

time, equipment, traffic flow, communication, and community relations. The Bureau of Fire

Protection (BFP) in Matag-ob, Leyte, like other fire departments, faces challenges and

opportunities that impact its ability to respond effectively to fire incidents. This section

reviews local and foreign studies on the factors that affect the operational effectiveness and

efficiency of fire departments, focusing on response time, equipment, traffic flow,

communication, and community relations.

Foreign Literature

Response time is a critical metric in fire service operations and directly impacts the

outcome of fire incidents. According to Krantz et al. (2020), faster response times are

correlated with better survival rates, reduced property damage, and a lower likelihood of fire

spread. Fire departments that respond within the first few minutes of an alarm are more likely

to control the fire and save lives. Griffith et al. (2019) further highlighted that reduced
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response time often results from efficient resource allocation, strategic station placement, and

effective use of technology to dispatch personnel promptly.

For the BFP in Matag-ob, Leyte, response time may be influenced by geographic

challenges, road infrastructure, and personnel readiness. Studies like Mahalingam and Bui

(2018) suggest that urban areas tend to have quicker response times due to shorter distances,

whereas rural areas, might face delays due to traffic congestion, road conditions, or longer

travel distances. In contrast, a study by Liu et al. (2020) challenges the assumption that faster

response times always result in better fire suppression and outcomes. Liu et al. argue that the

effectiveness of a fire response depends more on strategic preparedness and tactical response

rather than just speed. In their research, they found that in certain instances, rapid response

times do not necessarily lead to better outcomes if the responding teams are not properly

equipped or trained for the specific nature of the fire incident.

The study indicated that in large-scale or complex fires, such as wildfires or

hazardous material incidents, factors like resource adequacy, incident command, and

specialized training were more significant than how quickly firefighters arrived at the scene.

In these cases, longer response times did not drastically worsen outcomes, as the fire

departments had pre-planned strategies and mutual aid agreements in place, which allowed

them to effectively combat the fire despite slower initial responses. Thus, Liu et al. (2020)

suggest that in some cases, response time may be less critical than other factors like trained

personnel, equipment quality, and incident management systems, which can mitigate the

negative impacts of slower arrivals. The quality and availability of firefighting equipment are

central to the success of fire response efforts. Walker and Simpson (2017) argue that well-

maintained and modern equipment is essential for effective firefighting operations. The study

noted that outdated or insufficient equipment could lead to slower response times and

reduced operational effectiveness. For instance, in areas with limited resources, the use of
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outdated fire engines, inadequate personal protective equipment, and faulty tools often delays

firefighting efforts and increases firefighter vulnerability.

A study by Smith et al. (2018) presents the idea that equipment quality is not the most

significant factor in firefighting success, particularly when compared to other factors such as

organizational coordination and incident management. Smith et al. argue that even in the

absence of state-of-the-art equipment, fire departments can still effectively combat fires

through strong leadership, trained personnel, and effective communication networks. He

further highlight examples from regions with limited resources—such as some developing

countries or rural areas—where firefighting success is often driven by community

involvement, innovative tactics, and prioritization of key firefighting strategies over the

quality of tools or equipment. Their study showed that while modern equipment may make

operations more efficient, experienced incident commanders and well-coordinated teams can

often overcome equipment shortcomings. In these cases, firefighters who are highly trained in

strategy, fire dynamics, and resource management can still achieve positive outcomes despite

working with outdated or minimal gear.

Moreover, the study emphasized that flexibility in response plans and the ability to

quickly adapt to dynamic conditions were often more important than equipment alone. For

example, a team may have old fire trucks, but their ability to adapt quickly to emerging

situations—such as fire direction changes, resource shortages, or the involvement of multiple

agencies—could compensate for these limitations.

The study of Smith et al. (2018) argue that while modern equipment certainly

contributes to firefighting effectiveness, it is effective leadership, resourcefulness, and

training that ultimately determine the success of fire operations. The study suggests that

focusing too much on acquiring the latest technology could divert attention from the equally
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critical aspects of teamwork, coordination, and pre-incident planning. Smith et al. (2018)

presents the idea that equipment quality is not the most significant factor in firefighting

success, particularly when compared to other factors such as organizational coordination and

incident management. Smith et al. argue that even in the absence of state-of-the-art

equipment, fire departments can still effectively combat fires through strong leadership,

trained personnel, and effective communication networks.

Smith et al. highlight examples from regions with limited resources—such as some

developing countries or rural areas—where firefighting success is often driven by community

involvement, innovative tactics, and prioritization of key firefighting strategies over the

quality of tools or equipment. Their study showed that while modern equipment may make

operations more efficient, experienced incident commanders and well-coordinated teams can

often overcome equipment shortcomings. In these cases, firefighters who are highly trained in

strategy, fire dynamics, and resource management can still achieve positive outcomes despite

working with outdated or minimal gear.

Moreover, the study emphasized that flexibility in response plans and the ability to

quickly adapt to dynamic conditions were often more important than equipment alone. For

example, a team may have old fire trucks, but their ability to adapt quickly to emerging

situations—such as fire direction changes, resource shortages, or the involvement of multiple

agencies—could compensate for these limitations.

In summary, Smith et al. (2018) argue that while modern equipment certainly contributes to

firefighting effectiveness, it is effective leadership, resourcefulness, and training that

ultimately determine the success of fire operations. The study suggests that focusing too

much on acquiring the latest technology could divert attention from the equally critical

aspects of teamwork, coordination, and pre-incident planning. An opposing viewpoint to the

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idea that traffic congestion is the primary obstacle to timely fire response, especially in rural

or densely populated areas, is presented in a study by Todorov et al. (2017), which suggests

that strategic planning and adaptability of fire response teams are more critical than simply

addressing traffic congestion through infrastructure improvements or designated lanes.

Todorov et al. argue that while traffic congestion can indeed delay fire response times,

effective response management systems—such as real-time traffic monitoring, advanced GPS

navigation, and dynamic route planning—can mitigate these delays even in congested urban

environments or rural areas with poor infrastructure. In their study, they highlight several

examples where fire departments were able to quickly navigate traffic bottlenecks through

smart dispatch systems that account for current traffic conditions, identify alternate routes,

and dispatch multiple units in parallel, even when roads were clogged with traffic.

Effective communication is vital for coordinating firefighting efforts. Chou and Yeh (2018)

emphasize the importance of radio communication systems in relaying critical information,

such as fire location, resource availability, and safety updates, to all relevant stakeholders

during an emergency. Reliable communication systems ensure that firefighters remain

informed and can adapt their strategies based on evolving situations.

In the case of BFP Matag-ob, the effectiveness of radio communication may depend

on the technology available, as well as the training and familiarity of personnel with the

communication systems in place. According to Batista et al. (2017), regular training and

updating communication equipment are essential in maintaining the effectiveness of

emergency response teams.

The role of community relations in fire service operations is critical, as it fosters public

awareness, preparedness, and cooperation. According to Walker et al. (2021), fire

departments that engage in community outreach programs, such as fire safety education,
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drills, and awareness campaigns, tend to see quicker reporting of fires and better cooperation

during evacuations. Positive community relations can also enhance trust in the fire

department, making citizens more likely to follow evacuation orders and adhere to fire

prevention advice.

However, a perspective to the emphasis on effective communication systems and

community relations as essential components for improving firefighting outcomes comes

from Davis et al. (2019), who argue that while communication and community engagement

are beneficial, they are not as impactful as often assumed in addressing core issues of fire

response. Davis et al. suggest that the technical and operational readiness of firefighting

teams—including their training, resource availability, and incident command systems—is of

far greater importance than the quality of communication tools or public cooperation during

emergencies.

Davis et al. found that, in certain cases, reliance on community engagement and

voluntary cooperation during fire events may not yield the desired results. For instance, they

observed that community members may not always act according to fire safety advice or may

be too overwhelmed during a crisis to effectively assist in evacuations or prevention

measures. In many cases, communities in fire-prone areas are less likely to be fully prepared,

or they might lack the necessary resources to take immediate action, which can delay or

hinder the effectiveness of fire responses.

Regarding communication, Davis et al. argue that over-reliance on external parties

(like community members) or complex communication systems can lead to coordination

breakdowns if firefighters are not trained to adapt in high-pressure environments. In rural or

resource-limited areas where there might be limited access to reliable radio systems or poor

coverage in remote areas, manual methods of communication (such as direct coordination or

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local knowledge) can still be crucial, and sometimes, these basic methods prove more

effective when digital systems fail or are difficult to manage under stress. Simple

communication systems can also help reduce confusion or technical failures that might

otherwise hinder firefighting efforts.

Furthermore, Davis et al. emphasize that effective incident command and internal

coordination are more essential than the outward-facing communication with the public. They

argue that well-structured fire departments, clear command structures, and internal

communication protocols among fire personnel can ensure that firefighting strategies are

executed smoothly, even if public cooperation or advanced technology fails. In other words,

while public outreach and communication tools are useful, the immediate operational

readiness of the firefighting team, including tactical decision-making, resource management,

and on-the-ground leadership, often matters more in the heat of an emergency.

While Chou and Yeh (2018) and Walker et al. (2021) stress the importance of

communication and community relations, Davis et al. (2019) argue that a focus on internal

operational readiness, effective leadership, and resource allocation is more decisive in

determining firefighting outcomes, particularly in high-pressure or resource-limited

situations. In their view, effective communication systems and community cooperation are

secondary to the capabilities of the response teams and organizational resilience during an

emergency.

In conclusion, a number of interrelated issues, such as reaction time, equipment, traffic flow,

communication systems, and community relations, affect the BFP's efficacy and efficiency in

Matag-ob, Leyte. The BFP can improve its performance in managing fire occurrences by

tackling these issues through community participation, resource allocation, and strategic

planning. Optimizing responses for various emergency situations can also be aided by
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knowing the unique elements that influence fire operations as opposed to fire rescue

incidents. Validating these findings and creating locally relevant development plans would

require more empirical study tailored to the BFP in Matag-ob.

Local Literature

The context of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Matag-ob, Leyte, the efficiency

and effectiveness of fire response operations are influenced by various factors. This review

focuses on local studies and reports that examine the relationship between these factors—

response time, equipment, traffic flow, radio communication, and community relations—and

the overall performance of fire departments in responding to fire incidents. Additionally, it

explores strategies being implemented to address these factors and considers the potential

differences between fire operations and fire rescue incidents in terms of their contributing

factors.

In the local context, response time is one of the most critical elements of fire

department effectiveness. According to a study by Ramos (2021) in Tacloban City, the

timeliness of fire response plays a direct role in minimizing damage, injury, and fatalities

during fire incidents. For the BFP Matag-ob, Leyte, response time is a significant concern,

especially in rural areas with limited access to roads and fire stations. Garcia et al. (2021)

highlighted that fire response could be delayed due to the geographic challenges, such as

narrow roads and the distance between the fire station and the incident site. The local

government has been addressing this issue by allocating funds for improving road

infrastructure, but challenges remain, particularly in isolated barangays.

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In BFP’s 2020 report, it was noted that a response time exceeding 10 minutes often

leads to significant property damage and difficulty in controlling fires. However, when

response times are under 5 minutes, the department reports higher success rates in

extinguishing fires and minimizing casualties. Many studies emphasize that a fast response

time is crucial in minimizing damage and saving lives. However, some local reports suggest

that focusing exclusively on reducing response time may not always be the most effective

strategy. For example, Pangilinan et al. (2018) argued that response time improvements in

rural areas might lead to marginal gains in outcomes, given that firefighting efficiency is

more dependent on factors like manpower, strategic firefighting tactics, and the availability of

water sources. The study suggests that focusing heavily on shortening response time without

addressing these other factors could lead to diminishing returns in firefighting effectiveness.

Equipment is a major determinant of operational efficiency in firefighting. The

Bureau of Fire Protection in Leyte faces challenges with aging firefighting vehicles,

inadequate specialized equipment (such as aerial ladder trucks and thermal imaging cameras),

and limited fire suppression resources. Cabrera and Aquino (2020) noted that the BFP in

Leyte often relies on outdated fire trucks and lacks certain firefighting technologies that

would be useful in responding to larger or more complex fires.

The lack of sufficient equipment for certain types of incidents (such as high-rise fires

or chemical fires) can hinder the BFP’s ability to effectively manage a crisis. According to

BFP (2019) report, many fire stations in rural areas operate with limited fire suppression

tools, and the reliance on donated equipment further exacerbates this issue. As part of a

strategy to improve operational effectiveness, local governments have been pushing for

regular maintenance of existing equipment and the acquisition of more advanced firefighting

tools. While equipment is undeniably a critical factor in firefighting effectiveness, local

 25

studies have also pointed out that there can be an over reliance on advanced technology. Ong

and Gutierrez (2022) argued that the procurement of high-tech firefighting equipment, such

as thermal imaging cameras and aerial ladder trucks, may not be as impactful where fires are

more likely to occur in smaller, less complex structures. Instead of focusing on expensive,

high-tech equipment, the BFP may benefit more from investing in basic firefighting tools,

regular training, and community-based fire brigades, which are more cost-effective and

adaptable to the specific needs of rural communities.

Furthermore, Cabrera and Aquino (2020) noted that the purchase of modern

equipment does not necessarily guarantee improved operational efficiency. A lack of proper

training in the use of new technologies could lead to equipment under-utilization or misuse.

They suggest that a more balanced approach would involve prioritizing regular maintenance

of existing equipment, enhancing training programs for fire personnel, and ensuring that

equipment is suited to the local context.

Traffic congestion has been a growing concern in urban and semi-urban areas of

Leyte. In Tacloban City, Ramos (2021) found that heavy traffic during peak hours often

delays emergency vehicles, increasing the risk of property damage and loss of life in fire

emergencies. For BFP Matag-ob, which serves both urbanized and rural areas, the flow of

traffic can be an issue in more populated barangay where roads are narrow and infrastructure

is inadequate.

A local study by Alvarez (2019) on fire emergency response in Leyte noted that

traffic bottlenecks can delay fire response vehicles, especially in the mornings and evenings

when roads are most congested. Although Matag-ob has a lower population density

compared to Tacloban, it still faces similar traffic flow challenges that can hinder response

efficiency. To tackle this problem, the BFP is working together with local traffic authorities
 26

to ensure that emergency vehicles can access roads more easily during crucial moments.

Additionally, Ramos (2021) argued that the real issue may not be traffic congestion itself, but

rather the lack of effective urban planning and development of fire access routes in Matag-ob.

If there are no designated fire lanes or if roads are poorly maintained, fire trucks will face

delays regardless of traffic. Instead of relying solely on traffic management policies, Ramos

suggests a more holistic approach that includes infrastructure improvements like wider roads,

designated emergency lanes, and better urban planning that takes firefighting access into

consideration efforts to address these communication barriers include upgrading radio

systems and integrating more modern communication technologies. The introduction of

digital communication tools such as mobile apps for fire incident reporting and real-time

updates has been suggested by experts like Davidson (2020), who emphasized the importance

of communication in maintaining a swift and coordinated response to fires.

Community involvement plays a pivotal role in fire prevention and response. Roca et

al. (2020) in their study on local fire departments in the Visayas region, found that fire

stations with strong community ties were more likely to have residents actively reporting fire

incidents and participating in fire drills. Community relations also affect the public’s level of

preparedness and compliance with fire safety protocols.

BFP Matag-ob, community engagement is an ongoing effort. Alonso (2022) noted

that the BFP regularly conducts fire safety awareness programs and fire drills in local

barangay to foster a culture of fire prevention. These programs not only educate the public

but also build trust, making it easier for fire personnel to carry out their duties during

emergencies. Strengthening community relations is critical for improving fire prevention and

ensuring the swift reporting of fire incidents.

 27

To reduce response time, the local government should working to expand fire station

coverage in underserved barangays. This includes constructing new fire stations and

positioning fire trucks in strategic locations. Furthermore, a 2019 study by Garcia

recommended the use of mobile apps to provide real-time location updates for fire response

units, allowing them to choose the quickest route to the fire scene.

As part of the BFP’s 2021 modernization plan, efforts to upgrade firefighting

equipment have been initiated. Local reports indicate that the BFP is focusing on acquiring

modern fire trucks, water tanks, and fire extinguishers. Moreover, funding from both the

national government and private donors has been crucial in securing essential firefighting

tools.

Collaboration between the BFP and local traffic authorities is a key strategy to ensure

that fire trucks can reach their destinations without being delayed. The implementation of

priority lanes for emergency vehicles and improvements in traffic management during fire

emergencies are being actively discussed as solutions to improve fire response times.

Recognizing the need for better communication, radio systems and had also need

started to integrate digital platforms to facilitate faster communication between fire personnel

and local authorities. Training programs for fire personnel on how to use these tools

effectively are also being conducted.

The BFP is actively engaging with communities through fire drills, education

programs, and public awareness campaigns. These initiatives are aimed at increasing fire

prevention knowledge and ensuring that the public knows how to respond effectively during

a fire emergency. Local barangays have also been encouraged to establish their own fire

brigades to help in firefighting efforts.

 28

Local studies have indicated that the factors affecting fire suppression operations

(e.g., response time, equipment, traffic flow) are somewhat different from those influencing

fire rescue operations. While Samson (2018) found that rescue operations require specialized

training, equipment (such as rescue tools and medical kits), and coordination with emergency

medical services. The challenges faced in fire operations are often related to limited

firefighting resources, while rescue operations are more dependent on the availability of

trained personnel and medical equipment. Ramos (2021) also highlighted that rescue

operations often involve a higher degree of risk, particularly in cases involving multiple

victims or hazardous materials. While many studies emphasize the need for upgrading radio

systems and integrating modern communication technologies (such as mobile apps and

digital platforms), some local experts argue that technology upgrades are not the most

pressing issue for rural areas. Alvarez (2021) suggests that while improved communication

tools may be beneficial, they may not solve the underlying issue of effective coordination

during emergencies. The core problem might not lie in the technology itself but in how fire

personnel communicate under high-pressure situations.

In fact, Garcia (2019) argued that radio communication failures in fire operations

often stem from a lack of training in how to use communication tools effectively during

chaotic fire incidents, rather than the outdated nature of the equipment. Even with the

introduction of modern digital systems, they may encounter similar issues related to misuse

or inadequate readiness for managing emergency communication. Human errors—like

miscommunication, poor situational awareness, or inadequate training on emergency

protocols—continue to be the main obstacles to effective coordination.

The idea that community engagement and involvement in fire prevention efforts lead

to improved fire response efficiency is widely accepted, but Roca et al. (2020) challenge this

assumption, particularly in the context of Matag-ob. They argue that while the BFP’s fire
 29

drills and public awareness campaigns are important, their long-term impact is often

overstated. Alonso (2022) suggests that community members may attend fire drills and

participate in safety programs, but their actual preparedness and understanding of fire safety

remain low.

Furthermore, Garcia (2019) notes that despite extensive community engagement

efforts, many locals continue to overlook basic fire prevention measures in their homes and

workplaces. The lack of sustained interest and awareness could be attributed to the absence of

real consequences (i.e., few fire incidents) that reinforce the need for preparedness. Alvarez

(2021) suggests that more effective solutions may include implementing incentives for

community participation or making fire safety a part of local governance and day-to-day

decision-making rather than relying solely on awareness campaigns.

In short, while community relations play an important role, these programs are not

always as effective as they are made out to be, especially if the community does not face

frequent fires or does not perceive fire safety as an urgent concern. Instead, stronger

enforcement of fire safety regulations, along with closer collaboration between local

authorities and fire services, might yield better results than merely relying on awareness

efforts

Factors such as response time, equipment, flow of traffic, radio communication, and

community relations that characterize BFP Matag-ob, Leyte determine the level of efficiency

and effectiveness with regards to fire response operations. The strategies adopted towards

resolving these challenges, ranging from upgrading equipment to developing an improved

communication system as well as strengthening community involvement, have been

 30

compromising. In addition, knowledge of differences between fire operations and rescue

operation is important for improving the total performance of fire services in a region.

Review of Related studies

Studies on fire response times provide crucial insights into the effectiveness of firefighting

operations. Smith et al. (2016) emphasize that response times under five minutes significantly

reduce property damage and fatalities during fire emergencies. Similarly, Williams (2018)

highlights the role of technological advancements in dispatch and routing systems in enabling

fire departments to mobilize resources more efficiently. In the Philippine context, local

studies reveal unique challenges. Teng (2019) points out that the Bureau of Fire Protection

(BFP) in rural areas struggles with poor road conditions and insufficient equipment, which

hinder effective operations. Ramos et al. (2018) echo these findings, noting that urban areas,

such as Metro Manila, face traffic congestion that delays fire truck movement. Martinez

(2015) underscores how heavy traffic adversely affects response times, recommending

improved coordination between fire stations and local authorities for traffic rerouting during

emergencies. The importance of modern equipment in firefighting operations is well-

documented. Jones et al. (2017) emphasize that advanced tools, such as self-contained

breathing apparatus (SCBA) and modern fire trucks, are critical for enhancing operational

efficiency. De Leon (2019) further supports this by advocating for targeted investments in
 31

new equipment to address inefficiencies. Communication systems also play a vital role in fire

response. Foster (2020) highlights the necessity of advanced radio communication systems

for effective coordination among firefighting teams. Villanueva (2019) identifies outdated

radio equipment and poor signal coverage as significant barriers for the BFP, particularly in

remote areas. Upgrading communication infrastructure is therefore essential for improving

operational effectiveness. Lastly, strong community relations are crucial for enhancing fire

response outcomes. Green et al. (2018) report that communities with robust fire safety

education programs experience quicker reporting of incidents and better cooperation during

emergencies. Similarly, Santos (2020) finds that active community engagement leads to

fewer fire incidents and faster response times. In summary, factors such as response time,

equipment quality, traffic flow, communication systems, and community relations

significantly influence the operational effectiveness of fire departments, including the BFP in

Matag-ob, Leyte. Addressing these areas through targeted strategies will be key to improving

fire response outcomes.

 32

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research method, population and sampling design, research

instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures, statistical treatment of data,

and ethical considerations for this study, which examines the factors affecting the operational

efficiency and effectiveness of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in Matag-ob, Leyte.

Research Method

This study employs a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design. The

descriptive aspect identified and measured factors such as response time, equipment, traffic

flow, radio communication, and community relations, while the correlational aspect analyzed

the relationship of these factors to the operational efficiency and effectiveness of the BFP.
 33

Population and Sampling Design

In the present study, the population is the personnel of the BFP of Matag-ob , leyte,

including its fire officers, emergency responders, and staff directly involved in the response

to fire incidents. To achieve this, a purposive sampling (Non-probability method) will be

considered in order to ensure adequate representations of respondents from different positions

such as senior officers, junior officers, and other emergency responders. This kind of

approach ensures a fair and balanced representation and thereby enables better

comprehension of the factor involved in response.

Research Instruments

A survey questionnaire is constructed by the researcher to be the instrument for this study.

The questionnaire is divided into three sections:

Factors Affecting Operational Effectiveness: This section will include items that assess

how the factors such as response time, equipment, flow of traffic, radio communication, and

community relations impact the effectiveness of fire response operations. The responses will

be measured using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree).

Factors Affecting Fire Operations and Fire Rescue Incidents of BFP Matag-ob, Leyte.

The instrument used is adapted from previous studies on fire operations and emergency

management.

Strategies and Solutions: This section will include items focused on exploring the strategies

being implemented by the BFP to address these factors and improve operational

effectiveness.

Validation of Instruments
 34

The validation process for the tools in this study involved using a standardized questionnaire

that other researchers had used and validated in similar settings. By utilizing the recognized

credibility of the instrument, the researchers hoped to have improved the reliability

of their collected data and maintained congruence with previous literature,

thereby enhancing the study's overall validity.

Research Data Gathering Process

Prior to Data Gathering, researchers, through proper authority, first is to ask permission from

the Santo Nino College CEO to conduct a research, and seek for permissions from

the BFP leaders in Matag-ob, Leyte. The group files and request formal applications at a local

fire station while establishing communications for conducting their survey. This would be

disseminate and distribute among BFP personnel who will be the respondents for this study.

This survey aims to find the effectiveness of response time, equipment, traffic flow, radio

communication, community relations, and strategies for improvement relating to the response

on a fire incident and this would probably take a week for the respondents to fill. Once the

data has been collected, it will be tallied and categorized according to the answers given by

the respondents. The analysis of the data will contribute to valuable insights into the BFP’s

operational effectiveness and inform strategies.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To analyze the data in this study, for first research question, which examines the relationship

between factors like response time, equipment, traffic flow, radio communication, and

community relations with the efficiency and effectiveness of BFP operations, Pearson’s

Correlation Coefficient will be used. This will assess how strongly these factors are linked to

fire response outcomes. To explore the strategies implemented to address these factors,
 35

Descriptive Statistics will summarize the strategies and assess their effectiveness. This will

provide a clear view of the measures being taken by the BFP to improve fire response

operations.

Ethical Consideration

This study

ensure that the respondents are protected and that the research process is kept intact. All

respondents will be given information about the purpose of the study, procedures,

and risks involved before participating in the study. Written consent will be obtained from all

participants. Respondents' identities and any personal information will be kept confidential.

Data will be anonymized and kept securely, accessible only to the research team.

Participation in the study will be voluntary, and participants will be informed that they can

withdraw at any time without consequence.

Respect for Participants: All participants will be treated with respect and their views will be

valued. They will be given the opportunity to ask questions about the study before agreeing to

participate.
 36

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Directions: Please carefully read each statement under the specified categories and indicate

your response by selecting the number that best reflects your opinion or experience.

Category:

5- Strongly Disagree

4- Disagree

3- Neither Agree nor Disagree

2- Agree

1- Strongly Agree

A.

Operational Efficiency and Effectiveness 5 4 3 2 1

Response Time
 43

The speed of the BFP’s response to fire incidents significantly reduces the

damage caused by the fire.

Delays in response time are often caused by traffic or other external factors,

affecting the BFP's effectiveness

The BFP has protocols in place to ensure timely response to fire incidents in

Matag-ob.

The BFP’s response time is consistent regardless of the type or size of the fire

Response time is significantly impacted by the distance from the fire station to

the incident location.

Response times are improved during the dry season, as the BFP is better

prepared for fire incidents.

Response time is slower during times of high call volume or multiple incidents

occurring simultaneously.

The BFP prioritizes urgent incidents based on the severity of the fire, improving

response times.

The BFP consistently arrives at fire scenes within the expected response time.

Equipment 5 4 3 2 1

The BFP has access to sufficient and well-maintained firefighting

equipment to handle various fire scenarios.

 44

The equipment available to the BFP (e.g., fire trucks, hoses, protective

gear) meets the requirements for effective firefighting operations.

Equipment failure or malfunction negatively impacts the BFP's ability to

respond to fire incidents efficiently.

The BFP conducts regular maintenance and inspections of firefighting

equipment to ensure readiness.

The BFP has enough firefighting equipment to respond to multiple fire

incidents simultaneously when necessary.

The BFP has specialized equipment to handle complex fire scenarios (e.g.,

industrial fires, forest fires).

The BFP has adequate protective gear to ensure the safety of personnel

during fire incidents.

Outdated or inadequate equipment often hampers the BFP’s ability to

manage fire incidents effectively.

The BFP invests in modern firefighting technologies to enhance operational

efficiency.

Flow of Traffic 5 4 3 2 1

Traffic congestion regularly hampers the BFP's ability to respond quickly

to fire incidents.

Local authorities have designated emergency lanes/routes that assist in

reducing traffic delays for fire trucks.

During fire incidents, drivers comply with traffic rules to ensure that

emergency vehicles can pass through traffic quickly.

 45

The BFP encounters significant challenges in reaching fire scenes due to

road blockages and poor traffic management

The flow of traffic is well managed during fire emergencies, which allows

fire trucks to arrive on time.

Traffic signal prioritization for emergency vehicles helps reduce response

delays.

Lack of proper road infrastructure often delays the BFP’s arrival at fire

scenes, especially in rural areas

The BFP faces delays in congested urban areas due to the volume of

vehicles and narrow roads.

Traffic congestion during peak hours often causes significant delays in

response time during fire incidents.

The BFP works with local traffic authorities to establish effective traffic

management during emergencies.

Radio Communication 5 4 3 2 1

The BFP’s radio communication system is reliable and ensures constant

contact between fire personnel and command centers.

Radio communication plays a crucial role in coordinating BFP operations

during fire incidents

Communication breakdowns during fire incidents hinder the BFP's ability

to execute fire operations effectively.

The BFP has effective backup communication systems in place in case of

radio failures
 46

Radio communication equipment is regularly tested and maintained to

avoid issues during fire response operations

The BFP experiences occasional interference or static during radio

communication, which delays coordination.

The BFP uses multiple communication channels (e.g., radio, mobile

phones) to maintain effective contact during fire operations.

The BFP’s personnel are well-trained in using radio equipment during fire

emergencies

The BFP regularly conducts drills to ensure effective communication

during fire incidents.

Community Relation 5 4 3 2 1

The BFP maintains a positive relationship with the local community, which

helps in fire response efforts.

Community awareness programs by the BFP effectively educate the public

on fire safety and prevention.

The local community actively participates in fire safety programs, which

helps reduce fire incidents.

Good community relations enable the BFP to receive timely information

and support during fire incidents.

The BFP works closely with local organizations and schools to raise

awareness of fire safety in Matag-ob.

The BFP’s fire prevention initiatives have led to a reduction in the number

of fire incidents in the community.

 47

Local residents cooperate with the BFP during fire emergencies, providing

assistance where necessary.

Community feedback on fire safety initiatives is regularly sought and

incorporated by the BFP to improve operations.

The BFP’s presence in the community increases trust, leading to better

cooperation during emergencies.

Directions: Please carefully read each statement under the specified categories and indicate

your response by selecting the number that best reflects your opinion or experience.

Category:

5- Always

4- Often

3- Sometimes

2- Rarely

1- Never

B.

Factors influencing Bureau of Fire Protection in

Response to Fire Incidents Always Sometimes Rarely Never

Often
5 3 2 1
4

The BFP faces different challenges in terms of response

time when dealing with fire rescue incidents compared to

 48

fire suppression operations.

The BFP requires different types of equipment for fire

rescue operations than for fire suppression efforts.

Traffic flow is more challenging for fire rescue operations

than for general fire suppression efforts.

Radio communication is more critical during fire rescue

operations, where coordination is vital to saving lives.

Community engagement plays a more significant role in

fire prevention than in fire suppression or rescue

operations.

How often does the BFP respond promptly to fire

incidents?

How often are fire trucks and equipment available and in

good working condition when responding to a fire?

How often does the BFP experience difficulties in

coordinating with other agencies during fire incidents?

C.

Strategies Being Implemented 5 4 3 2 1

The BFP has implemented measures to improve response time by

optimizing emergency routes and staffing.

The BFP invests in upgrading firefighting equipment to ensure it is always

capable of handling modern fire incidents.

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The BFP has developed traffic management plans that ensure fire trucks

can access the scene of an emergency without significant delays.

The BFP regularly trains its personnel on effective radio communication to

enhance coordination during fire incidents.

The BFP has developed stronger partnerships with community

organizations to increase public participation in fire prevention programs.

The BFP actively collaborates with local government and law enforcement

to address traffic-related challenges during fire responses.

Regular drills and exercises are conducted by the BFP to simulate real-life

fire scenarios and improve response time and effectiveness.

The BFP has a strategic plan in place to address equipment gaps and invest

in technology and resources to enhance firefighting capabilities.

The BFP is working on establishing better communication networks with

neighboring fire stations to enhance coordination during large-scale

incidents.

The BFP has implemented public awareness campaigns to teach fire

prevention and emergency preparedness to the community.

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STO. NIÑO COLLEGE OF ORMOC CITY, INC.

Department of Criminology
Doña Feliza Mejia Village, Ormoc City

[email protected]/ 561-4338

April 28, 2024

SFO1 HARVEY A. MAGALLANES

Chief of Admin

Matag-ob Fire Station

Matag-ob ,Leyte, Philippine

Dear Sir,

As a partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, we are conducting a
quantitative study entitled “Operational Efficiency and Effectiveness: Factors Influencing Bureau
of Fire Protection in Response to Fire Incidents in Matag-ob, Leyte”
In this regard, we respectfully ask your permission to gather data from the Chief Admin of Matag-ob
Fire Station for academic purpose.
Rest assured that whatever information that we may obtain will be kept confidential.
Thank you for your favorable action to this request.
Respectfully yours,
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Rodel G. Perez
Group Leader

Noted by:
JOTHAM P. LOPEZ, MSLT PCPT. OSCAR L. COBACHA (Ret)
Research Adviser Dean College of Criminology

Approved By:

ERLINDA V. VERENDIAP

President & CEO

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