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Burrow tragedy: On the coal mining tragedy in Assam’s Dima Hasao

India must learn from its mining disasters and enforce regulations

With four deaths so far, the coal mining tragedy in Assam’s Dima Hasao district has revived a long-
standing debate on the hazardous nature of rat-hole coal mining in India. As opposed to modern coal
mining, which is mechanised, the ‘rat-hole’ points to the crude and antiquated technique of
employing people, and even children, to burrow into the ground to scoop out the underground coal.
Depending on the depths that they plumb, the odds are high that their pickaxes will often unleash a
torrent of water from a hidden aquifer that can suddenly inundate the excavated tunnel — as it is
suspected to have happened at Dima Hasao. Because such accidents have recurred over the decades,
along with the attendant health and environmental hazards, this mode of mining was banned by the
National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2014. The use of proper geological surveys and appropriate
machinery would have made the mine economically unviable. The Assam Chief Minister has stated
that the mine appeared to be “prime facie... illegal” and one abandoned by the State’s Mines and
Minerals Department. If that is the case, it reflects poorly on the State administration that such mines
can be exploited by unscrupulous elements with such ease, despite the ban. Surely, this is only a
fraction of the unregulated mining that actually goes on.

The Supreme Court of India, in 2019, had asked whether it was possible for such mining to continue
without the “connivance” of officials, when it was examining the rescue of 15 miners trapped in a rat-
hole mine in the East Jaintia Hills in December 2018. A report submitted by a monitoring committee
set up by the NGT observed that despite the ban, the demand for coal to power cement
manufacturing and thermal power plants in the northeast had sustained and supported rat-hole coal
mining. On the other hand, when convenient, State authorities have sought out and even felicitated
rat-hole miners, some from Assam, as in 2023, when they were called in as a last resort after
advanced machinery and the expertise of professional geologists and earth scientists had failed to
rescue 41 construction workers trapped in the large, over-ground Silkiyara tunnel in Uttarkashi. The
Dima Hasao operation too, like others, will end and the net success or failure of saving those trapped
will induce a familiar amnesia that will be broken only by the next accident. Until decisive action to
puncture the economics of rat-hole mining is taken, India is only burrowing the way to another
tragedy. [Practice exercise]

 Red/blue coloring of words in the sentence indicates subject verb relationship; where ‘red’
denotes ‘subject’ and ‘blue’ denotes ‘verb’.
 Felicitate (verb) – congratulate.

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Vocabulary
1. Burrow (noun) – Tunnel, hole, lair, warren, 11. Scoop out (phrasal verb) – Dig out, hollow
den / out, remove, carve out, extract

2. Enforce (verb) – Implement, impose, 12. Plumb (verb) – Measure depth, probe,
uphold, administer, apply explore, delve, examine
/
3. So far (phrase) – Until now, up to this
point, thus far, as yet, hitherto अ 13. The odds (noun) – The chances, the
probability, the likelihood, the possibility,
4. Revive (verb) – Resuscitate, rejuvenate,
the prospects
renew, reawaken, restore
14. Pickaxes (noun) – Picks, mattocks, pick-
5. Long-standing (adjective) – Long-
hammers, chisel-pointed axes, pick-
established, time-honored, enduring, well-
mattocks
established, deep-rooted
15. Unleash (verb) – Release, let loose, set
6. Hazardous (adjective) – Dangerous,
free, trigger, unchain /
perilous, risky, treacherous, unsafe
16. Torrent (noun) – Outpour, flood, surge,
deluge, gush
7. Rat-hole coal mining (noun) – A
traditional, often illegal form of coal
17. Inundate (verb) – Flood, overwhelm,
extraction involving narrow tunnels,
swamp, submerge, engulf /
exposing miners to extreme risk.
18. Excavated (adjective) – Dug-out,
unearthed, hollowed, quarried, uncovered
8. As opposed to (phrase) – In contrast to,
unlike, contrary to, different from, rather
than 19. Recur (verb) – Happen again, repeat,
reappear, occur again, return
9. Point to (phrasal verb) – Indicate, suggest,
hint at, imply, show 20. Decade (noun) – a span of ten years,

10. Antiquated (adjective) – Outdated, 21. Hazard (noun) – Danger, risk, threat, peril,
obsolete, old-fashioned, archaic, ancient menace
/

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22. Unviable (adjective) – Impractical, 31. Trapped (adjective) – Stuck, caught,

infeasible, unworkable, non-viable, imprisoned, ensnared, confined
impossible अ
32. Set up (phrasal verb) – Establish, create,
23. State (verb) – Declare, express, pronounce, organize, institute, form
articulate, specify /
33. Sustained (adjective) – Continuous,
24. Prima facie (noun) – At first glance, on the ongoing, prolonged, consistent, enduring
face of it, apparent, seemingly, ostensibly /

34. Convenient (adjective) – Suitable, fitting,

25. Abandon (verb) – Desert, leave behind, handy, practical, opportune
forsake, give up, relinquish /
35. Seek (verb) – Search for, look for, pursue,
aim for, endeavor to find /
26. Reflect poorly on (phrase) – Cause a bad
36. A last resort (phrase) – Final option, final
impression, tarnish reputation, cast a
recourse, fallback, ultimate choice, last
negative light, show in a bad way, demean
option अ /
the image
37. Expertise (noun) – Skill, proficiency,
27. Exploit (verb) – Take advantage of, misuse,
competence, knowledge, mastery
utilize selfishly, capitalize on, abuse
/
38. Amnesia (noun) – Memory loss,
28. Unscrupulous (adjective) – Dishonest, forgetfulness, partial or total loss of
unethical, immoral, corrupt, deceitful
memory, blankness, oblivion
/अ
39. Decisive (adjective) – Conclusive, resolute,
29. Connivance (noun) – Collusion, conspiracy,
determined, definitive, pivotal
tacit agreement, secret cooperation,
complicity 40. Puncture (verb) – Pierce, penetrate, prick,
deflate, breach /
30. Examine (verb) – Investigate, inspect,
scrutinize, study, probe /

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Summary of the Editorial

1. Coal Mining Tragedy in Assam: Four deaths in the Dima Hasao district of Assam have
reignited concerns about the dangers of rat-hole coal mining.
2. Rat-Hole Mining Defined: Rat-hole mining involves crude techniques, employing people,
often children, to burrow into the ground to extract coal, as opposed to mechanized
methods.
3. Inherent Dangers: The practice is prone to sudden flooding from hidden aquifers, believed
to be the cause of the Dima Hasao tragedy.
4. Ban by NGT in 2014: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned rat-hole mining in 2014
due to its health, environmental, and safety risks.
5. Economic Unviability: Proper geological surveys and machinery make such mines
economically unviable, deterring their legal operation.
6. Illegality and Exploitation: The Assam Chief Minister stated the mine was likely illegal,
reflecting poor enforcement by the State administration.
7. Unregulated Mining Prevalence: The incident represents only a fraction of the unregulated
mining that persists despite legal prohibitions.
8. Supreme Court Observations: In 2019, the Supreme Court questioned whether illegal
mining could occur without the collusion of officials.
9. Sustained Demand for Coal: Despite the ban, demand for coal to power industries in the
northeast continues to sustain rat-hole mining.
10. State Hypocrisy: State authorities sometimes exploit rat-hole miners, such as in 2023,
when Assam miners were called to rescue workers in Uttarkashi.
11. Recurring Tragedies: Mining disasters like Dima Hasao follow a pattern of amnesia and
inaction until the next tragedy strikes.
12. Lack of Accountability: The continued operation of illegal mines highlights gaps in
monitoring and enforcement.
13. Economic Drivers: The persistence of rat-hole mining stems from its low-cost operations
and high demand for coal, despite the associated risks.
14. Urgent Need for Action: India must take decisive steps to dismantle the economic
incentives sustaining rat-hole mining.
15. Long-Term Solutions Required: Without effective regulation, modernization, and
oversight, India remains vulnerable to recurring mining disasters.

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Practice Exercise: SSC Pattern Based

1. What can be inferred as the primary reason for the continaation of rat-hole mining despite
its ban? *Editorial Page+
A. The absence of a proper geological survey and machinery.
B. The demand for coal to power industries and thermal plants.
C. A lack of strict enforcement of laws and connivance of officials.
D. The necessity to use rat-hole miners for other rescue operations.
2. The ase of rat-hole miners for rescae operations, despite its dangers, highlights the
__________.
A. outdated methods in coal mining.
B. failure of modern technology in emergencies.
C. reliance on illegal practices for economic survival.
D. disregard for environmental safety standards.
3. When was the National Green Tribanal (NGT) ban on rat-hole mining implemented?
A. 2014
B. 2018
C. 2019
D. 2023
4. What is the tone of the passage?
A. Celebratory and optimistic
B. Complacent and indifferent
C. Cautionary and critical
D. Overly emotional and dramatic
5. What is the main theme of the passage?
A. Technological advancements in modern mining
B. Emphasis on human resource management in coal mines
C. Call for stricter enforcement of bans and regulations on rat-hole mining
D. Comparison between different kinds of geological surveys
6. Select the INCORRECTLY spelt word.
A. ettiquete
B. rationalisation
C. elopement
D. occasion
7. The following sentence has been divided into foar segments. One of them contains an error.
Select the segment that contains the error from the given options.
I am understanding; / you like her/ because she has /a generous nature
A. you like her
B. I am understanding;
C. a generous nature

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D. because she has

8. Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the anderlined word.
The repetitive and monotonoas task of data entry made the work seem incredibly long and
tedious
A. Pious
B. Interesting
C. Precarious
D. Threatening
9. Parts of the following sentence have been given as options. Select the option that contains a
spelling error.
Joe was so tired that he could scarely stand
A. he could
B. so tired that
C. scarely stand.
D. Joe was
10. Select the option that can be ased as a one-word sabstitate for the given groap of words.
A woman having more than one husband at the same time
A. Endogamy
B. Polymathy
C. Polyandry
D. Monogamy
11. Select the most appropriate idiom for the anderlined part in the given sentence:
Sohan was very mach perplexed to find that his younger brother Mohan had taken poison
A. At any rate
B. At his wit’s end
C. At logger heads
D. At his disposal
12. Select the most saitable expression that can sabstitate the anderlined part of the sentence
withoat any change in meaning.
Planning to go for a movie just before the final-year examination is nothing but
Skating on thin ice
A. doing hard work
B. being in a risky situation
C. enjoying the moment
D. going to hill stations
13. Select the word which means the same as the groap of words given.
A society or company provides these convenient features
A. Equipment
B. Facilitate
C. System
D. Amenities

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14. Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the anderlined word in the given sentence.
The speaker delivered a profoand speech that left the audience deeply moved.
A. Deep
B. Inventive
C. Shallow
D. Occult
15. Select the most appropriate synonym of the anderlined word in the following sentence.
He behaved rathlessly with his junior, to say the least
A. Unexpectedly
B. Inhumanly
C. Weirdly
D. Politely
16. Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the highlighted word
The worker is known to exert himself a lot.
A. crouch
B. emerge
C. relax
D. stress
17. Select the most appropriate segment to sabstitate the anderlined words in the given
sentence.
The referee declared that the participant who will score the highest points in the tally will take
away the cash prize of ₹50 lakh.
A. who can score the highest point
B. who scores the highest point
C. who could score the highest point
D. who settles scores the highest point
18. Select the most appropriate option that can sabstitate the anderlined segment in the given
sentence.
My friends are on a trip to the world
A. in the world
B. by the world
C. within the world
D. around the world
19. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
Yeoman’s service
A. Excellent work done
B. A thankless and tedious job
C. Working under a cruel master
D. Fraudulent service
20. Select the most appropriate option that can sabstitate the anderlined segment in the given
sentence.

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The Government must strive to provide a/an fair and sqaare deal to the citizen of its country.
A. exclusive and unreal
B. honest and straightforward
C. violent and immoral
D. forward and backward
21. The following sentence has been divided into foar segments. Identify the segment that has a
grammatical error.
When he resigned, / the company offered him / a huge sum of money but / he refused to
agree to it.
A. a huge sum of money but
B. When he resigned,
C. he refused to agree to it.
D. the company offered him
Comprehension:
In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefally and
select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Renunciation has been misunderstood as giving up the good things of life ____(1)______adopt
a life of deprivation and misery. Hence, people shun spirituality and do not benefit from the
power of renunciation. Renunciation is not giving up things you enjoy. It is moving up to far
more fulfilling _____(2)______. Renunciation is not dispossession. It is all possession.
Renunciation is not giving up action. It is performing dynamic action in a spirit of renunciation.
Action and renunciation go together. They are not mutually exclusive.
Renunciation is ____(3)______weakness for strength. It is asserting oneness and rising above
differences. Exuding warmth and shunning bitterness. Creating goodwill and giving up ill will.
Renunciation is giving up the residue of grudges, prejudices and hatred to live a life of freedom
and happiness. Renunciation is growth. When a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, its
_____(4)______ life of darkness and limitation vanishes. Similarly you experience freedom, joy
and cheer and live a life of effortless excellence with renunciation.
22. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank namber 1.
A. With
B. By
C. For
D. To
23. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank namber 2.
A. Requests
B. Bequest
C. Questions
D. Avenues
24. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank namber 3.
A. Spanking

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B. Shedding
C. Leading
D. Arising
25. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank namber 4
A. Erstwhile
B. While
C. Current
D. Recent

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Answers
1. C 2. B 3.A 4. C 5. C 6.A 7. B 8.B 9. C 10. C 11.B 12.B
13. D 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.B 21.C 22.D 23. D 24.B
25. A [Practice Exercise]
Explanations
1. C) A lack of strict enforcement of laws and connivance of officials.
A: While the lack of proper geological surveys and machinery makes mining economically
unviable, the question asks for the primary reason why mining continues, which is
enforcement failure.
B: While demand for coal sustains illegal mining, it is not the root cause but a contributing
factor.
C: The passage mentions that unregulated mining persists due to ease of exploitation and
connivance of officials, indicating poor enforcement.
D: The use of rat-hole miners for rescue operations is an isolated instance and not directly
related to the continuation of illegal mining.
2. B) failare of modern technology in emergencies.
A: The outdated methods of mining are mentioned but do not explain the use of rat-hole
miners in emergencies.
B: The passage specifically mentions that rat-hole miners were called upon when modern
machinery and professional expertise failed during the Uttarkashi rescue operation.
C: This does not apply to the specific context of emergency rescues, which is the focus here.
D: While environmental concerns are important, they are unrelated to the context of using rat-
hole miners in emergencies.
3. A) 2014
A: The passage clearly states that the NGT banned rat-hole mining in 2014.
B: The year 2018 refers to a mining tragedy in East Jaintia Hills, not the ban.
C: The year 2019 is when the Supreme Court questioned the connivance of officials but is not
related to the ban.
D: The year 2023 is when rat-hole miners were used for a rescue operation, unrelated to the
ban.
4. C) Caationary and critical
The passage highlights repeated tragedies in coal mining, criticizes the lack of enforcement of
regulations, and warns about future disasters if urgent actions are not taken. This indicates a
cautionary and critical tone.
A: The passage is not celebrating anything nor expressing optimism; it discusses a tragic
situation.
B: The passage is not indifferent; it is actively critical of the situation and calls for enforcement
of rules.

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D: While the passage is concerned, it presents its points in a factual, critical manner rather than
being excessively emotional or dramatic
5. C) Call for stricter enforcement of bans and regalations on rat-hole mining
The passage repeatedly stresses the hazards of illegal rat-hole mining, points out the failures in
oversight, and underscores the need for decisive action to prevent future tragedies.
A: Though the passage mentions modern machinery, this is not the central focus.
B: The passage focuses on the dangers and illegal nature of rat-hole mining rather than HR
issues.
D: While it notes that proper surveys make certain mines economically unviable, comparing
surveys is not the main theme.
6. A) The correct spelling of 'ettiqaete' is 'etiquette' which means "the customary code of polite
behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group" शिष्टाचार, सदाचार.
7. B) am anderstanding' के बदऱे 'understand' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक 'understand' एक Stative Verb
है जो कक Present Continuous Tense में प्रयुक्त नह ॊ होता है ; जैस—
े I understand you like her
because she has a generous nature.
Note: Stative verbs often relate to: thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doabt, gaess,
imagine, know, mean, recognise, remember, saspect, think, anderstand.
 'understand' will be used instead of 'am understanding' because 'understand' is a
Stative Verb which is not used in Present Continuous Tense; Like— I understand you like
her because she has a generous nature.
8. B) Monotonoas (adjective) – Dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest.
नीरस
Antonym: Interesting (adjective) – Arousing curiosity or interest; holding or catching the
attention. ददऱचस्ऩ
 Pioas (adjective) – Devoutly religious. धाशमिक
 Precarioas (adjective) – Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or
collapse. अस्स्थर
 Threatening (adjective) – Having a hostile or deliberately frightening quality or manner.
धमकी भरा
9. C) ‘scarely' के बदऱे 'scarcely' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक 'scarely' का spelling गऱत है ; जैस—
े Joe was
so tired that he could scarcely stand.
 'scarcely' will be used instead of 'scarely' because 'scarely' is a spelling error; Like— Joe
was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
10. C) Polyandry (noun) – A woman having more than one husband at the same time.

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 Endogamy (noun) – The custom of marrying within one's own community or tribe.
अॊतर्विवाह
 Polymathy (noun) – Knowledge of many subjects.
 Monogamy (noun) – The practice of being married to one person at a time. एकऩत्नी
प्रथा
11. B) At his wit’s end (idiom) – Very much perplexed अत्यधिक उऱझन में
 At any rate (phrase) – Regardless of circamstances, anyway, in any case, nevertheless,
anyhow किसी भी हाल में
 At loggerheads (phrase) – In conflict, in disagreement, at odds, qaarrelling, in
opposition मतभेद में
 At his disposal (phrase) – Available for ase, accessible, ready to ase, on hand, at one's
command उऩलब्ध होना
12. B) Skating on thin ice – being in a risky sitaation जोखिम भर स्स्थतत में होना
13. D) Amenities (noun) – A society or company provides these convenient features सुर्वधाएॊ
 Eqaipment (noun) – the necessary items for a particular purpose उऩकरण
 Facilitate (verb) – to make an action or process easy or easier सग
ु म बनाना
 System (noun) – a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an
interconnecting network प्रणाऱ
14. C) Profoand (adjective) – Having deep insight or understanding; intense, thorough, meaningful.
गहन
Antonym: Shallow (adjective) – Lacking depth of intellect or knowledge; superficial, trivial,
simple. उथऱा
 Deep (adjective) – Extending far down from the top or sarface; profoand, intense.
गहरा
 Inventive (adjective) – Having the ability to create or design new things; creative,
imaginative. आविष्कारशीऱ
 Occalt (adjective) – Relating to mystical, sapernataral, or magical powers or
phenomena; hidden, mysterioas. गुप्त
15. B) Rathlessly (adverb) – Without pity or compassion for others; cruelly, mercilessly, brutally.
तनमिम ढॊ ग से

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Synonym: Inhamanly (adverb) – In a manner lacking human qualities of compassion and

mercy; cruelly, mercilessly. अमानवीय ढॊ ग से
 Unexpectedly (adverb) – In a way that is not expected; suddenly, surprisingly.
अप्रत्याशित ढॊ ग से
 Weirdly (adverb) – In a strange or unusual way; bizarrely. र्वचचत्र ढॊ ग से
 Politely (adverb) – In a respectful and considerate manner; courteously, kindly. र्वनम्र
ढॊ ग से
16. C) Exert (verb) – To make a strenuous physical or mental effort. प्रयास करना
Antonym: Relax (verb) – To make or become less tense or anxious, to rest, to take it easy.
आराम करना
 Croach (verb) – To bend down low with the limbs close to the body. झक
ु ना
 Emerge (verb) – To come into view or become apparent. उभरना
 Stress (verb) – To experience mental or emotional strain. तनाव दे ना
17. B) 'will score' 'scores' ों ए conditional statement
ी । ख् Clause 'will take away' , ए Relative
Clause Simple Present Tense 'scores' ; — The referee declared that the
participant who scores the highest points in the tally will take away the cash prize of ₹50 lakh.
 'scores' will be used instead of 'will score' because it is a conditional statement referring
to a future event. The main clause uses a future form 'will take away', so the Simple
Present Tense 'scores' is appropriate in the Relative Clause; Like— The referee declared
that the participant who scores the highest points in the tally will take away the cash
prize of ₹50 lakh.
18. D) Aroand the world (phrase) – Throughout the world; all over the world. श्
19. A) Yeoman’s service (idiom) – Excellent work done उत्कृष्ट कायि ककया
20. B) fair and sqaare (idiom) – honest and straightforward ईमानदार और सीधा
21. C) refused to agree to it' के बदऱे 'refused it' का प्रयोग होगा क्योंकक 'refuse' का अथि ह 'to agree' के
साथ convey हो जाता है । अतः 'agree to it' अनावश्यक हो जाता है ; जैस—
े He refused the offer.
'refused it' will be used instead of 'refused to agree to it' because the meaning of 'refuse'
already conveys the sense of 'to agree'. Hence, 'agree to it' is redundant; Like— He refused the
offer.

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22. D) 'To' का use होगा क्योंकक "to" का use sentence में ककसी किया के उद्देश्य या अशभप्राय को ददिाने के
शऱए होता है। यह एक preposition है जो कक sentence में 'adopt a life of deprivation and misery' के
साथ शमऱकर उसके कारण को बताता है । Sentence में बताया गया है कक ऱोग अच्छी चीजों को त्यागते हैं
ताकक वे एक कष्टदायक और दि
ु ी जीवन को अऩना सकें, स्जसमें 'to' उद्देश्य को दिािने के शऱए प्रयक्
ु त
हुआ है । यहाॉ 'to' का उऩयोग "infinitive" के साथ किया की किया के उद्देश्य को बताने के शऱए हुआ है ।
'To' will be used because it serves as a preposition that indicates the purpose or intention of an
action in a sentence, used here with the phrase 'adopt a life of deprivation and misery' to
denote its purpose. The sentence expresses that people give up good things in life to adopt a
life of hardship, with 'to' correctly marking the intended action. 'To' is used here to indicate the
purpose of an action in conjunction with an "infinitive."
23. D) 'Avenues' का use होगा क्योंकक "avenues" का अथि होता है र्वकल्ऩ या सॊभावनाओॊ की राहें ।
Sentence में कहा गया है कक ररन्युएिन का उद्देश्य चीजों को त्यागना नह ॊ बस्ल्क अचधक सॊतोषजनक
सॊभावनाओॊ की ओर बढ़ना है , इसशऱए 'avenues' यहाॉ सह है क्योंकक यह अचधक सॊतोषजनक और ऩूणि
सॊभावनाओॊ की ददिा को दिािता है । 'Requests' का अथि होता है अनरु ोध, 'Bequest' का अथि होता है
वसीयत द्वारा छोडी गई सॊऩस्त्त, और 'Questions' का अथि होता है प्रश्न, जो इस context में सह नह ॊ हैं।
'Avenues' will be used because it refers to paths of opportunities or possibilities. The sentence
discusses renunciation not as giving up enjoyment but moving towards more fulfilling
alternatives, thus 'avenues' is appropriate here as it suggests moving towards more fulfilling
and complete possibilities. In contrast, 'Requests' means solicitations, 'Bequest' refers to
property left by a will, and 'Questions' means inquiries, none of which fit in this context.
24. B) 'Shedding' का use होगा क्योंकक "shedding" का अथि होता है छोडना या त्यागना।
Sentence में कहा गया है कक ररन्यए
ु िन कमजोर को ताकत में बदऱने की प्रकिया है , जो कक र्वशभन्न
नकारात्मक गुणों को छोडने का सॊकेत दे ता है , इसशऱए 'shedding' यहाॉ सह है । 'Spanking' का अथि होता
है मारना या ऩीटना, जो कक यहाॊ irrelevant है। 'Leading' का अथि होता है अगुवाई करना, जो कक इस सॊदभि
में नह ॊ बैठता। 'Arising' का अथि होता है उत्ऩन्न होना, जो कक यहाॉ छोडने के अथि को नह ॊ दिािता।
'Shedding' will be used because it means to cast off or let go. The sentence explains that
renunciation involves exchanging weakness for strength, suggesting the letting go of negative
qualities, thus 'shedding' is suitable here. 'Spanking' means hitting, which is irrelevant here.
'Leading' means to guide or lead, not fitting this context. 'Arising' means to originate or come
about, which doesn't convey the sense of letting go required here.
25. A) 'Erstwhile' का use होगा क्योंकक "erstwhile" का अथि होता है ऩूवि या भूतऩूव।ि Sentence में कहा गया
है कक जब एक इल्ऱ तततऱ में बदऱती है , तो उसका ऩव
ू ि जीवन अॊधकार और सीमाओॊ से भरा होता है जो
ित्म हो जाता है। यहाॉ 'erstwhile' उस ऩूवि स्स्थतत को दिािता है जो अब नह ॊ रह , इसशऱए यह सह है ।

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'While' का अथि होता है उसी समय में , जो यहाॉ उऩयुक्त नह ॊ है। 'Current' और 'Recent' का अथि होता है
present और हाऱ का, जो कक past के सॊदभि को सह नह ॊ दिािते।
'Erstwhile' will be used because it means former or previous. The sentence describes how a
caterpillar's previous life filled with darkness and limitations ends as it transforms into a
butterfly. Here, 'erstwhile' indicates the past condition that no longer exists, making it the
correct choice. 'While' means during the same time, which isn't suitable here. 'Current' and
'Recent' imply present and near past, which do not accurately reflect the past context needed
here.

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