Circuit Theory

Electronic & Communication Engineering

Danang University of Technology
 Course Administration
 Goals:
 Electric circuit theory; Analysis of circuits with sinusoidal
signals; Phasors, system functions, and complex
frequency, frequency response; Computer analysis of
electrical circuits; Power and energy;
 Laboratory in basic electrical engineering topics.
 Grading policies:
 HW (20%) + Lab (30%) + Midterm (20%) + Final (30%)
 Textbooks:
 James W. Nilsson, “Electric Circuits”, 8th edition,
Prentice-Hall, 2008. (Chapters 9-15)
 References:
 Lessons in Electric Circuits (a free series of textbooks,
http://www.faqs.org/docs/electric/ )
 Acknowledgement: EE,UW supported courses materials.
Prerequisites
 The prerequisite (mainly from EE 215):
 use Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws.
 apply circuit theorems to speed up analysis of circuits containing:
parallel or series combinations of elements, voltage/current dividers.
 use Thevenin & Norton equi. circuits to simplify the analysis process.
 use controlled voltage and current sources, linearity and superposition.
 write current and voltage equations resulting from node analysis and
mesh (or loop) analysis.
 analyze circuits containing capacitors, inductors, in addition to resistors.
 analyze circuits containing op-amps, including limits on linear behavior.
 analyze first-order and second-order circuits in the time domain.
 integrate and differentiate common functions.
 solve first and second order linear differential equations.
 manipulate complex numbers (add, subtract, multiply, divide, complex
conjugate, absolute value, phase (argument), etc.).
 manipulate vectors and matrices up to dimension 3 or 4
 Lecture 0
Complex Number Review
 Complex Number Review
me j  m
m: maganitude  :phase
 m cos  jm sin  ~ rectangular form
Real part Imaginary part
Im (Imaginary number)
Convert rectangular form to polar form
B
m A  jB  Polar form
`

 B
Re (real number) m  A  B ;  = tan  
2 2 1
A  A
me j :polar form
Complex Number Review
Another Example:

Im (Imaginary number)
The phase angle can be accurately
found from the complex plane
m
-A   B 
 '  tan 1  
Re (real number)  A 
`

-B
  180   '
Complex Number Review
Calculate using polar form ( × and ÷ easy)
Multiplication:

( m11 )( m2 2 )  m1e j1  m2e j2 (polar form)

 m1m2 e j (1 2 )  m1m2(1   2 )
Multiply magnitudes and add phases
Division:
m11 m1
 (1   2 )
m 2  2 m 2
Divide magnitudes and subtract phases
Complex Number Review
Calculate using rectangular form (addition and subtraction)

( A1  jB1 )  ( A2  jB2 )
 ( A1  A2 )  j ( B1  B2 )

How about multiplication?

( A1  jB1 )  ( A2  jB2 )
 A1 A2  j ( A1 B2  A2 B1 )  B1 B2
 ( A1 A2  B1 B2 )  j ( A1 B2  A2 B1 )

Harder than polar form

Complex Number Review
Division: ( A1  jB)  A  jB
(me j )  me j
A1  jB1 A1  jB1 A2  jB2
 
A2  jB2 A2  jB2 A2  jB2
( A1  jB1 )  ( A2  jB2 )

A2 2  B2 2

Multiply conjugate to eliminate imaginary part of

denominator
Complex Number Review
Example: Find 3e j 45  4e j 60 in polar form:

Answer: 3e j 45  4e j 60
 (3cos 45  j 3sin 45 )  (4cos 60  j 4sin 60 )
 0.1213  j1.343 Im

 1.343 
  tan 
' 1
  84.8 [  360  84.8 ]
 0.1213  0.1213
m 2  (0.1213)2  (1.343)2 Re
 m  1.348

`
'
-1.343
Polar form:1.348275.2
Complex Number Review

Useful identities Given that n  a  jb  c 

1 n  n  a 2  b 2  c 2 (n : conjugate)
 j  1 ; (  j )( j )  1 ; j 
2

j
n  n  2a
e  j  1(cos   j sin  )  1
n  n  j 2b

j  
e 2
  j (cos  j sin )   j n
 1 2 
2 2 n
Complex Number Review
Integer power of a complex number

n  (a  jb )k  (c  )k
 c k k   c k e jk 
 c k (cos k   j sin k  )
5
j12
Example: Find (2e ) in rectangular form:

Answer:
(2e j 12 )5  25 e j (5 x 12 )  32e j 60
 32cos 60  j 32sin 60
 16  j 27.71
 Lecture 1
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
(I)
(chapter 9)
Learning goals

 Understand physical meanings of sinusoidal (ac) signals

 Understand the meaning of rms value of sinusoidal (ac)
signals
 Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a
phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform
 Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source
into frequency domain using phasor concepts
 Know how to apply circuit analysis methods to solve a
circuit in frequency domain
 Be able to analyze circuits containing ideal transformer/
linear transformers using phasor method
 Sinusoidal Source
 Sinusoidal voltage/current source produce a
voltage/current that varies sinusoidally in time
V v(t )  Vm cos(t   )
Vm
 : radian (rad)
  2 f 
t  f : frequency (Hz)
1
f 
T
T
T : period(s)
 : phase angel
What happen if reducing Φ to
zero ? (if Φ > 0 and if Φ < 0) Vm : magnitude of the source
ω: angular frequency of the
sinusoidal function
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
 Vm cos(t )
-- Vm cos(t   )
t  : phase advance
0
move waveform to the left

 
Example: cos(t  )  sin t or sin(t  )  cos t
2 2
Cosine lags 90 to sine Sine advances 90 to cosine

 is the amount of phase (in radians or degree)

that the waveform has already move through
at time t=0;  is thus the phase advance of
the waveform
Hertz
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
 rms value: “root mean square”
value of the waveform is the amplitude of DC source that
would have the same average power output as the
sinusoidal signal
 The rms of a periodic func. is defined as square root of
the mean value of the squared func.

1st operation: square

v(t )  v 2 (t )
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value

2nd operation: mean

1 T 2
V 2
rms   v ( t )dt
T 0
Integrate v2 over a period and dividing by T to obtain mean
(can be from t0 to t0 + T with arbitrary t0)

which yields:
1 T 2 V 2
2 d
T 0 T 0
V cos 2
( t   )dt  m
cos 2

m

   t   1 1 
 where d   dt And cos   2  2 cos 2 
2

 
Vm 2 2 Vm 2
  d   T  2 
4 0 2
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Problem 9.6
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value

3rd operation: root ?

Vm
Vrms 
2

-The rms value of the sinusoidal voltage depends only

on the maximum amplitude of v
- It is not a function of either the frequency or the phase
angle
- It will be used to calculate power
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
 Sinusoidal Response
Consider the following circuit (initial current is zero):
i (t )
t=0 R Vs  Vm cos(t   )
Vs
L
 Find i (t )@ t  0
(find step response)

It is similar to finding step response of a studied RL circuit

but with DC source.
Application of KVL leads to a differential equation:
di ( t )
Vm cos( t   )  iR  L  0 KVL: Solve for i ( t )
dt
Sinusoidal Response
Solve differential equation
di ( t )
Vm cos( t   )  iR  L  0 KVL: Solve for i ( t )
dt
Assume:
i ( t )  i p ( t )  steady-state solution
 in ( t )  arbitrary constant chosen to match the initial condition

Then the final solution is:

Vm Vm  Rt
i(t )  cos( t     )  cos(   )e L

R 2   2 L2 R 2   2 L2
1   L 
with  = tan  
HOW ?  R 
Sinusoidal Response

Homogeneous solution (natural response):

try ih ( t )  Ce st : substitute into

di ( t )
L  Ri ( t )  0
dt
R
 sL  R  0  s 
L
 Rt
Thus any ih ( t )  Ce L
C:arbitrary constant
will satisfy the homogeneous solution
Sinusoidal Response

Particular solution (forced response):

Vs ( t )  Vm cos( t   )

The response of the circuit to this circuitry will also be

sinusoidal. A general form would be

i p ( t )  A cos( t     )
A  are the constant to be found
Sinusoidal Response
Important: the response of a linear circuit to a sinusoidal
excitation is also a sinusoid of the same frequency, but
with possibly different amplitude and phase
Substitute ip(t) into the differential equation:
Vm cos( t   )  RA cos( t     )   LA sin( t     )
 di ( t ) 
V
 m cos( t   )  Ri ( t )  L
 dt 
 RA cos( t   )cos  RA sin( t   )sin
 LA sin( t   )cos   LA cos( t   )sin

Trig identities: sin(   )  sin  cos   sin  cos 

cos(   )  cos  cos  sin  sin 
 Sinusoidal Response
That yields:
Vm  RA cos    LA sin   (1)

 0  RA sin    LA cos   (2)

From 1st equation:

Vm
A
R cos    L sin 
2nd equation:
sin   L
tan   
cos  R
Next: Is this possible to eliminate θ out of A solution ?
Sinusoidal Response
Square both equation and then add together
(to eliminate θ)
Vm 2  R 2 A2 cos 2   2 LRA2 cos sin   2 L2 A2 sin 2 
0  R 2 A2 sin 2   2 LRA2 cos sin   2 L2 A2 cos 2 

This yields:
Vm 2  R2 A2   2 L2 A2
Thus:
Vm
A
R 2   2 L2
Sinusoidal Response

Particular solution is:

Vm L
i p (t )  cos( t     )   tan 1
R 2   2 L2 R

The complete solution is:

i ( t )  i p ( t )  ih ( t )
Vm  Rt
 cos( t     )  Ce L

R 2   2 L2
 Sinusoidal Response
With the initial condition i(t=0)=0,
Vm
i ( t  0)  cos(   )  C  0
R  L 2 2 2

Vm
C cos(   )
R  L
2 2 2

Then the final solution is

Vm Vm  Rt
i(t )  cos( t     )  cos(   )e L

R 2   2 L2 R 2   2 L2
 L 
with  = tan 1  
 R 
1st tem: steady-state response (why ? Exist as long as ..
2nd term: transient response (why ? Go to infinitesimal)
 Sinusoidal Response

The final solution:

Vm Vm  Rt
i(t )  cos( t     )  cos(   )e L

R 2   2 L2 R 2   2 L2
 L 
with  = tan 1  
 R 
1st tem: steady-state response (why ? Exist as long as ..)
2nd term: transient response (why ? Go to infinitesimal)

Remark: as transient comp. vanishes over time, verify that the

steady-state comp., by itself, must also satisfy the differential
equation (Prob. 9.10b) ?
 Sinusoidal Response

Steady-state solution (sss):

 the solution is a sinusoidal function
 linear circuit (RLC are constants): sss has the same
frequency as source
 amplitude change to
 phase change to   
These characteristics help you understand the
motivation of PHASOR method where you only
need to take care AMPLITUDE & PHASE
Assessment
Assessment
Phasor

Since the shape and frequency of the

steady state response are known, only the
amplitude and the phase need to be
determined for each signal in the circuit,
these can be represented by a complex
number called a “PHASOR”
Euler’s identity: e  j  cos  j sin
Interpretation:    
cos  R e e j ;sin  I m e j
Real part Imaginary part
Phasor Transform
Our original sinusoid can be rewritten as follows:


v ( t )  Vm cos( t   )  Vm R e e j ( t  ) 
 
j j t 
 R e  Vm e e 
 amplitude + phase 

The phasor for v(t) then can be defined as


j
V =Vm e  P [v ( t )]
P : phase operator or phasor transform
Phasor Transform

V =Vm e j  P [v ( t )]
P : phase operator or phasor transform

Phasor operation transfer v(t) from time domian to a frequency


domain V

v ( t )  Vm cos( t   )  time domain


V  Vm e j  frequency domain (complex domain)

 Vm   polar form

 Vm cos   jVm sin   rectangular form

Phasor

Examples: v(t )  150sin(377t  140 ) V  ?

v(t )  100(cos 300t  45 ) V  ?
Phasor

Examples: v(t )  150sin(377t  140 ) V  ?

v(t )  100(cos 300t  45 ) V  ?

Answer:

v ( t )  150sin(377t  140 ) V  ?
P v ( t )  15050 sin   cos    90  

v ( t )  100(cos 300t  45 ) V  ?

P v ( t )  10045  V
Inverse Phasor Transform
1
Inverse phasor operation P : moving from a frequency-
domain to a time-domain expression

  
P 1 Vm e j  Re Vm e j e j t 
  j t 
 Re  V e 
 
j t
How: multiply phasor by e and then extract the real part
of the product

Examples: V  100e 45 ;  300 rad , Find v(t)=?
s
Answer: v( t )  100cos(300t  45 )V
 Sinusoidal Response
Consider the following circuit (initial current is zero):
i (t )
t=0 R Vs  Vm cos(t   )
Vs
L
 Find i (t )@ t  0
(find step response)

It is similar to finding step response of a studied RL circuit

but with DC source.
Application of KVL leads to a differential equation:
di ( t )
Vm cos( t   )  iR  L  0 KVL: Solve for i ( t )
dt
 Phasor Method
Analyze this circuit again, using phasor:
i (t )
t=0 R v s ( t )  Vm cos( t   )
vs (t )
L 
thus: V  Vm e j

di ( t )
For t>0 vs (t )  i (t ) R  L
dt
We know that response will have the same form and
frequency, thus:

i ( t )  I m cos ( t + ); phasor: I  I m e j

Solution:  i ( t )  Re  I e j t 


 
Phasor Method
Substitute these into the differential equation:

    
Re Vm e j e j t  Re RI m e j  e j t  Re j LI m e j  e j t 
The sum of real parts is the same as the real part
of the sum

If we choose to use sine function in stead-state

analysis, we should have:

This yields: Vm e j  ( R  j L) I m e j
Phasor Method

Vm e j  ( R  j L) I m e j
Im
j Vm e j 1   L 
Ime  and   tan  
R  j L  R 
L
Since R  j L  R 2   2 L2 e j
`

 1 1
Re Therefore ,  e  j
R R  j L R 2   2 L2
Phasor Method
Vm e j
Therefore: I m e j 
R  j L
Vm e j
 I m e j  e  j
R 2   2 L2
j Vm e j (  )  L 
 Ime  and   tan  
1

R  L
2 2 2
 R 
Vm
Im  and     
R  L
2 2 2

The steady-state response is:

Vm
i(t )  cos( t     )
R  L
2 2 2

A lot easier than differential equations