Matrix

Basic Information:
Matrix: A set of mn numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m rows and n columns is
called m by n matrix.
Or, A matrix of order m  n (read m by n)is rectangular array of mn scalars
aij (i  1, 2,3....m; j  1, 2,3....n) arranged in m-rows and n-columns as follows.
Example:
 a11 a12 ... ... a1n 
a 
 21 a22 ... ... a2 n 
A   ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 am1 am 2 ... ... amn 

Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is
called square matrix.
Or, A matrix is called a square matrix if the number of rows and columns are equal.
Example:
1 5 5
A  6 8 8
8 7 5

Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements
are zero.
Or, A square matrix A=[aij] is called a diagonal matrix if aij=0 for ij.
Example:
1 0 0 
A  0 8 0
0 0 5
Scalar Matrix: If the non-zero terms of diagonal matrix are equal then it is called scalar matrix.
Or, A square matrix A=[aij] is called a scalar matrix if aij=k for i=j and aij=0 for ij.
Example:
5 0 0
A  0 5 0
0 0 5

Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix A is called identity or unit matrix if all its diagonal
elements are unity and non-diagonal elements are zero.
Or, A square matrix I=[aij] is called a diagonal matrix if aij=1 for i=j and aij=0 for ij.
Example:
 1 0 0 
A  0 1 0
0 0 1 

Null matrix: A matrix A is called null matrix if all its elements are zero.
Example:
0 0 0
A  0 0 0
0 0 0

Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A=[aij] is called upper triangular matrix if aij=0 for i>j.
Example:
1 5 5
A  0 8 8
0 0 5

Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A=[aij] is called lower triangular matrix if aij=0 for i<j.
Example:
1 0 0 
A  6 8 0
8 7 5

Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix A is called idempotent if A2=A.

If AB=A and BA=B then A and B both are idempotent.
Example:
2 1  2 1  2 1   2 1 
A   A2     A
 2 1  2 1  2 1  2 1
Periodic Matrix: A square matrix A is called periodic if Ak+1=A, where k is a positive integer.
Example:
 1 2 6
A   3 2 9  is periodic matrix of k  2
 2 0 3

Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix A is called nilpotent if Ak=0, where k is a positive integer.
Example:
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 
A   A2       0 ;A is Nilpotent Matrix.
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 
Involutory Matrix: A square matrix A is called involutory if A2=I.
Since I2=I, so I is involutory matrix.
A square matrix A is involutory matrix if and only if (A+I)(AI)=0
  2 3  2  2 3   2 3  1 0 
Example: A    ; A   1 2  1 2  0 1   I
 1 2     

Transpose of a Matrix: If A=[aij] be a given matrix then the transpose of A is denoted by A and
defined by A=[aji].
1 7 
 1 2 5
Example: A    ; then A  A  A   2 0 
t T

7 0 1 5 1 

Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix if A=A.

The necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix A to be symmetric is A=A.
Example:
a h g 
A   h b f  is symmetric matrix.
 g f c 

Skew Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is called skew symmetric matrix if A=A.
The necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix A to be skew symmetric is A=A.
The diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
Example:
0 h g
A   h 0 f  is skew symmetric matrix.

  g  f 0 
Conjugate of a matrix: If A=[aij] be a given matrix then the matrix obtained by replacing all the
elements by their conjugate complex is called the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by Ā.
Example:
 1 1  2i  1 1  2i 
A  then A   
 i i  1  i i  1

Hermitian Matrix: A square matrix A is called Hermitian matrix if Ā=A.

The diagonal elements of a Hermitian matrix are real.
Example:
 2 1 i  2 1 i  2 1 i
 
t
A  A   then A   A
1  i 3  1  i 3  1  i 3 
Skew Hermitian Matrix: A square matrix A is called skew Hermitian matrix if Ā=Aθ=A.
The diagonal elements of a skew Hermitian matrix are either zeros or purely imaginary.
Example:

0 i   0 i   0 i  0 i 
 
t
A  A   then A        A
 i i  i i   i i   i i
Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called singular matrix if A=0.
Example:
2 2
A  is sin gular matrix
3 3

Non-singular Matrix: A square matrix A is called singular matrix if A0.

An n-square matrix A is called non-singular if its rank r  n .
Example:
3 2 
A  is non sin gular matrix
3 3 
Inverse of a Matrix: If A and B are two square matrices such that AB=BA=I, then B is called
inverse of A and we write B=A-1. And the matrix A is also inverse of B.
adj A
A 1 
A
The inverse of a matrix is unique. Every square matrix does not possess an inverse.
A matrix A has a inverse if A is square and non-singular.

Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AA  I .

Unitary Matrix: A square matrix A is called unitary if At A  I .

Example:
i 0 
A  is unitary matrix
0 i 
Adjoint Matrix: Let A be a square matrix then the adjoint of A is the transpose of the matrix
formed by the cofactors of elements of A .

Rank of a Matrix: A non-zero matrix A is said to have rank r if at least one of its r-square
minors is different from zero while every r  1 -square minor, if any is zero.
The rank in Echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero rows in that matrix.
A zero matrix is said to have rank 0.

Trace of a Matrix: The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix is called the trace of
that matrix.
Example:
1 5 7 
A  6 8 5  ; Trace of matrix  1  8  5  14
8 7 5 
Equivalent Matrix: Two matrices A and B are called equivalent if one can be obtained from the
other by a sequence of elementary transformation.
Example:
 1 2 1 4   1 2  1 4  1 2  1 4  1 2  1 4 

A 2 4 3 
5 ~0 0 5  3 ~ 0 0 5  3 ~ 0 0 5  3
 1  2 6  7  1  2 6  7 0 0 5  3 0 0 0 0 

Normal form of a Matrix: Any matrix A of rank r  0 can be reduced to one of the forms
 I 0 I 
Ir ,  r  , I r 0,  r 
 0 0 0
are called its normal form.

Commutative Matrix: Two square matrices A and B are called commutative if AB  BA .

Characteristic Equation of a Matrix: Let A be a square matrix, then the characteristic equation
of A is A  I  0 .
Theorem:
1. Proof that ( A  B)t  At  Bt
2. Proof that ( AB)t  Bt At
3. If A is any n  n square matrix, then show that A  At is symmetric matrix.
 
t
4. If A is any n  n square matrix, then show that A  A is Hermitian matrix.
5. Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a Hermitian and skew
Hermitian matrix.
6. Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and skew
symmetric matrix.
7. If A and B are orthogonal then show that AB is orthogonal.
8. If AB=A and BA=B then show that A and B are idempotent.

Question:
2 3 5
1. Show that the matrix A   1 4 5  is Idempotent Matrix.
 1 3 4
3 3 3 3
 5 1 1 
1 3
2. Show that the matrix A  is orthogonal Matrix.
6 3 1 1 5
 
3 1 5 1 
 1 2 2 
3. Show that the matrix A   2 1 2  is orthogonal Matrix.
1
3
 2 2 1
 5 8 0 
4. Show that the matrix A   3 5 0  is involutory.
 1 2 1
 1 2 3
5. Show that A   1 2 3  is a nilpotent matrix of order 2.
 
 1 2 3
6. Find the value of trace  Bt At  2C t 
 3 0  6 1 3
  1 4 2  
Where A   1 2 , B    and C   1 1 2
 1 1   3 1 5   4 1 3
1 1 i 
7. Show that the matrix A    is unity
2  i 1
 2 2  3i 3  5i 

8. Proof that A   2  3i 3 i  is Hermitian.
 3  5i i 5 
 1 2 3 
9. If A   2 3 1 then find out A2  3 A  9 I 3 .
 3 1 2 
1 2
10. Show that the square matrix A  
4 
can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and
3
skew symmetric matrix
1 2 4
11. Show that the square matrix A  6 8 1  can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric
3 5 7 
and skew symmetric matrix
1 1  a 1
12. If A    ,B    and ( A  B)  A  B .Find a and b.
2 2

 2 1  b 1
Md.Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College, Barishal

Determinants
Determinants: Determinant is a function whose domain is the set of all square matrix and
codomain is the set of real or complex numbers.
Or, The determinant is scalar value that is a function of a square matrix. The determinant of
matrix A is denoted by det( A) or A or det A
.
 Invers Matrix and Rank of Matrix
Invers Matrix:
Let A and B is two square matrix such that AB  BA  I n ,then B is said to be the inverse of
A and we write B  A1 .Here the matrix B has A as its inverse and we write A  B 1 .
Example:
4 3 1 3 1 0
A and B   AB  BA   I 2 so A  B 1 and B  A1.
1 1 1 4 0 1
Singular Matrix:Let A be any square matrix and if A  0 then A is called singular matrix.
Example:
1 2 
A  is sin gular Matrix .i.t A  0.
2 4
Non-Singular Matrix:Let A be any square matrix and if A  0 then A is called singular
matrix.
Example:
1 5 
A  is non  sin gular Matrix .i.t A  0.
 2 12
Row Rank of matrix: The number of non-zero rows of row-echelon matrix is called row
rank.
1 2 3 
Example: A  0 1 2  ; Rowrank  2
0 0 0 
Column Rank of matrix: The number of non-zero column of column -echelon matrix is
called column rank.
1 0 0 
Example: A   2 1 0 ; Column rank  2
 3 2 0
Rank of Matrix: Row rank and column rank of every matrix be equal. Row rank or
column rank of a matrix is called rank of the matrix.
1 0 0 
Example: A   2 1 0 ; rank  2
 3 2 0
Theorem:
1. Proof that adj AB  adjA.adjB. .
n2
2. Proof that adj (adjA)  A A where A is n order square matrix and A  0.
3. Show that ( AB)1  B1 A1 where Aand B are non sin gular matrix.
4. If A is orthogonal matrix, then show that At and A1 are orthogonal.
Question: Find the inverse matrix following the matrix.
  1 0 1  2 3 4 1 3 4  1 2 4
1 2
(1) A    (2) A   1 1 1  (3) A  4 3 1  (4) A   3
    1 6  (5) A   1 1 5 

3 4   0 1 0 1 2 4  1 5 1   2 7 3
1 1 1  1 0 2  1 2 3  4 3 3
(6) A   2 1 0 (7) A  2 1 3  (8) A  2 3 4  (9) A   1 0 1
1 0 0  4 1 8  1 5 7   4 4 3
Question: Reduce echelon form of following matrix also find out the rank of matrix.
 1 3 5 6  1 2 1 0  1 2 1 2 1
(1) A   4 1 2 4 (2) A   0 2 8 8  (3) A  2 4 1 2 3
   
 2 0 3 1   4 5 9 9  3 6 2 6 5
 2 1 3 4 0 0   1 3 2 
(4) A   1 1 0  (5) A  1 3 1 (6) A   1 2 0 
   
 0 3 3  2 2 5   6 9 3
0 1 3 1  2 2 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0   1 1 2
  1 1 3 1 
(7) A   2 6 3 3 (8) A   (9) A  
3 1 0 2  1 1 2 0 1
 3 10 6 5    
1 1 2 0  0 0 1 1 1
 3 2 0 1 1 2 3 2 3 
1 2 3 0 2 2  1 3 2 0
  1 4 
(10) A   2 3 4  (11)  (12) A  
1 2 3 2  3 8 7 2 11
 0 7 10     
0 1 2 1  2 1 9 10 3 
1 2 1 2
2 1 3 2 0 2 0 1 3 2 3 
1 
2
 1 2 2 6 5 2 4 3 1 3 2 0 4 
(13) A   3 2 3 2  (14) A   (15) A  
  8 0 5 10 0 15  3 8 7 2 11
3 3 3 3    
2 6 0 8 4 18  2 1 9 10 3 
 5 3 5 3 

Md.Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College, Barishal

Linear Combination ,Dependence, Independence

Linear Combination: Let V(F)be a vector space where

v1 , v2 , v3...vn V and 1 , 2 , 3....n  F. If 1v1  2v2  3v3  ....  nvn  u V thenu
is called linear combination of v1, v2 , v3...vn .
Linear dependence of vector: Let V(F)be a vector space where
v1 , v2 , v3...vn V and 1 ,2 ,3....n  F. If 1v1  2v2  3v3  ....  nvn  0 (zero vector) and
at lest one of the elements of the set 1 ,  2 ,  3 .... n  is not zero, then the vector
v1 , v2 , v3...vn . be called Linear dependence.
Linear independence of vector: Let V(F)be a vector space where
v1 , v2 , v3...vn V and 1 ,2 ,3....n  F. If 1v1  2v2  3v3  ....  nvn  0 (zero vector) and
all the elements of the set 1 ,  2 ,  3 .... n  is zero, then the vector
v1 , v2 , v3...vn . be called Linear independence.
Theorem:
1. Prove that the non-zero vector v1, v2 , v3...vn . of a vector space V(F) are linearly
dependent if and only if one of the vector v1 is linear combination of the
preceding vector v1, v2 , v3...vi 1.
2. Let S be a non-empty of vector space V. Proof that L(S) ,the set of all linear
combinations of vectors in S, is a subspace of V containing S.Alao show that
if W is any other subspace of V containing S then L(S )  W .
Question:
1. Write the vector u as a linear combination of the vectors u1, u2 , u3 where
(i ) u  (1, 2,5), u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1, 2,3), u3  (2, 1,1)
(ii )u  (2,3, 4), u1  (1, 0,1), u2  (0, 1,1), u3  ( 1, 1,1)
(iii )u  (5, 2,1), u1  (1, 2, 0), u2  (3,1, 2), u3  (0,1, 1)
(iv)u  (4, 2,1, 0), u1  (3,1, 0,1), u2  (1, 2,3,1), u3  (0,3, 6, 6)
2. Write if possible vector u  (2, 5, 4) as linear combination of
v  (1, 3, 2) and w  (2, 1,1).
3. Determine whether or not the vector (3,9,-4,-2) is a linear combination of the
vectors (1,-2,0,3),(2,3,-1,0) and (2,-1,2,1).
4. Write the matrix E as linear combination of the matrices A,B,C where
  6 3  1 2 0 1   4 2 
(i ) E    ,A  ,B    ,C   
0 8  1 3  2 4  0 2 
 6 1  0 1  1 7   1 0
(ii ) E    ,A  ,B    ,C   
 8 8  2 1  0 2  1 2 
31 1 1  0 0  0 2 
(iii ) E    ,A  ,B    ,C   
11 1 0  1 1  0 1
3 1 1 1   1 1 1 1
(iv) E    ,A  ,B    ,C   
1 2  0 1  1 0  0 0 
 2 1  1 1 1 1  1 1
(v ) E    , A   1 0  , B  0 1 , C  0 0 
 1 2       
3 1
5. If possible express M    as a linear combination of
1 2
1 1  1 1 1 1
A  ,B    and C   .
0 1  1 0  0 0 
3 1 
6. If possible express M    as a linear combination of
1 1
1 1  0 0  0 2 
A  ,B    and C   
1 0  1 1  0 1
7. Show that following vectors are linearly independent
(i )(1, 0,1), (3, 2, 6), (4,5, 2)
(ii )(6, 2,3, 4), (0,5, 3,1), (0, 0, 7, 2)
(iii )(1,1, 1), (1, 0, 2), (1,1,1).
(iv)(5, 0,3), (2, 7,8), (11,12,1)
(v)(2, 1, 4), (3, 6, 2), (2,10, 4)
(vi )(1,1, 1), (2,1, 0), (1,1, 2)

8. Show that following vectors are linearly dependent

(i )(1, 0, 0), (0,1, 0), (1,1, 0)
(ii )(1, 1, 2), (3, 5,1), (2, 7,8), ( 1,1,1)
(iii )(1, 2,3), (5, 6, 1), (3, 2,1)
(iv)(1,3, 1), (2, 0,1), (1, 1,1).
9. Show that the v1  (1,1, 2), v2  (1,0,1), v3  (2,1,3) are linearly independent in 3
.
10.Test whether the following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or not.
 (i ){(1, 2,3), (2, 0, 1), (7, 6  11)}
1 1  1 0   1 1  
(ii )  , ,    V3 ( )
1 1  0 1   0 0  
 1 2   3 1  1 5  
(iii )  , ,    V3 ( )
 3 1   2 2   4 0 
11.If the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 are linearly independent then show that the vectors
v1  v2  2v3 , v1  v2  v3 , v1  v3 are also linearly independent.
12.If the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 are linearly independent then show that the vectors
v1  v2  3v3 , v1  3v2  v3 , v1  v3 are also linearly dependent.

Md.Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College, Barishal

System of Linear Equation

System of Linear Equation: The equation a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  .....  an xn  b is called a linear
equation over F of n variable x1 , x2 ,...xn where a1, a2 , a3...an  F .Then two or more than two of
this linear equation is called system of linear equations
Example:
x yz 2
2 x  y  3z  2
3x  y  z  5
Non-homogeneous System of Linear Equation: Let ai1 x1  ai 2 x2  ai 3 x3  .......  ain  bi .......(1)
be a system of linear equations where i  1, 2,3, 4...m .If at least one element of the set
{b1 , b2 , b3.....bn } is not zero, then the system (1) is called a non- homogeneous system of
linear equation.
Example:
x yz 0
2 x  y  3z  2
3x  y  z  5
Homogeneous System of Linear Equation: Let ai1 x1  ai 2 x2  ai 3 x3  .......  ain  bi .......(1) be a
system of linear equations where i  1, 2,3, 4...m .If all the element of the set
{b1 , b2 , b3.....bn } are zero, then the system (1) is called a homogeneous system of linear
equation.
Example:
 x yz 0
2 x  y  3z  0
3x  y  z  0
Consistent system of linear equation: The system of linear equations
ai1x1  ai 2 x2  ai3 x3  .......  ain  bi (wherei  1, 2,3...m) is said to consistent system if no
equation of the form 0  0  0  ...  0  b(b  0) .
Example:
x  5y  z  t  3
y z t  2
z t  5
Inconsistent system of linear equation: The system of linear equations
ai1x1  ai 2 x2  ai3 x3  .......  ain  bi (wherei  1, 2,3...m) is said to inconsistent system if the
equation of the form 0  0  0  ...  0  b(b  0) .
Example:
x  5y  z  t  3
y z t  2
05

Question:
1. Solve the system of linear equation
(i ) x1  2 x2  1 (iv) x  y  2 z  8 (vii )2 x  3 y  4 z  2
 x1  x2  0 x  2 y  3z  7 3 x  4 y  5 z  15
2 x1  4 x2  3 3x  3 y  8 z  16 9 x  5 y  7 z  20
(ii ) x1  2 x2  3 x3  1 (v)2 x  y  2 z  10 (viii ) x  2 y  3 z  4
3 x1  x2  2 x3  10 3x  2 y  2 z  1 x  3 y  z  11
5 x1  3 x2  4 x3  2 5 x  4 y  3z  4 2 x  5 y  4 z  13
(iii )2 x  2 y  5 z  t  3 (vi ) x  2 y  3 z  4 2 x  6 y  2 z  22
3 x  4 y  2 z  3t  2 2 x  5 y  3z  5 (ix) x  y  2 z  5
x  2 y  8z  t  8 x  8z  9 2x  y  z  2
7 x  9 y  z  8t  0 2x  y  z  4
x  3y  2z  1

2. Show that for any value of p,q,and r , the following system of equation has a unique
solution and solve the system.
x  2 y  4z  p
2x  3y  z  q
3x  y  2 z  r
3. Examine for consistency for the following systems of linear equation and solve which is
consistent
 (i )2 x  3 y  5 z  1
3x  y  z  2
x  4 y  6z  1
(ii ) x  4 y  5 z  8
3x  7 y  z  3
x  15 y  11z  14
4. Solve the following system of linear equations
(i ) x1  2 x2  x3  3x4  3 (ii ) x1  2 x2  2 x3  x4  0 (iii ) x1  x2  2 x3  x4  0
2 x1  4 x2  4 x3  3 x4  9 2 x1  5 x2  3 x3  x4  1 2 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  2
3x1  6 x2  x3  8 x4  10 3 x1  8 x2  4 x3  x4  2 3 x1  2 x2  4 x3  3x4  3
x1  5 x2  x3  2 x4  3 (iv) x1  4 x2  5 x3  3x4  0
2 x1  3x2  5 x3  x4  0
3 x1  2 x2  5 x3  x4  0
4 x1  x2  5 x3  3x4  0

5. Determine the value of  such that the following system of linear equation has (i) no
solution (ii) more than one solution (iii) a unique solution.
(i) Given the equation,
(i ) x  y  z  1
2x  3y   z  3
x   y  3z  2
Solving the system in echelon form
x y z 1

0  y  (  2) z  1  L2 '  L2  2 L1 ; L3'  L3  L1
0  (  1) y  4 z  1
x y z 1 
 "
 y (  2) z  1  L3  L3  (  1) L2
' '

{4  (  1)(  2)}z  2   
x y z 1
 y (  2) z  1
6      z  2  
2

x y z 1 

 y (  2) z  1         (1)
(  3)(  2) z    2 
 (i) No Solution: If   3 then system L3'' of (1)  0  5 ,it is impossible. So the given
system has no solution for   3 .
(ii)More than one solution: If   2 then system L3'' of (1)  0  0 ,In this case the
system has three variables within two equation(number of variables is greater than the
number of equation). So the given system has more than one solution solution for   2 .
(iii) unique solution: If    3   2     3,   2 then system has unique solution
(number of variables equal to the number of equation).

(i ) x  y  z  1 (ii) x  y  z  1 x  y  z  2 x  3z  3
2x  3y   z  3 x  y  z 1 3x  4 y  2 z   2 x   y  z  2
x   y  3z  2 x  y  z 1 2x  3y  z  1 x  2y  z 1

6. Determine the value of  and  such that the following system of linear equation has (i)
no solution (ii) more than one solution (iii) a unique solution.
(i ) x  y  z  6 (ii )2 x  3 y  z  5
x  2 y  3 z  10 3x  y   z  2
x  2y  z   x  7 y  6z  
Solution:
(i) Given the equation,
(x  y  z  6
x  2 y  3 z  10
x  2y  z  
Solving the system in echelon form
x yz 6 
 '
 y  2z  4  L2  L2  L1 , L3  L3  L1
y  (  1) z    6 
x yz 6 
 ''
 y  2z  4  L3  L3  L2
' '

(  3) z    10 
(i)No solution: If   3 and   10 then system L3'' of (1)  0  Anumber except zero. ,it is
impossible. So the given system has no solution for   3 and   10 .
(ii)More than one solution: If   3 and   10 then system L3'' of (1)  0  0 ,In this case the
system has three variables within two equation(number of variables is greater than the number of
equation). So the given system has more than one solution solution for   3 and   10 .
(iii) unique solution: If    3 then system has unique solution (number of variables equal to
the number of equation).
 7. Solve the equation of matrix method.
(i) x  2 y  3z  1 (ii )3x  y  5 z  1 (iii )2 x  y  2 z  10 (iv) x  2 y  z  1
2 x  4 y  5 z  1 2 y  4z  2 3x  2 y  2 z  1 3x  8 y  2 z  28
3x  5 y  6 z  1 6 x  y  3z  0 5 x  4 y  3z  4 4 x  9 y  z  14

Md.Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College, Barishal.

Eigen Values and Eigen Vector

Matrix Polynomial: Let F be a field and  be an indeterminate, then an expression
of type f ( )  a0 n  a1 n1  a2 n2  a3 n3  ....  an ;..........(1)
where n is integer (n  0), a0 , a1, a2 ......an  F and a0  0 is known as the polynomial of
degree n.
Now if A is an square matrix over F, then we define
f ( A)  a0 An  a1 An1  a2 An2  a3 An3  ....  an I ; where I is an identity matrix, then the
polynomial is called matrix polynomial.
If f ( A)  0 ,then A is called a root or zero of the polynomials f (t ) .
Characteristic Matrix: The matrix  I  A is called Characteristic Matrix of A,
where A is square matrix and I is identity matrix.

Characteristic polynomial: The determinant  I  A is called Characteristic

polynomial. where A is square matrix and I is identity matrix.

Characteristic equation: The equation  I  A  0 is called Characteristic equation.

where A is square matrix and I is identity matrix.

Eigen Value and Eigen Vector: Let A be any n order square matrix over filed F.If
there exist   F and non-zero column vector v  F n such that Av  v ,then the
scalar  is called eigen value and the non-zero column vector v corresponding  be
called eigen vector.

Eigen Value:
let A be a square matrix. The characteristic equation of A is  I  A  0 .The roots of
the characteristic equation are called Eigenvalues of A.

Eigen Vector: Let A be a square matrix and if there exist a non-zero vector v, such
that Av  v .then the vector v is called an Eigenvector of A corresponding to the
Eigenvalue  .
Diagonalization: A square matrix A is called diagonalizable if there exist an
invertible matrix P such that P 1 AP is diagonal matrix.
Theorem:
1. If T : V ( F )  V ( F ) be a linear operator, T is invertible and  is an eigen value of
it, then show that  1 is eigen value of T 1 .
2. Show that a square matrix A and its transpose matrix At have the same
characteristic polynomial.
3. Show that similar matrix have the same characteristic polynomial.
4. If v1, v2 , v3....vn are eigen vectors of square matrix A corresponding to the distinct
eigen value 1, 2 , 3....n ,then show that the vector are linearly independent.
5. If T : V ( F )  V ( F ) be a linear operator and v1, v2 , v3....vn are eigen vectors
belonging to distinct eigen value 1, 2 , 3....n respectively, then show that the
vector are linearly dependent.
6. State and prove Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Or, show that every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
Question:
1. Find the eigen value of the following matrix.
2 0 0  3 1 1
(i) A   3 2 0  (ii) A   7 5 1
 
0 0 4  6 6 2
2. Show that eigen values of the following matrix are real.
 1 1 i 3  i  1 2 3
 i  A  1  i 3 2i   ii  A   2 0 5 
 

3  i 2i 2   3 5 7 

3. Find all the eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvectors of matrix

1 2 1
A  0 2 0 
0 5 2 
Solution: The characteristic matrix of A is
 0 0  1 2 1   1 2 1 
    
 I  A   0  0   0 2 0    0   2 0 
 0 0   0 5 2   0 5   2
The characteristic polynomial of A
  1 2 1
I  A  0 2 0     1   2    2 
0 5  2
Therefore the characteristic equation  I  A =0
    1   2    2   0
   1, 2, 2
Which are the eigenvalue of A.
x
Let the eigen vector of A corresponding eigenvalue  is V   y 
 
 z 
According to definition we get
( I  A)V  0
  1 2 1   x  0     1 x  2 y  z  0 

 0 2 0   y   0      2  y  0       (i)
 0 5   2   z   0 5     2  z  0 
when   1 in (i ) then
2 y  z  0 

3 y  0  solving we get y  z  0
5 y  z  0 
Hence x is free variable, let the x=a where a 
Therefore, the all eigen vector corresponding the eigenvalue   1
a 
V   0  ; a  .
 0 
1 
In particular ,let a=1, then V  0  is an eigenvector corresponding the Eigen value   1 .
 
0 
when   2 in (i ) then
3x  2 y  z  0 

5 y  4z  0 
This system is in echelon form and has one free variable. let the free variable z  b; b  .
4b b
Then solving we get y  , a   , z  b
5 5
Therefore, the all eigen vector corresponding the eigne value   2
  b
 5 
 
V    ;b  .
4b
 5 
 
 b 
 
 1
In particular ,let b=5, then V   4  is an eigenvector corresponding the eigne value   2
 
 5 
when   2 in (i ) then
x  2y  z  0
 x  2y  z  0
4y  0  
 y0 
5y  0 

Here z is a free variable, let z  c; c  . solving we get x  c, y  0, z  c.

Therefore, the all eigen vector corresponding the eigne value   2
 c 
V   0  ; c  .
 c 
 1
In particular ,let c=1, then V   0  is an eigenvector corresponding the eigne value   2.
 
 1 

4. Find all eigen value and associated eigen vectors of following matrix A in the
field R.

 2 1 2 3  2 3  2 3  2 2  1 4  3 1  3 2
(i ) A    (ii)   (iii)   (iv)   (v )   (vi )   (vii )    viii   
 2 3 1 4   2 1  2 1 1 3  9 1  1 1   1 0 
 3 1 1 8 2 2  3 2 4 1 1 2
1 1
(viii ) A   2 4 2  (ix) A   3
  3 1 ( x) A   2
 0 2  ( xi) A   0 2
 2  ( xii) A  
 2 1
1 1 3   24 8 6   4 2 3   1 1 3 
1 0 2  1 1 4   2 2 3
1 4 
 xiii  A     xiv  A   0 0 0   xv  A   3
 2 1  xvi  A   2
 1 6 
2 3  2 0 4   2 1 1  1 2 0 
1 1 3  6 2 2 
 xvii  A  1 5 1  xviii  A   2 3 1
 
3 1 1  2 1 3 

5. Find the eigen value and associated eigen vectors of following matrix A in the
field R. Also find an invertible matrix P such that P 1 AP .
1 3 3 1 2 2  3 1 1
1 2  1 4 
(i) A    (ii) A    (iii) A  3 5 3 (iv) A   1 2 1 (v) A   7 5 1
   
0 1  9 1  6 6 4  1 1 4   6 6 2
Solution(iii):
1 3 3 
Given the Matrix (iii) A  3 5 3 
 
6 6 4 
The characteristic matrix
 0 0  1 3 3    3 3
 I  A   0  0   3 5 3   3  3
 0 0   6 6 4  6 6  
The characteristic polynomial
 3 3
 I  A  3  3   3  12  16  (  2)2 (  4).
6 6 
The characteristic equation.
 I  A  0  (  2) 2 (  4)  0    2, 2, 4.
Hence the eigenvalues of A are   2, 2, 4.
x
Let the eigen vector of A corresponding eigenvalue  is V   y 
 
 z 
According to definition we get
  I  AV  0
  3 3  x  0 
  3  3  y   0 
 6 6    z  0 
(  1) x  3 y  3z  0 

 3x  (  5) y  3z  0  .......(1)
6 x  6 y  (  4) z  0 
when   2 then (1)
3x  3 y  3z  0 

3x  3 y  3z  0   x  y  z  0.......(2)
6 x  6 y  6 z  0 
Free variable two. Let y  a, z  b; a, b  (a  0, b  0)  x  a  b.
 x  a b 1  1 
       
V   y    a   a1  b 0 
z  b   0   1
       
1 1
   
 Eigenvector A matrix V1   1  and V2   0  for eigenvalu   2[ In particular a  b  1]
0  1
   
  4 from (1) we get.
3x  3 y  3z  0 

3x  9 y  3z  0 
6 x  6 y  0 
x  y  z  0
       (3)
2y  z  0 
Free variable two, let z=2c,the we get y=c and x=a.
Then the eigenvector
c
 
V   c  ; c  .[ c  0]
 2c 
 
1
In particular c  1, thenV3   1 
 2
 
1 1 1
   
Hence the eigen vector of A are V1   1  ,V2   0  and V3   1  ;
 0  1  2
     
 1 1 1
The invertible Matrix P  1 0 1  ;

0 1 2 
Now find out the diagonal matrix:
Given ,
1 1 1 
P  1 0 1  ;
0 1 2 
1 1 1
P  1 0 1  2
0 1 2
 1 2 1  1 3
T
1
and adjP   3 2 1    2 2
  0  ;
 1 0 1  1 1 1
 1 3 1  1 3 1
1 
2 2 0    2 2 0 
1 1
P  adjP  
P 2
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
1 3 1 1 3 3  1 1 1   2 0 0 
1
1
Now, P AP   2 2 0   3 5 3  1 0 1    0 2 0 
2
1 1 1  6 6 4  0 1 2   0 0 4 
 2 0 0 1 1 1 
Hence P AP   0
1
2 0  diagonal where P  1 0 1  (ans ).

 0 0 4  0 1 2 

6. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem following the matrix;

1 2 3  2 2 3  2 1 1 1 2 1
 1 2
i  A     ii  A  2 1 1 (iii) A   1 1 0  iv  A  3 1 0   v  A  0 1 2 
     
 1 1   3 1 1  1 2 1  1 0 2  1 3 2 
Solution(i):Given The matrix
  1 2
A 
 1 1 
 0   1 2    1 2 
The characteristic matrix A :  I  A    
 0    1 1   1   1
  1 2
The characteristic polynomial :  I  A    2  2  3.
1  1
The characteristic equation :  I  A  0   2  2  3  0.
The verify Cayey-Hamilton theorem;
Now let the equation from characteristic polynomial;
A2  2 A  3I  0;
 1 2  1 2  1 2  1 0   0 0 
now A2  2 A  3I      2   3    0.
 1 1   1 1   1 1  0 1  0 0
Hence verify the Cayey-Hamilton theorem.
7. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem following the matrix A. Find A1 using this
theorem.
1 0 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 
1 2  1 1 
 i  A   1   
1 0   ii  A  1 3 3   iii  A     iv  A     v  A  3 1 0 
 0 1 1  1 2 4  3 5  1 2  1 1 1 
2 0 1  1 2 3 1 2 0  2 3 3 4 6 6
 vi  A  5 1 0   vii  A   2 5 3  viii  A  0 8 1   ix  A  1 3 3   ix   1 3 2 
      
 0 1 3  1 0 8  3 1 1 1 2 4   1 4 3
Md.Nurul Alam
Lecturer(Mathematics)
Barishal Engineering College, Barishal