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SFG 2024 Level 2 Test 26 Solutions Eng

The document contains solutions to a test on ancient Indian history, covering topics such as the Mauryan Empire, the Mahajanapadas, and the Indus Valley Civilization. It includes questions about significant rulers, cities, and religious ideologies, along with explanations for the correct answers. Additionally, it addresses the roles of Buddhism and Jainism, as well as the features of Rig Vedic society.

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SFG 2024 Level 2 Test 26 Solutions Eng

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raghav goyal

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SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.1) Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription?
“Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect,
with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very severely.”
a) Ashoka
b) Samudragupta
c) Harshavardhana
d) Krishna Deva Raya

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
In 12th rock edict, Ashoka proclaimed that- Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other
sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather
injures his own sect very severely.
Source: UPSC CSE Pre 2020
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.2) Consider the following cities during 6th century BCE:

1.Indraprastha
2.Kushinagara
3.Champa
4.Varanasi
Arrange the above cities from East to West:
a) 4- 3 - 1 - 2
b) 2 - 1 - 4 - 3
c) 3 - 2- 4 - 1
d) 1 - 2 - 3 - 4

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Option c is correct.
The Mahajanapadas were sixteen ancient kingdoms that emerged in the Indian subcontinent
around the 6th century BCE. They replaced the earlier tribal societies and played a significant role
in shaping ancient Indian history. Mahajanapadas were characterized by complex political
structures, trade networks, and cultural developments, paving the way for early state formation.

Forum Learning Centre: Delhi - 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19 Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 | Patna - 2nd floor, AG Palace, E Boring Canal
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9311740400, 9311740900 | https://academy.forumias.com | [email protected] | [email protected]

[1]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Indraprastha is thought to have been in present-day Delhi.

1) According to Hindu mythology, it was the capital of the Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata.
2) Historically, it was an important urban center during the Mahajanapada period.
Kushinagar:
1) Location: Kushinagar, also known as Kusinara, is situated in Uttar Pradesh, India.
2) Kushinagar is significant in Buddhist tradition as the place where Gautama Buddha attained
Mahaparinirvana. It is one of the four major pilgrimage sites for Buddhists.
Champa:
1) The capital of Anga, Champa, is at the confluence of the Ganga and Champa rivers in Present day
Bihar state.
2) Champa was a prominent center during the Mahajanapada period and played a significant role in
ancient Indian history. It was known for its cultural and commercial activities and is mentioned in
various ancient texts.
Varanasi:
1) Location: Varanasi, also known as Kashi or Banaras, is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India,
on the banks of the river Ganges.
2) Varanasi is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and is considered one of
the holiest cities in Hinduism. It is renowned for its religious significance, ancient temples, ghats
(riverfront steps), and cultural heritage. It has been a center of learning, spirituality, and trade for
centuries.
Source: https://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lehs102.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mahajanapadas

Q.3) With reference to Mauryan emperor Ashoka, consider the following statements;
1. Buddhist monk Moggaliputta-Tissa was his contemporary.
2. He established a new religious ideology known as Dhamma.
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) a
Exp) option a is the correct answer.
Under Ashoka (273BC-232 BC) Mauryan Empire acquired more territories. H.G. Wells hailed Asoka
as superior to renowned rulers like Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, praising his practical
genius, universal Dhamma, and benevolent rule. Asoka's commitment to non-aggression and human
welfare remains inspirational across history.
Statement 1 is correct. Moggaliputta-Tissa was the chairman of the 3rd Buddhist council held under
the patronage of Ashoka in 250BC. Hence, they are contemporary of each other.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Ashoka's Dhamma was not a new religion. It was not a new form of
political philosophy either. Dharma is the Sanskrit word for “dhamma.” Dhamma was a way of life
enshrined in a code of behaviour and a set of ideals that he advised his subjects to follow to live in
peace and prosperity.
Source: https://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lehs102.pdf
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64798/1/BLOCK%204.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

[2]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.4) With respect to ancient India, consider the following:

1. Hierarchical varna system was well established.
2. Extensive usage of Iron for ploughing.
3. Participation of Women in political assemblies.
4. Temple worship was not prevalent.
5.Agriculture was the primary economic activity.
How many of the above were features of the Rig Vedic society?
a) Only two
b) Only three
c) Only four
d) All five

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
The Rig Vedic society, flourishing from around 1500 to 1000 BCE in ancient India, was
characterized by pastoralism and early agricultural practices. It had a tribal social structure with
kinship ties and a pantheon of deities. Rig Vedic hymns, composed in Sanskrit, reflect religious rituals,
societal norms, and cosmological beliefs.
Option 1 is incorrect: The Rig Vedic society did not have a well-established varna system like the
later Vedic and classical periods. Social organization was primarily based on tribal or kinship ties
rather than a rigid caste system.
1) The Rigvedic society was structured into three main sections: warriors, priests, and ordinary
people. However, the concept of the Sudra category, denoting the lowest social class, emerged
only towards the later stages of the Rigvedic period. This suggests that social divisions during the
early Vedic period were not as rigidly defined.
2) An excerpt from the Rigveda "I am a poet, my father is a physician, and my mother grinds grain
upon the stone. Striving for wealth, with varied plans, we follow our desires like cattle." This verse
highlights the diverse occupations within families and the pursuit of wealth through various
means.
Option 2 is incorrect: The main factor in the expansion of the Aryan culture during the later Vedic
period was the beginning of the use of iron around 1000 BC. The Rigvedic people knew of a metal
called ayas which was either copper or bronze. In the later Vedic literature ayas was qualified with
shyama or krishna meaning black to denote iron.
Option 3 is correct: In Rig Vedic times women participated in political assemblies like sabha, samiti
etc.
Option 4 is correct: In the Rig Vedic period, temple worship was not prevalent. Rituals were primarily
performed in homes and sacrificial altars rather than dedicated temple structures.
Option 5 is incorrect: The early Vedic Aryans were pastoralists. Cattle rearing was their main
occupation. They reared cattle, sheep, goats, and horses for purposes of milk, meat and hides.
During later Vedic phase, agriculture became the mainstay of the Vedic people. Many rituals were
introduced to initiate the process of agriculture. It also speaks of ploughing with yokes of six and
eight oxen. The buffalo had been domesticated for the agricultural purposes.
Source: India Ancient Past By RS Sharma,
https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec315NEW/315_History_Eng/315_History_Eng_Lesson4.
pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Vedic Age

[3]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.5) Consider the following statements regarding the ‘Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission
(APPPC)’:
1. It is an intergovernmental organization working under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
2. India is an active participant of APPPC.
3. The Commission helps countries develop systems and practices to minimize the potential risk of
the introduction and spread of regulated pests.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Asia Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) is an
intergovernmental organization working under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), not
World Trade Organization (WTO). It was established in 1956 as a regional body approved by the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The commission consists of 25 member
countries, including India.
Statement 2 is correct: India is an active participant of APPPC. Recently, the Asia Pacific Plant
Protection Commission (APPPC) unanimously elected India as chair of the Standing Committee on
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for the biennium 2023-24 during the 32nd Session held in
Bangkok.
Statement 3 is correct: The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region which
entered into force on 2 July 1956, is being administered by APPPC. As per this agreement, the
Commission is responsible for preventing the spread of destructive plant diseases and pests
among its members.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 17
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission

Q.6) In the context of 6th century BCE, consider the following statements about Buddhism and
Jainism:
Both Buddhism and Jainism:
1. firmly believed in the existence of soul.
2. firmly believed in the existence of God.
3. rejected elaborate religious rituals.
4. emphasized the principle of non-violence.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Jainism, founded by Mahavira in ancient India, emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness,
and asceticism. Jains believe in karma, reincarnation, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth through
spiritual purification.

[4]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama in ancient India, teaches the Four Noble Truths and the
Eightfold Path. It emphasizes compassion, mindfulness, and the attainment of enlightenment to
overcome suffering and achieve Nirvana.
Statement 1 is incorrect:Jainism believes each living being has a soul that is trapped in the cycle of
rebirth (samsara). Liberation (moksha) is achieved by freeing the soul from karma.
Buddhism, on the other hand, rejects the idea of a permanent soul. They believe in anatta (soulless) -
impermanence and the interconnectedness of all things.
Statement 2 is incorrect: In the earliest forms of Buddhism, whether or not God existed was
irrelevant.
While Jainism recognizes the acceptance of God but places it below ‘Jina’ or Tirthankaras.
Statement 3 is correct: Both religions arose as reform movements challenging the dominance of
Vedic Brahmanism. They rejected elaborate religious rituals and the authority of the priestly class
(Brahmins) who controlled these rituals.
Statement 4 is correct: Ahimsa (non-violence) is a central principle in both religions. Jains practice
strict non-violence, extending it to even microorganisms.
Buddhists promote compassion for all living beings.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/21705/1/Unit-20.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.7) With reference to Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), consider the following statements:
1. With the advent of iron plough, the area under cultivation increased significantly during IVC.
2. People of Indus Valley Civilization were aware of the intercropping/mixed cropping.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) b
Exp) option b is the answer.
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that existed in the northwestern region of
the Indian subcontinent from 3000 BCE to 1700 BCE. It was one of the world's earliest urban
civilizations, along with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization. Iron was discovered
around 1000 BC much after the era of Harappan Civilization. Hence the statement is incorrect as the
timeline of Bronze age (Harappan Civilization) and Iron age are different.
Statement 2 is correct. Indus Valley Civilization people were primarily dependent on agriculture for
their livelihood. They grew various crops, including wheat, barley, and rice. The fields had two sets of
furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two different crops were grown together in
single field.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.8) In the context of ancient Indian texts, Taittiriya and Brihadaranyaka Upanishads belongs to which
Veda?
a) Rigveda
b) Samaveda
c) Yajurveda
d) Atharvaveda

[5]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) c
Exp) option c is the correct answer.
The Upanishads, Sanskrit texts from late Vedic and post-Vedic periods, signal a shift in Hinduism
from ritualism to new religious concepts. They introduce fundamental ideas and delve into
meditation, philosophy, and consciousness, contrasting with earlier Vedas focused on rituals,
mantras, and ceremonies. As the latest addition to the Vedas, the oldest Hindu scriptures, they
explore deeper spiritual dimensions.
Option a is incorrect: Rigveda includes Upanishads like Aitareya Upanishad and Kaushitaki
Upanishad.
Option b is incorrect: Samaveda includes Upanishads like Chandoya Upanishad and kena Upanishad.
Option c is correct. Yajurveda is widely popular with varied descriptions of the yajna or rituals and is
found in prose form. There are two divisions of Yajur,
1) The Krishna Yajur is a combination of mantras and brahmanas. The widely read Upanisads of the
Krishna Yajurveda are Kathopanisad and Taittiriyopanisad.
2) The Shukla Yajur is predominantly mantra portions. The upanisads of the Shukla Yajurveda are
Brihadaranayka and the Ishopanisad.
The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad forms part of Shukla Yajurveda. It also forms the part of Shatapatha
Brahmana. The aim of this Upanishad is to teach about self and thereby to show the identity of Atman
and Brahman.
The Taittiriya Upanishad forms the seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of the Taittiriya
Aranyaka of the Krishna Yajurveda. The Taittiriya Upanishad presents the idea of Pancha Koshas,
the five sheaths that envelop the self. These sheaths include the physical body, vital energy, the mind,
intellect, and the blissful core of being
Option d is incorrect. Atharvaveda includes Upanishad like Mundaka Upanishad, Prashan Upanishad
among others.
Source: https://vedicheritage.gov.in/upanishads/
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/37933/1/Unit-2.pdf
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/37936/1/Unit-5.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Vedic Age

Q.9) In the context of Jainism, “Syadvada” best refers to:

The theory which proposes that:
a) god is completely different from the individual soul and the world.
b) every judgment is only partial or relative.
c) individuals should refrain from stealing what is not rightfully theirs.
d) Individuals should minimize their attachment to material possessions.

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Option a is incorrect. The Dvaita or dualist school of Hindu Vedanta philosophy originated in 13th
century South India with Sri Madhvacharya (Madhva). Madhva wrote commentaries on the
Brahmasutra and Upanishads, and a work called the Bharatatatparyanirnaya, based on the Puranas
and the epics. He considers God to be completely different from the individual soul and the world.
He asserts that the individual soul has many defects, but it can attain near perfection by worshipping
God.
Option b is correct. The Jainas use Syadvada (doctrine of ‘may be’) theory to signify that the universe
can be looked at from many points of view and that each view yields a different conclusion. In other
words they believe that there can be a variety of doctrines depending upon the points of view. This is
known as anekantavada. This doctrine indicates an extreme caution and signifies an anxiety to avoid
absolute affirmation and absolute negation.

[6]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Option c is incorrect. Asteya teaches the principle of non-stealing or non-taking. Jains believe in
respecting the property and possessions of others and refrain from taking what is not freely given.
This principle extends beyond material possessions to include intellectual property and emotional
stealing, such as coveting or scheming to obtain what belongs to others.
Option d is incorrect. Aparigraha advocates for non-attachment to material possessions and worldly
desires. Jains believe that attachment to material wealth leads to greed, selfishness, and suffering. By
practicing non-possession, individuals aim to free themselves from the cycle of desire and
accumulation, finding contentment and inner peace through detachment.
Knowledge Base: Tenets of Jainism
1) It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no ritual is required. It can be attained
through three principles.
a. Three principles or Jewels or Triratnas are
1) Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2) Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3) Right Action (Samyakcharita)
2) Five Doctrines of Jainism are
a. Ahimsa: Non-injury to living being
b. Satya: Do not speak a lie
c. Asteya: Do not steal
d. Aparigraha: Do not acquire property
e. Brahmacharya: Observe continence
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/keks102.pdf
A history of Ancient and Early Medieval India– Upinder Singh
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.10) Which one of the following is the main function of the Financial Services Institutions Bureau
(FSIB), recently seen in the news?
a) To recommend individuals for appointment as whole-time directors on the board of public sector
banks, financial institutions and public sector insurance companies.
b) To acquire distressed assets from banks to improve their financial position.
c) To strengthen coordination among different financial regulatory authorities.
d) To promote international investment in the Indian economy by establishing global ties

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
The Government of India established the Financial Services Institutions Bureau(FSIB) in 2022,
replacing the Banks Board Bureau(BBB). The FSIB's main function is to recommend individuals for
appointment as whole-time directors on the board of public sector banks, financial institutions and
public sector insurance companies. Furthermore, the FSIB is tasked with recommending measures to
improve Corporate Governance in these Institutions.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 27
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Financial Services Institutions Bureau

Q.11) The following item consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two
statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below:
Statement I: The Greek travelers were most impressed by the fertility of India’s soil and the energy
and ability of her cultivators.
Statement II: Ancient India knew the use of manure.

[7]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
a) Both the statements are individually true, and Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
b) Both the statements are individually true, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I.
c) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
d) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer
Statement I is true: Greek travelers, such as Megasthenes and Strabo, were impressed by the fertility
of India’s soil and the energy and ability of her cultivators. They noted that the Indians used a variety
of agricultural techniques, including the use of manure, to improve the fertility of their soil.
Statement II is true: Ancient India did know the use of manure. Manure was used to improve the
fertility of the soil, and it was also used as a fertilizer.
However, Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I. The fertility of India’s soil was
due to a variety of factors, including the use of manure, but it was also due to the climate, the
topography, and the use of irrigation.
Source: UPSC CDS 2019
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.12) With respect to Mauryan Empire, consider the following pairs about Mauryan officials and their
duties:
Mauryan Officers Main Duties
1. Samaharta In charge of treasury and
store.
2. Pautavadhyaksha In charge of standardized
weights and measures.
3. Panyadhyaksha Responsible for trade, price
fixation and sale of goods
produced by state-run
manufacturing units.
4. Sannidhata Responsible for revenue
collection and expenditure.
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
The Mauryan administration, during the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE, was highly centralized under
Emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his successors. It comprised various administrative divisions led
by officials like Samaharta, Pautavadhyaksha, overseeing revenue, trade, and agriculture, fostering a
well-organized bureaucracy that facilitated governance, trade, and cultural exchange across the
empire.
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: The revenue collection in ancient times was overseen by a high-
ranking official known as the collector-general or samaharta, who effectively served as the minister
of finance.

[8]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
Their responsibilities included supervising various provinces, fortified towns, mines, forests, trade
routes, and other sources of revenue.
Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Pautavadhyaksha was responsible for ensuring the accuracy and
uniformity of weights and measures used in trade and commerce.
Pair 3 is correctly matched: The Panyadhyaksha oversaw trade operations, set prices, and managed
the sale of goods produced by state-controlled manufacturing units.
Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: The Sannidhata held the position of overseeing both the treasury and
the storage facilities.
Source: https://forumias.com/blog/question/the-term-samaharta-in-mauryan-empire-is-used-
for-who-among-the-following/,https://forumias.com/blog/question/with-reference-to-mauryan-
administration-which-of-the-following-pair-s-is-are-correctly-matched-1-panyadhyakshaofficer-in-
charge-of-trade-2-rupadarshakasuperintendent-of-markets-3-pau/
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.13) The term ‘Aghanya’ mentioned a number of times in Rig Veda refers to:
a) type of marriage
b) fertile land
c) merchants
d) cows

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer
In the Vedic period (1500-500 BCE), animals gained more importance. It was during Vedic period in
India, cows were cherished as religious entity and were referred as ‘Aghanya’ i.e., not to be killed.
Vedic people regarded cow as the source of their good fortune, happiness, and good health.
Important Tips Rig vedic terms:
1) Agnyadheya – ceremony which preceded the public rituals in Vedic Era.
2) Gavishti – a fight for cows.
3) Gotra – A kinship unit
4) Hiranyakara – Goldsmith
5) Rathakara – Chariot maker
6) Sira – Plough
7) Sita – Furrows
Source: https://icar.org.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/Indian-Agriculture-after-Independence.pdf
https://www.firstpost.com/india/why-eminent-historians-claim-cow-flesh-was-consumed-in-
vedic-times-despite-no-evidence-to-back-it-10387301.html
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ncert-books-mix-myth-with-
history/articleshow/44208669.cms
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Vedic Age

Q.14) In the context of ancient India, consider the following sites:

1. Rangpur
2. Balakot
3. Manda
4. Amri
How many of the above sites were part of the Indus valley civilization?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

[9]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from around 2600 - c. 1900 BCE in the fertile plains of the
Indus River and its tributaries in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It was characterized
by sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage systems, and intricate craftsmanship. Trade and
agriculture were central to its economy.

Option 1 is correct: Rangpur is located in Gujarat, India.

Rangpur is an archaeological site associated with the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations at Rangpur
have uncovered remains of a well-planned urban settlement, including houses, streets, and artifacts
such as pottery and seals.
Option 2 is correct: Balakot is situated in Pakistan. Balakot, on the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on
the Makran coast, belongs to early Harappan. The pottery was wheel-made and painted, some of it
like the polychrome ware of Nal. There were microliths, humped bull figurines, a few copper objects,
miscellaneous artefacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone, and beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and
paste.
Option 3 is correct: Manda is located in Jammu and Kashmir.
Manda is an important archaeological site associated with the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations
have revealed a fortified settlement with evidence of urban planning, pottery, and artifacts suggesting
trade connections with other civilizations.

[10]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Option 4 is correct: Amri in Sindh Pakistan lies about 2 km from the right bank of the Indus. The
settlement goes back to c. 3500 BCE. Amri is early Harappan. Harappan. It had
1) mud-brick structures, sometimes supplemented with stone, made their appearance,
2) multiple cellular compartments, perhaps used for storing grain or as platforms for buildings,
3) pottery was dominated by wheel-made wares and showed a great variety of forms and painted
designs, mostly geometric.
Source: A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India – Upinder Singh
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.15) Which one of the following is the correct reason behind India recently gaining a label of
“Laundromat” countries along with some other nations?
a) For taking strict action against the money laundering activities of Multinational Companies.
b) For supporting the enactment of international law against money laundering in the United Nations.
c) For buying Russian oil and selling processed products to European countries.
d) For buying large amounts of weapons from Russia its war efforts.

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Laundromat countries are those purchasing Russian oil and then selling processed products to
European nations, bypassing European sanctions against Russia.Thus the European countries are
replacing direct purchases of Russian oil with the same products laundered through third countries. A
report by the Finland-based Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) revealed that
European nations, which prohibited Russian oil imports, are now importing substantial quantities of
oil commodities from India, China, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, and Turkey. These actions
have earned them the label of 'Laundromat' countries.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 28
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Laundromat countries

Q.16) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions about a debate at King Janaka’s court between sage
Yajnavalkya and a female sage. This female sage has also authored some of the hymns in Rig Veda.
Which of the following sage is mentioned in the above description?
a) Apala
b) Lopamudra
c) Gargi
d) Ghosha

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Option a is incorrect. Apala, regarded as a brahmavadini, is a character mentioned in the Rig Veda.
Option b is incorrect. In the Rig Veda we find a long conversation between Lopamudra and the sage
Agasthya, her husband. Lopamudra is credited with two stanzas in a hymn dedicated to love.
Option c is correct. Gargi is a renowned female sage mentioned in ancient Indian texts, including the
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. She is few of the female sages to authored hymns in the Rig Veda. She is
celebrated for her intellectual prowess and participation in philosophical debates. Gargi engaged in a
famous philosophical dialogue with the sage Yajnavalkya at the court of King Janaka, demonstrating
her deep understanding of metaphysical concepts. Rishi Gargi was the oldest icon of feminism found
in the ancient Hindu texts. She has been extensively quoted in the Vedas and Upanishads

[11]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Option d is incorrect. Ghosha, renowned as a brahmavadinis, is credited with two complete hymns in
the Tenth book of Rig Veda, each consisting of 14 verses. In her initial hymn, she extols the Ashwins,
the celestial twins revered as both healers and divine beings.
Source: https://www.slc.du.ac.in/uploads/centre/SIC/2022-
23/Empowered_Women_in_Ancient_Times.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Vedic Age

Q.17) With reference to Indian history, with which of the following periods is the Jhukar Culture
primarily associated?
a) Neolithic period
b) Harappan period
c) Vedic period
d) Paleolithic period

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
The Indus Civilisation represents the first phase of urbanisation in India. The civilisation that
appeared in the northwestern part of India and Pakistan in third millennium BCE is collectively called
the Indus Civilization.
In Pakistan’s Sind province the post-urban phase of Harappan culture or late Harapan phase is
recognizable in the Jhukar culture at Chanhu-daro and other sites. It emerged after the decline of
the mature Indus Valley Civilization. The Jhukar culture has material showing a mixture of elements
from the Indus, Baluchistan, and the Middle East. Certain copper or bronze weapons and tools appear
to be of “foreign” type and may be compared to examples from farther west (Iran and Central Asia).
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64781/1/Unit7.pdf
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22394/1/Unit-9.pdf
https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/27263.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.18) Consider the following pairs of Ashokan edicts and its features:
Edict Description
1. Major Rock Edict I prohibition of animal sacrifice
2. Major Rock Edict II Appointment of Dhamma-
mahamattas
3. Major Rock Edict V Keralaputa and Satiyaputras as
southern neighbors of Mauryas.
4. Major Rock Edict VII A plea for tolerance amongst all
the sects to people
How many of the pairs given above are matched correctly?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
The Ashokan edicts belonging to the 3rd century BC are written in the Prakrit language and Brahmi
script, and occasionally in the Kharoshti script (in the northwestern parts of the subcontinent). There
are a few inscriptions in Greek and Aramaic as well. Ashokan edicts consist of-

[12]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
1) Fourteen Rock Edicts or Major Rock Edicts
2) Two ‘Separate’ Rock Edicts or ‘Kalinga’ Rock Edicts
3) Two Minor Rock Edicts
4) Seven Pillar Edicts or Major Pillar Edicts
5) Minor Pillar Edict
6) Rock Edict from Bairat (Rajasthan)

Pair 1 is correct. Major Rock Edict I declares prohibition of animal sacrifice and holiday of festive
gatherings.
Pair 2 is incorrect. Major Rock Edict II relates to certain measures of social welfare which are
included in the working of Dhamma. It mentions medical treatment for men and animals,
construction of roads, wells, tree planting, etc. It also mentions about the Keralaputas and
Satiyaputras as southern neighbour. It doesnot mention about Dhamma-mahamattas.
Pair 3 is incorrect. Major Rock Edict V refers to the appointment of Dhamma-mahamattas for the
first time in the twelfth year of Ashokas reign. These special officers were appointed by the king to
look after the interests of all sects and religions and spread the message of Dhamma in society. The
implementation of the policy of Dhamma was entrusted in their hands. It doesnot mentions about
the Keralaputas and Satiyaputras as southern neighbour
Pair 4 is correct. Major Rock Edict VII is a plea for toleration amongst all the sects. It appears from
the edict that tensions among the sects were expressed intensely, perhaps in open antagonism. The
plea is part of the overall strategy to maintain unity.

Source: https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20146/1/Unit-21.pdf
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64794/1/Unit16.pdf
https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/indianart/pdf/asoka_thapar.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.19) With reference to ancient Indian religious literature, consider the following texts:
1. Lalitavistara Sutra
2. Divyavadana
3. Agamas

[13]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
4. Tattvartha Sutra
How many of the above are considered as Buddhist texts?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), is one of the world's major religions. Its
teachings focus on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as the means to attain
enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).
Point 1 is correct: Lalitavistara Sutra is a Buddhist text that details the life of Gautama Buddha. It is
considered one of the most important Mahayana texts concerning the Buddha's path to
enlightenment. The sutra is structured in twenty-seven chapters and begins with the Buddha being
requested to teach the sutra by several gods, as well as the thousands of bodhisattvas and hearers in
his retinue.
Point 2 is correct: Divyavadana, part of the Sanskrit Buddhist canon, is a compilation of stories
about the previous lives of the Buddha, his disciples, and lay followers. It is a significant text that
contributes to the understanding of Buddhist moral and philosophical teachings. The stories in the
Divyāvadāna celebrate the lives of exemplary personalities in the history of Buddhism.
Point 3 is incorrect: Lord Mahavir's preaching was methodically compiled by his followers into many
texts. These texts are collectively known as Agams, the sacred books of the Jainism, and not
Buddhism. The Jain religion does not have one sacred book like the Bible or Koran, but it has many
books complied by many followers.
Point 4 is incorrect: Tattvartha Sutra is a Jain text authored by Umaswami/Umaswati. It is one of
the earliest and most authoritative texts on Jainism, encapsulating its essential philosophy and
ethics.
Knowledge Base:
1) Key Buddhist Texts include the Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras, and the Tibetan Book of
the Dead. These texts cover a wide range of teachings and practices, from the early discourses of
the Buddha to the later developments in Mahayana Buddhism.
2) Jainism is another ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya),
non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacharya), and non-attachment (aparigraha). Its scriptures
include the Agamas and texts like the Tattvartha Sutra.
Source: BHIC-101E.xps (egyankosh.ac.in)
https://namami.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Kriti%20Rakshan%20February_0.pdf
https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-00865
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.20) With reference to Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), consider the following
statements:
1. The ICCR aims to enhance India's artistic and creative footprint globally, by initiating Exit
Engagement Evenings (E3) with foreign students.
2. The ICCR functions under the Union Ministry of Culture to strengthen India’s cultural ties with
foreign nations.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1only
b) 2only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

[14]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) was founded by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad in 1950.
The ICCR aims to establish, revive and strengthen cultural relations and mutual understanding
between India and other countries.
Statement 1 is correct: The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) aims to enhance India's global
presence by initiating Exit Engagement Evenings (E3) with foreign students, leveraging their
experiences in India. India's rich diversity and vibrant culture, along with its historical heritage,
provide a wide array of opportunities for foreign students studying in the country.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The ICCR is an autonomous organization under the Union Ministry of
External Affairs (MEA), not under the Ministry of Culture. The ICCR actively contributes to the
formulation of policies related to India's external cultural relations, aiming to strengthen cultural
ties and mutual understanding between India and foreign nations.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 16
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Indian Council for Cultural Relations

Q.21) Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:
1. It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present, did not
dominate the scene
2. During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Option c is correct. Farmers in Indus valley civilization were the first to weave cotton textiles. It was
predominantly a secular civilisation and the religious element, though present, did not dominate the
scene.
Source: UPSC CSE Pre 2011
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.22) Among the following animals, how many were known to the Harappan Civilization?
1. Tiger
2. Buffalo
3. Gharial
4. Rhinoceros
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
1) The Harappan Civilization had a broad knowledge of various animal species, both domesticated
and wild.

[15]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

2) Archaeological evidence and studies, including depictions in Harappan art and seals, suggest
they were familiar with a variety of animals for different purposes, including agriculture, trade,
and possibly symbolic or religious reasons.
3) Pashupati Seal depicts a figure seated in a yogic position, surrounded by animals, including an
elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and a buffalo, with two deer beneath the throne.
Point 1 and 2 are correct: While direct archaeological evidence (such as bones) might be sparse for
Tiger and Buffalo, the representation of these and similar animals in Harappan art suggests a cultural
familiarity where the tiger and buffalo are depicted in the Pashupati seal. These depictions show a
good understanding of the animal's anatomy and features, suggesting they were familiar with these
creatures.
Point 3 is correct: Archaeological discoveries and depictions in Harappan art, such as a story tablet
unearthed at Harappa and a seal discovered at Mohenjo-daro, provide evidence of the existence of
the gharial.
Point 4 is correct: Rhinoceros is depicted in Harappan seals and artworks, indicating the Harappans
were aware of them. The rhinoceros is a prominent figure on many seals.
Knowledge Base:
The depiction of wild animals in Harappan art and seals suggests a symbolic or religious significance,
indicating a deep cultural reverence or mythological importance attached to these animals.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
https://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/uploads/collections/1611899593_Animals%20of%20the%20Ha
rappan%20civilisation.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.23) In the context of the administration of the Mahajanapadas, consider the following statements:
1. Taxes during the Mahajanapada period were collected both in cash and kind.
2. The concept of regular army funded by the state treasury became prevalent during the
Mahajanapada period.
How many of the statements above are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
The Mahajanapadas represent a significant phase in ancient Indian history, marking the transition
from tribal republics and small kingdoms to larger, more centralized states. This period witnessed
significant advancements in administration, economy, and military organization.
Statement 1 is correct: Taxes in cash and kind indicate the economic complexity of the
Mahajanapadas, where agricultural produce and handicrafts were significant. The collection in both
forms shows an advanced system of economy and administration. Taxes were assessed and managed
by the royal agents with the help of the village headman. Artisans had to work for a day in a month for
the king, and traders had to pay customs on the sale of their commodities.
Statement 2 is correct: The concept of state funded regular army became prevalent during the
Mahajanapada period. This development is aligned with the growth of larger territorial states that
required permanent military establishments for defense and expansion.
Knowledge Base:
1) The emergence of 16 major states, known as Mahajanapadas, around the 6th century BCE was
characterized by the development of urban centers, coinage, and complex administrative
systems.

[16]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
2) While the administration in each Mahajanapada could vary, common features included the
collection of taxes, maintenance of law and order, and defense mechanisms.
3) The administrative innovations of the Mahajanapada period laid the groundwork for the
subsequent empires in Indian history.
Source: India Ancient Past by RS Sharma
https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec315NEW/History_Module6A.pdf
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs102.pdf
https://cbc.gov.in/cbcdev/mahajanpadas/mahajanpadas-
story.html#:~:text=Taxes%20were%20paid%20in%20both,the%20sale%20of%20their%20commoditi
es.
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mahajanapadas

Q.24) With reference to ‘First Jain Council ', consider the following statements:
1. It was held during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya around 300 BCE.
2. It was presided over by Bhadrabahu.
3. In this council the sacred teachings of Mahavira were divided into Angas.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Jainism is an ancient religion that emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), non-possessiveness
(aparigraha), and asceticism as a means to attain spiritual liberation. It was founded by Lord
Mahavira, who is considered the 24th and last Tirthankara. The First Jain Council took place around
300 B.C. whereas the Second Jain Council occurred in 512 A.D. at Vallabhi, Gujarat.
Statement 1 is correct: The First Jain Council was convened at about 300 BCE during the reign of
Chandragupta Maurya, marking an important event in Jain history for the preservation and
dissemination of Jain teachings and scriptures
Statement 2 is incorrect: The First Jain Council was presided over by Sthulabhadra, a prominent Jain
monk and scholar, who led discussions and decisions related to Jain doctrines and practices. He was
the leader of Digambara sects.
Statement 3 is correct: Traditionally, the original teachings of Mahavira were documented in 14
ancient texts called 'purvas.' During the first Council held at Pataliputra, Sthulabhadra structured the
Jaina canon into 12 'angas' or sections.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20141/1/Unit-17.pdf
https://forumias.com/blog/question/first-jainism-council-held-at-which-of-the-following-
location/
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.25) Which one of the following is not a sub-index of the World Bank's 'Logistics Performance Index'?
a) Capacity of tracking the movement of goods.
b) Ease of registering property.
c) Efficiency of customs clearance process.
d) Ease of arranging shipments.

[17]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
India has climbed six places on the World Bank's Logistic Performance Index (LPI), 2023, now ranking
38th in the 139 countries index. The LPI helps countries to identify the challenges and opportunities
they face in their performance of trade logistics and what they can do to improve their performance.
The LPI considers 6 parameters to evaluate logistics performance, namely:
1) Consignment tracking and tracing (tracing the movement of goods or products from the point of
origin to the final destination).
2) Customs performance (Efficiency of customs clearance process).
3) Infrastructure quality
4) Ease of arranging shipments
5) Logistics services quality
6) Timeliness of shipments
Option b is correct: The ‘Ease of registering property’ is not a sub-index used by the LPI to evaluate
the performance of nations. The LPI focuses specifically on trade logistics and does not deal
specifically with the business regulations of a nation such as ease of registering property.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 26
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Logistics Performance Index

Q.26) With reference to religious traditions of Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)’, consider the following
statements:
1. People of IVC are believed to be worshipping both male and female deities.
2. A prototype of a temple found in Bhagor belongs to this period.
3. Fire altars found at some IVC sites are believed to be used for religious rituals.
4. It is believed that the worshiping of animals and tree spirits was practiced during IVC.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
The knowledge of religious practices of the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley
Civilisation, is based on archaeological findings that provide glimpses into their spiritual beliefs and
rituals, including the worship of both male and female deities as depicted in artefacts and the use of
fire altars in religious ceremonies. These aspects contribute to our understanding of the religious
landscape of ancient Harappan society.
Statement 1 is correct: The artefacts from the Harappan civilization reveal a diverse religious practice
where people worshipped both male and female deities. One prominent male deity identified as
proto-Siva is depicted wearing a buffalo-horned headdress and surrounded by various animals.
Concurrently, there is evidence of terracotta figurines representing females adorned with symbols of
fertility, indicating the prevalence of mother goddess worship among the Harappans.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Bagor, located on the left bank of the Kothari River in Rajasthan, is a
Mesolithic site. This site is known for its pre-historic origin, it is not associated with the construction
of temples during the Indus Valley Civilisation.
Statement 3 is correct: Fire altars have been found in Indus Valley sites like Kalibangan, indicating
their use in religious or ritualistic practices, possibly related to offerings or ceremonies.
Statement 4 is correct: The Harappans are believed to have worshipped tree spirits, as evidenced by
several seals depicting the Pipal tree with figures looking through the branches, possibly representing

[18]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

the tree-spirit. Additionally, seals and terracotta artefacts suggest the worship of animals, such as a
seal from Chanhudaro depicting a bull-bison in a ritualistic pose, indicating a possible reverence for
animals among the Harappans.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20133/1/Unit-8.pdf
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.27) With respect to Kautilya's Arthshastra, the terms "Dhvajahrita, Atmavikroyin, Abhitaka and
Danda Pranita" represent the:
a) types of Slaves
b) categories of Military officers
c) types of taxes
d) espionage and intelligence officers

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
In India, slavery started with old war laws and became more structured as society evolved, leading to
different forms. The "Arthashastra," an ancient text on governance and economy, mentions slavery,
focusing on labor and punishment.
According to Kautilya's "Arthashastra," slaves could be categorized based on various factors,
including the means through which they became slaves, their roles, and their origins.
The Arthasastra classifies the five kinds of slaves as :-
1) Dhvajahrita (captured in battle)
2) Atmavikroyin (who sells himself)
3) Udaradasha or Garvadasha (one who is born to a Dashi from slave)
4) Ahitaka (one enslaved for a debt or pledged)
5) Danda Pranita (one enslaved for a fine or court's decree).
Source: https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/29221.pdf (Chapter 1 page 2 and 3)
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.28) With reference to the ‘Society during Mauryan age’, consider the following statements:
1. Widow remarriages were permitted.
2. Slavery was absent.
3. There was absence of Varna System.
4. Nalanda emerged as a major centre for Buddhist learning in this age.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, was a prominent ancient Indian
dynasty known for its expansive territory and strong centralised administration. Mauryan society was
characterised by a sophisticated administrative structure, flourishing trade and economy, religious
diversity, and notable cultural achievements in art and architecture. Chandragupta Maurya's
grandson, Ashoka, played a pivotal role in promoting Buddhism and advocating principles of non-

[19]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
violence and moral conduct across the empire, leaving a lasting impact on Mauryan society and Indian
history.
Statement 1 is correct: During the Mauryan age, widow remarriage was permitted, and there were
instances where efforts were made to encourage and facilitate such marriages, although it wasn't
universally practiced. Kautilya allows widows, not desirous of leading the life of a Brahmacharini, to
marry any one of the brothers of the dead husband.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Slavery did exist during the Mauryan age, as it was a common institution in
many ancient civilisations, including India, providing labor for various tasks and services.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Despite the challenge posed by Buddhism and Jainism, the varna system
continued to exist and Brahmanas and Kshatriyas dominated the social hierarchy. However, as a
result of greater trade and commerce, there was improvement in the social status of Vaishyas or
trading communities and Shudras. Now Shudras could be involved in the agricultural and artisanal
activities.
Statement 4 is incorrect: Nalanda University did not emerge during the Mauryan age but was
established later during Gupta age, around the 5th century CE, becoming a renowned center for
Buddhist and academic studies in ancient India.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64794/1/Unit16.pdf
https://content.patnawomenscollege.in/History/Mauryan%20Society(2).pdf
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA by Poonam Dalal Dahiya.
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.29) With respect to antient Indian history, consider the following pairs about Indus Vally Civilization
sites:
Indus Valley Located on
Civilization the River
Site
1. Harappa Ravi
2. Kalibangan Ghaggar
3. Lothal Bhogava
4. Dholavira Luni
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in present-day
Pakistan and northwest India. Known for its urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and
advanced craftsmanship, it was characterized by well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro,
indicating a highly organized society with developed trade networks and cultural practices.
Pair 1 is correctly matched: Harappa is one of the major ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,
located in present-day Pakistan.
1) It is situated near the River Ravi, which provided a water source for the city's inhabitants.
2) Harappa was one of the largest urban centers of the ancient world, with well-planned streets,
advanced drainage systems, and sophisticated architecture.
Pair 2 is correctly matched: Kalibangan is located in present-day Rajasthan, India, along the banks
of the Ghaggar-Hakra River.

[20]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
1) One of the notable discoveries at Kalibangan is the Great Granary, a large structure believed to
have served as a storage facility for grains.
2) It is indicative of advanced urban planning and efficient agricultural practices in the Harappan
civilization.
Pair 3 is correctly matched: The archaeological remains of the Harappa port-town of Lothal is
located along the Bhogava river, a tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat.
Pair 4 is correctly matched: Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites
of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in present-day Gujarat, India.
1) It is situated near the River Luni, which provided water for the inhabitants of the city.
2) Dholavira was a well-planned urban center with fortified walls, reservoirs, and sophisticated
urban infrastructure.
3) It is known for its impressive water management systems and advanced urban planning.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.30) Which one of the following is incorrect regarding the difference between petrol engines and
diesel engines?
a) Diesel engines consume less fuel per kilometer than petrol engines.
b) Diesel engine vehicles emit a greater quantity of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) than petrol engines.
c) Upgrading diesel engines to Bharat Standard (BS) VI is more expensive than upgrading petrol
engines.
d) Diesel engine vehicles are more prone to stalling compared to petrol engine vehicles.

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
The Energy Transition Advisory Committee formed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has
recommended a ban on the use of diesel-powered four-wheel vehicles by 2027 in cities with a
population of more than 1 million.
Option a is correct: Diesel vehicles use less fuel per km compared to petrol vehicles. This is because
diesel fuel has higher energy density, resulting in improved fuel efficiency.
Option b is correct: The major drawback of diesel engines over petrol is that diesel engines have a
higher compression ratio. This causes a higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) compared to
petrol engines, thus contributing to pollution.
Option c is correct: The new Bharat Standard (BS)-VI emission norms involve a high cost of upgrading
diesel engines to meet the new standard, unlike petrol engines cars. This is the reason why car
manufacturers have turned away from diesel engie cars.
Option d is incorrect: There are lesser chances of diesel vehicles to stall when compared to petrol
vehicles. Diesel engines offer more torque (the rotational force produced by the engine), and are
less likely to stall.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023, Page-31
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Fuels

Q.31) The following item consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II. Examine these two
statements carefully and select the correct answer using the code given below:
Statement I: King Ashoka abolished capital punishment and disbanded his army.
Statement II: After Kalinga War, Ashoka was remorseful and became a Buddhist.
a) Both the statements are individually true, and statement II is the correct explanation of statement
I

[21]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
b) Both the statements are individually true, but statement II is not the correct explanation of
statement I
c) Statement I is true, but statement II is false
d) Statement I is false, but statement II is true.

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
Statement I is incorrect- While Ashoka did embrace Buddhism and promote non-violence, there is
no historical evidence to suggest that he abolished capital punishment or disbanded his army. Ashoka
maintained a well-organized army throughout his reign.
Statement II is correct- The Kalinga War, fought around 261 BCE, was a significant event in Ashoka’s
life. The war resulted in a tremendous loss of life and deeply affected Ashoka. He was remorseful
about the devastation caused by the war and the suffering it inflicted on the people. It was after this
war that Ashoka embraced Buddhism and dedicated himself to principles of non-violence,
compassion, and moral governance.
Source: UPSC CDS 2016
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.32) In the context of Indian History, R.E.M. Wheeler & John Marshall are primarily associated with:
a) Excavation of Harappan civilization sites.
b) Correctly deciphering the Ashokan Script.
c) Translating Vedas into English.
d) Correctly deciphering the Harappan Script.

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
Option a is correct: R.E.M. Wheeler and John Marshall are both renowned archaeologists who
played a crucial role in uncovering and understanding the Indus Valley Civilization (also known as
the Harappan Civilization).
1) John Marshall, as Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1902 to 1931,
initiated excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These discoveries revolutionized our
understanding of ancient India, revealing a sophisticated urban civilization with advanced
architecture, drainage systems, and a writing system. While Marshall's methods had limitations
(ignoring stratigraphy), his work laid the groundwork for further exploration.
2) R.E.M. Wheeler, another prominent archaeologist, succeeded Marshall as Director-General of the
ASI (1944-1948). He is known for introducing more meticulous and stratigraphic excavation
techniques that helped build a more detailed picture of the Harappan civilization and other
archaeological sites in India.
Option b is incorrect: The credit for deciphering the Brahmi script used in Ashoka's inscriptions
goes to James Prinsep, a British scholar, in the 1830s.
1) Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor (3rd century BCE), used these inscriptions to spread messages
about Buddhism and morality throughout his vast empire.
2) Prinsep's work laid the foundation for understanding Ashoka's edicts and provided valuable
insights into the political and social landscape of the Mauryan period.
Option c is incorrect: While R.E.M. Wheeler and John Marshall weren't directly involved in translating
the Vedas, the colonial period did see a surge in efforts to translate these ancient Sanskrit hymns into
English. Here are some prominent figures associated with this endeavour:
1) H.H. Wilson (1786-1860): Considered the first to translate the entire Rig Veda (one of the four
Vedas) into English.

[22]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

2) Max Müller (1823-1900): A prolific scholar who translated and published various Sanskrit texts,
including the Vedas. His work, while influential, was sometimes criticized for its Eurocentric
interpretations.
Option d is incorrect: The Harappan Script has not been deciphered yet correctly so it would be
inappropriate to say that E.R.M. Wheeler and John Marshall were primarily associated with correctly
deciphering the Harappan script.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs102.pdf
https://archive.org/stream/RigVedaSanhitaByHHWilsonVol1/Rig%20Veda%20Sanhita%20by%20H
%20H%20Wilson%20Vol%201_djvu.txt
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/aryan-invasion-debunked-35674
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.33) Consider the following pairs with reference to Buddhist councils & dynasties of the kings who
convened them:
Buddhist Dynasty of the
councils Kings who
convened them
1. 1st council Haryanka Dynasty
2. 2nd council Nanda Dynasty
3. 3rd council Maurya Dynasty
4. 4th council Kushana Dynasty
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Pair 1 is correct: 1st Buddhist Council
1) Dynasty: Haryanka Dynasty
2) King: Ajatasatru
3) Venue: At Saptaparni cave, Rajagriha (in present-day Bihar, India)
4) Presided by: Mahakasyapa, one of the Buddha's most senior disciples
5) Key Outcomes and Facts:
a. Held just after the Buddha's death in 483 BCE.
b. The main aim was to preserve the Buddha's teachings (Dharma) and the rules for the
monastic community (Vinaya).
c. Ananda, the Buddha’s cousin and personal attendant, recited the Sutta Pitaka (Buddha's
teachings), and Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka (rules and regulations of monastic order)
d. This council helped to consolidate the Buddha's teachings shortly after his passing,
ensuring their transmission to subsequent generations.
Pair 2 is incorrect: 2nd Buddhist Council
1) Dynasty: Shishunaga Dynasty (not the Nanda Dynasty)
2) King: Kalasoka is associated with convening this council.
3) Venue: Vaishali (also in present-day Bihar, India)
4) Presided by: Sabbakami
5) Key Outcomes and Facts:

[23]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

a. Held around 100 years after the Buddha's passing, circa 383 BCE.
b. The main issue addressed was the ‘Ten Points,’ a controversy regarding monastic
discipline.
c. It resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, leading to the formation of the Sthaviravada
and Mahasanghika schools.
d. The council's primary aim was to settle disputes over the Vinaya, the monastic code.
Pair 3 is correct: 3rd Buddhist Council
1) Dynasty: Maurya Dynasty
2) King: Ashoka
3) Venue: Pataliputra (modern-day Patna, Bihar, India)
4) Presided by: Moggaliputta Tissa
5) Key Outcomes and Facts:
a. Convened in about 250 BCE.
b. Aimed to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from what were seen as heretical
views and practices.
c. Final version of tripitakas was completed in this council by compilation of last pitaka,
Abhidhamma ( philosophy of Buddha)
d. This council led to the recitation and confirmation of the Buddha's teachings as contained
in the Sutta and Vinaya Pitakas.
e. It also marked the beginning of a missionary movement, sending monks to various
regions (including what is now modern-day Sri Lanka) to spread the teachings.
Pair 4 is correct: 4th Buddhist Council
1) Dynasty: Kushana Dynasty
2) King: Kanishka I
3) Venue: Kundalavana, Kashmir
4) Presided by: Vasumitra, with Asvaghosa as his deputy
5) Key Outcomes and Facts:
a. Dated to 72 AD
b. Notable for its role in the development of the Mahayana tradition.
c. The council compiled a new set of texts, which might have included both Mahayana and
non-Mahayana works.
d. It led to emergence of Hinayna (lesser vehicle) and Mahayana (greater vehicle) schools
of Buddhism
Source: Tamil Nadu Board, Class XI History Book.
India Ancient Past by RS Sharma
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.34) With reference to Chalcolithic Period in India, consider the following statements:
1. It was considered as the first metal age of India.
2. Houses constructed from burnt bricks were prevalent during the period.
3. The art of making painted pottery was unknown to the people belonging to this period.
4. Village communities in India emerged for the first time during this period.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

[24]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: The Chalcolithic Period, or Copper Age, was considered as the first metal
age of India.
1) While copper was the primary metal used during this period, archaeological evidence suggests
that tin and bronze were also sporadically used in some regions, albeit less.
2) The Chalcolithic Period, or Copper Age, represents a transitional period in human history where
metalworking technology began to emerge alongside existing stone tool technologies.
3) While copper was more prevalent due to its abundance and ease of smelting, the occasional
presence of tin and bronze artifacts in certain Chalcolithic sites suggests that these metals were
known and utilized.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The primary materials for construction of houses during this period were
not burnt bricks but rather mudbricks, stone, and other natural materials. The technique of making
and using burnt bricks became prominent much later, notably during the Indus Valley Civilization
(Harappan Civilization), which is distinct and follows the Chalcolithic period in some regions. The
Indus Valley Civilization is renowned for its advanced urban planning, including the use of burnt
bricks for construction purposes.
Statement 3 is incorrect: One of the distinctive cultural elements of the Chalcolithic period is the
emergence and prevalence of painted pottery. Different Chalcolithic cultures across the Indian
subcontinent produced pottery with distinctive designs, often involving geometric patterns, motifs
inspired by nature, and sometimes human and animal figures. These artifacts are crucial for
archaeologists to understand the cultural and social aspects of the period, including trade,
agricultural practices, and societal structure.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The emergence of the first village communities in India is attributed to
the Neolithic Age, not the Chalcolithic.
1) The Neolithic period is marked by the advent of agriculture, leading to the establishment of
settled communities and the development of village life. This period saw the domestication of
plants and animals, which fundamentally changed human societies from nomadic hunter-
gatherers to settled farmers living in villages.
2) The Neolithic Age predates the Chalcolithic and is crucial for understanding the evolution of
human society towards sedentism and agricultural dependence.
3) The Chalcolithic period builds upon these Neolithic foundations with the addition of
metallurgy (copper working), more complex social structures, and technological advancements
but is not the period when the first village communities emerged.
Source: India Ancient Past by RS Sharma
Ancient India Old NCERT by RS Sharma
Tamil Nadu Board, Class XI History Book.
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Stone Age

Q.35) Consider the following statement regarding the United Nations High Seas Treaty:
1. It was established under the overall framework of the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
2. It provides for common governance of more than 90% of the Earth’s Ocean to prevent biodiversity
loss in the high seas.
3. It is a legally binding agreement designed to encourage the sustainable use of oceans beyond
national jurisdiction.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

[25]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: The UN High Seas treaty also known as the Biodiversity Beyond National
Jurisdiction (BBNJ) treaty is an agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS).
Statement 2 is correct: The High seas refers to the areas beyond the jurisdiction of any single
country. The agreement provides for the common governance of about half of the Earth’s surface and
95% of the ocean’s volume, the largest habitat on our blue planet, to:
1) promote equity and fairness
2) tackle environmental degradation
3) fight climate change, and
4) prevent biodiversity loss in the high seas
Statement 3 is correct: The United Nations High Seas Treaty is a legally binding instrument for the
conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national
jurisdiction.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023, Page-36
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) United Nations High Seas Treaty

Q.36) Deimachus, a foreign Ambassador visited India during the reign of:
a) Dhana Nanda
b) Chandragupta Maurya
c) Bindusara
d) Ashoka

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
1) Deimachus, a Greek diplomat served as an ambassador during the third century BCE. He was
sent by Syrian king Antiochus I to the court of Bindusara "Amitragatha," ( 298 BCE – 273 BCE)
the Mauryan ruler and son of Chandragupta Maurya (321 BCE – 298 BCE)
2) Deimachus took up residence in Pataliputra, the capital of the Mauryan Empire, fulfilling his role
as an envoy. His predecessor in this position was the renowned ambassador and historian
Megasthenes.
3) During Chandragupta Maurya's reign, a Greek ambassador named Megasthenes resided at his
court. He is known for his detailed writings about India, called "Indica," which served as a valuable
source of information for the Hellenistic world about India.
4) After Chandragupta Maurya's rule, Deimachus arrived in India as an ambassador for Bindusara.
This suggests that diplomatic relations between the Mauryan Empire and the Seleucid Empire
continued even after the change in leadership.
5) Deimachus himself wrote extensively about India, offering a potentially fresh perspective
compared to his predecessor. However, unlike Megasthenes' work, Deimachus' writings have
been lost.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/64798/1/BLOCK%204.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.37) With reference to Ancient Indian history, consider the following statements about Jorwe
culture:
1. It was predominantly spread over the coastal strip of western Indian region.
2. Daimabad and Inamgaon sites are associated with Jorwe Culture.

[26]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Statements 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct: The Jorwe culture is the most important and
characteristic chalcolithic culture of Maharashtra, extending almost all over the present state,
excepting the coastal strip on the west and Vidarbha in the north east. The culture is named after
the type site of Jorwe in Ahmadnagar district, Gujrat. The culture was discovered in 1950. In regions,
such as, Prakash in the Tapi valley, Daimabad in the PravaraGodavari valley and Inamgaon in the
Bhima valley large centres of this culture were found. This is a notable feature of Jorwe culture.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/41362/1/Unit-3.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Stone Age

Q.38) With reference to religious history of ancient India, consider the following:
1. Sarvastivadin
2. Sthaviravadin
3. Sthanakvasi
4. Sautrantika
How many of the above given sub-sects belongs to Buddhism?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Buddhism as propounded by Gautama Buddha is pragmatic and practical. The chief aim of Buddha’s
philosophy was to find a way out of suffering. Hence, he did not indulge in abstract, metaphysical
arguments. However, he left many things unsaid which led to some vagueness leading to many
interpretations on the teachings of the Buddha. This resulted in the birth of many schools of
Buddhism. Scholars point out that there were as many as eighteen schools of Buddhism in India itself.
Option 1 is correct: Sarvastivada is a sect of Buddhism. A fundamental concept in Buddhist
metaphysics is the assumption of the existence of dharmas, cosmic factors and events that combine
momentarily under the influence of a person’s past deeds to form a person’s life flux, which he
considers his personality and career. Differences arose among the various early Buddhist schools
concerning the ontological reality of these dharmas. The Sautrantikas (those for whom the sutras, or
the scriptures, are authoritative) maintained that the dharma factors are not eternal but momentary,
and the only actually existing dharmas are the ones presently functioning.
Option 2 is correct: Orthodox group or traditionalists or conservatives is known as Staviras
or Theras or Elders. The moral goal of Staviras is attainment of each one’s nirvana. Staviras (elders)
were realists, and they denied a soul or substance in everything, but they believed in dharmas or
elements of existence as really existing.
Option 3 is incorrect: Like Buddhism, Jain order had divided into two major sects as the Digambara
sect and the Svetambar sect. Sthanakvasi is sub sect of Svetambara sect. Except on the crucial point
of idol-worship, Sthanakvasi do not differ much from other Svetambara Jainas. The Sthanakvasi do
not believe in idol-worship at all. As such they do not have temples but only sthanakas, that is, prayer

[27]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
halls, where they carry on their religious fasts, festivals, practices, prayers, discourses, etc. Further,
the ascetics of Sthanakvasi cover their mouths with strips of cloth for all the time.
Option 4 is correct: The word sautrantika comes from ‘sutranta’ (scripture). Sautrantikas base
themselves on ‘Sukta pitaka’ (Sutta Pitaka) of the Buddhist canonical literature.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/34656/1/Unit-3.pdf
https://jainworld.com/societies-sanghs/jain-sects/
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/37947/1/Unit-4.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.39) With reference to the nature of economy of the Mauryan empire, consider the following
statements:
1. Sita was the land owned by the King.
2. Punch marked coins were used for transactions.
3. ‘Karmakaras’ were hired labourers.
4. State had monopoly over the sale of liquor.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
The Mauryan Empire, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was the largest and most powerful political and
military empire of ancient India. The Empire was founded in 322 BC by Chandragupta Maurya, who
had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India.
The Empire was expanded into India’s central and southern regions by Emperor Bindusara, but it
excluded a small
portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga. Chandragupta’s minister Kautilya
Chanakya wrote the Arthashastra, one of the greatest treatises on economics, politics, foreign affairs,
administration, military arts, war, and religion ever produced in the East.
Statement 1 is correct: Sita Lands are lands owned and controlled directly by the King in which the
King's and the State's rights of possession, cultivation, mortgage and sale were naturally superior.
According to Arthasastra, a sitadhyaksa or superintendent of agriculture was appointed to supervise
the cultivation works in Sita land.
Statement 2 is correct: Punch-marked silver coins, which carry the symbols of the peacock and
crescented hill belonging to Mauryan period have been discovered in large numbers. Besides
punch-marked silver and copper coins, cast copper coins and die-struck coins were also issued. All
these different types of coins helped the collection of taxes and payment of officers in cash and have
facilitated market exchange in a wider area.
Statement 3 is correct: During the Mauryan period, karmakaras refers to hired labours engaged in
various tasks or occupations.
Statement 4 is correct: Chandragupta Maurya managed to meet the expenses of such a huge army
through state control of almost all the economic activities. The state enjoyed a monopoly in mining,
sale of liquor, manufacture of arms, etc.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20148/1/Unit-19.pdf
India Ancient Past By RS Sharma- Ch: 18
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

[28]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.40) Regarding the ‘Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)’, recently seen in news, consider
the following statements:
1. It is an initiative of the World Trade Organisation.
2. It requires importers to pay additional duties upon their import of carbon intensive products.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer.
Recently the European Union (EU) has given approval for the implementation of the Carbon Border
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is an initiative of the
European Union (EU), not the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The European Commission adopted
the Fit for 55 Package of proposals, which introduces CBAM. The package aims to reduce the
greenhouse gas emissions of the EU by 55% by 2030.
Statement 2 is correct: CBAM involves imposing additional duties on imports of carbon intensive
products like steel, cement, and fertilizers especially from nations with lower environmental
standards than the EU. It aims to address 'carbon leakage,' where cheaper, more carbon-intensive
goods enter the EU, undermining domestically produced products made with costlier renewable
energy.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023, Page-31
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Q.41) The official ‘Agronomai’ during Mauryan age was related to which of the following field?
a) Weight and measurement
b) Administrative management
c) Construction of roads
d) Revenue management

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
During the Mauryan age, the official known as ‘Agronomai’ was related to the field of construction
of roads. Agronomai were responsible for the planning, construction, and maintenance of roads and
highways within the Mauryan empire. These officials played a significant role in ensuring efficient
transportation and communication across the empire by building and maintaining well-structured
road networks that facilitated trade, administration, and connectivity between different regions.
Source: UPPCS Prelims 2020
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.42) With reference to aspects of construction of structures and town planning under Harappan
civilization, consider the following statements:
1. Harappans used only mud bricks for construction of houses of common people.
2. The warehouses and other public structures were generally located in citadels.
3. Usage of gypsum mortar is evident in some of the Harappan architectural structures.
4. The house in the lower town had a well-planned drainage system connected to the street drains.

[29]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
A distinguishing characteristic of the Harappan civilization was the establishment of urban centres,
featuring distinct divisions known as the Citadel and the Lower Town. The Citadel, though smaller in
size, stood at a higher elevation compared to the larger Lower Town section. The Citadel owes its
height to the fact that buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. It was walled, which meant
that it was physically separated from the Lower Town. The Lower Town was also walled. Several
buildings were built on platforms, which served as foundations.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Harappans used both mud and burnt brick for construction of different
types of structures. In the Citadel, buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. The houses
of common people were largely built of burnt bricks.
Statement 2 is correct: In some Harappan cities important public buildings such as the Great Bath
at Mohenjodaro and the Great Granary at Harappa were located within the citadel complex.
Statement 3 is correct: The Great Bath featured two sets of stairs on its northern and southern
sides, providing access to the tank. To ensure water tightness, bricks were laid on edge and sealed
with gypsum mortar.
Statement 4 is correct: One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully
planned drainage system. In lower town at Mohenjo-Daro, every house had its own bathroom paved
with bricks, with drains connected through the wall to the street drains.
Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs101.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Indus Valley Civilization

Q.43) Consider the following events:

1. Invasion of Darius.
2. Chandragupta Maurya’s Accession to the throne.
3. Foundation of Pataliputra by Udayin.
Arrange the following events from earliest to the latest:
a) 1-2-3
b) 3-1-2
c) 1-3-2
d) 3-2-1

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Option c is correct:
Event 1: Invasion of Darius: Around 518 BCE, Darius I, the Persian emperor, undertook an invasion
of the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent as part of his expansionist campaigns.
This invasion marked one of the early interactions between the Indian subcontinent and the Persian
Empire, demonstrating the geopolitical dynamics of the time.
Event 3: Foundation of Pataliputra by Udayin: Around 490 BCE, King Udayin established the
ancient city of Pataliputra in present-day Bihar, India.
Pataliputra became a significant political, economic, and cultural center in ancient India, serving as
the capital of several prominent dynasties, including the Maurya Empire.

[30]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Event 2: Chandra Gupta's Accession to the throne: Chandra Gupta Maurya's accession to the throne
occurred around 320 BCE.
1) Chandra Gupta founded the Maurya Empire, which became one of the largest and most influential
empires in ancient India.
2) His reign marked a period of significant political consolidation and expansion, as the Maurya
Empire extended its control over much of the Indian subcontinent.
3) Chandra Gupta's reign also witnessed notable developments in art, architecture, and
administration.
Source: India Ancient Past by RS Sharma
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) The Mauryan Empire

Q.44) With respect to Buddhist scholars and their contributions, consider the following pairs:
Buddhist Contributions
Scholars
1. Ashvaghosha Gave theory of
Sunyavada
2. Nagarjuna Wrote Buddha
Charitra
3. Buddhagosha Wrote
Vishuddhimagga
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None

Ans) a
Exp) Option a is the correct answer.
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Asvaghosha was a Buddhist scholar and poet who lived around the 1st
century CE. He is widely known for his literary masterpiece, the "Buddha Charita" (Life of the
Buddha).
1) This text, written in Sanskrit, provides a detailed biography of the Buddha, from his birth to his
enlightenment and teachings.
2) Asvaghosha's work is highly regarded for its poetic elegance and profound philosophical insights
into the life and teachings of the Buddha.
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Nagarjuna was a prominent Buddhist philosopher who lived around the
2nd century CE.
1) He is considered one of the most influential figures in Mahayana Buddhism and is best known for
his development of the philosophy of Sunyavada, or the doctrine of emptiness.
2) Nagarjuna's philosophical treatises, such as the "Madhyamika Karika" (Fundamental Verses on
the Middle Way), analyze the nature of reality and the concept of emptiness, emphasizing the
interdependent and non-inherent nature of phenomena. His teachings had a profound impact on
the development of Mahayana Buddhist thought.
Pair 3 is correctly matched: Buddhaghosha was a Buddhist scholar and commentator who lived in the
5th century CE.
1) He is renowned for his extensive commentaries on Theravada Buddhist texts, particularly his
commentary called the "Visuddhimagga" (Path of Purification).
2) The "Visuddhimagga" is a comprehensive manual on Buddhist doctrine and meditation practices,
written by the Indian Buddhist scholar and monk, Buddhaghosa.

[31]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

3) Buddhaghosha's commentary played a crucial role in elucidating the teachings of the Buddha and
clarifying the practices outlined in the "Visuddhimagga," making them more accessible to
practitioners.
Source: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/84166/3/Theme-
II.pdf,https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/35230/1/Unit-4.pdf
Subject:) Ancient History
Subtopic:) Jainism and Buddhism

Q.45) Consider the following statements regarding ‘Green Credit Programme’ launched by India at
COP 28 in Dubai:
1. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is the administrator of the
programme.
2. Private companies can buy green credits as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
obligations.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India launched the Global Green Credit Initiative at the COP28 to the
United Nation Climate Change Conference in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates.
Statement 1 is correct: The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is the
administrator of the programme. The ICFRE is an autonomous organization working under the
Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Statement 2 is correct: Private companies can buy green credits as part of their Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) obligations.
Source: Forum IAS Quarterly Current Affairs APRIL 2023 – JUNE 2023-Page: 36
Subject:) Current Affairs
Subtopic:) Green Credit Programme

Directions for the following 2 (two) items:

Read the following two passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to
these items should be based on the passages only.

Passage -I
Power, as conceptualized by Foucault, defies the traditional paradigms that confine it within the
bounds of institutions and structures, proposing instead that power is omnipresent and diffused
across the myriad interactions within society. "Power is everywhere; not because it embraces
everything, but because it comes from everywhere," Foucault asserts, illuminating the idea that power
is not merely concentrated in the hands of a few but is dispersed and exercised through the network
of social relationships. This capillary function of power underscores its pervasive nature, permeating
the social body at every level and manifesting through the norms, discourses, and practices that
shape human behavior and thought. Foucault's exposition of power as productive and not solely
repressive opens a discourse on how power relations generate realities, construct identities, and
produce knowledge. Through this lens, power is seen as an intricate web of forces that condition the
possibilities of action and understanding, challenging the sovereignty of the subject and redefining
the dynamics of social order.

[32]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.46) Which one of the following statements best reflects the most critical and logical inference
conveyed by the passage?
a) Power is a static entity, held and exercised by institutional and governmental bodies to maintain
social order and control.
b) Power is an oppressive force that operates to suppress the actions, thoughts, and freedoms of
individuals within a society.
c) Power is not confined to structures but woven into the fabric of everyday social interactions.
d) The dynamics of power are simple and transparent, making it easy for individuals to recognize and
resist the forces that seek to govern their behavior and thought processes.

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer
The above given passage discusses Michel Foucault's understanding of power. Foucault posits that
power is not merely concentrated in the hands of a few or restricted to institutional mechanisms;
rather, it is pervasive and distributed throughout the network of social relationships. This view
emphasizes power's role in shaping discourses, norms, and practices that influence human behavior
and thought, making it a productive force that generates realities and constructs identities. Foucault's
perspective challenges traditional views of power as merely repressive, highlighting its capacity to
condition the possibilities of action and understanding within society.
Subject:) CSAT
Subtopic:) Reading Comprehension

Passage –II
Sailing through the ocean's vast expanse, the Argonaut octopus, or the 'paper nautilus,' embodies the
essence of nautical mythology. This cephalopod, not much larger than a teacup, has puzzled scientists
for decades. The female Argonaut crafts a thin, paper-like shell to serve as a buoyant brooding
chamber for her eggs. This shell, while reminiscent of the nautilus, is not a true shell but rather a
calcareous egg case, secreted by two specialized tentacles. It's a testament to the Argonaut's
ingenuity, allowing her to maintain an optimal depth by trapping air in the chamber for buoyancy.
Males, on the other hand, are diminutive, living only long enough to fulfill their reproductive role,
after which they meet a swift end. Argonauts inhabit the open ocean. Their habitat preferences make
encounters rare and thus more magical. One of the most curious facts about the Argonaut octopus is
its use of the shell. Initially believed to serve solely as a protective cocoon, it is now understood that
the shell's buoyancy enables the Argonaut to navigate the vast ocean with minimal effort, conserving
energy for hunting and evading predators.

Q.47) Which of the following assumptions is incorrect with respect to the information provided in the
above passage?
a) The Argonaut octopus's shell is used for protection against predators.
b) Male Argonauts play an active role in nurturing and protecting the offspring.
c) The shell of the Argonaut can aid it in navigation and saving much of its efforts.
d) Encounters with Argonaut octopuses are uncommon due to their wide habitat range.

Ans) b
Exp) Option b is the correct answer
Option b is incorrect as the passage specifies that male Argonauts have a brief life, existing solely to
fulfill their reproductive role, with no mention of them playing any part in nurturing or protecting the
offspring. This directly contradicts the passage's information, which does not attribute any such roles
to male Argonauts, making this assumption inaccurate.
Subject:) CSAT
Subtopic:) Reading Comprehension

[33]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.48) One day during his regular bookkeeping exercise, the librarian of The British Library notices
that someone has torn a page (which was numbered on both sides of the page in natural numbers
only) from the famous award-winning book of McLaren. The librarian starts counting the number of
remaining pages. He calculates that the sum of the page numbers written on the remaining pages
comes out to be 351. The torn page contains which of the following numbers?
a) 9,10
b) 11,12
c) 13, 14
d) 15, 16

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer.
Let the total number of pages of the famous book be n, and sum of numbers on the page missing be X
Sum of all the pages =
1+2+3+4+……………. +n > 351
Or
n(n+1)/2 > 351
Or
n(n+1)/2 = 351+ X
Now assuming n=26, we get LHS as [26*27/2]=351, which is not possible as a page has been torn,
therefore the sum of all pages must be greater than 351.
Now assuming n=27, we get LHS as [27*28/2]= 378, which is greater than 351.
So the sum of numbers of the missing page would be = 378-351 = 27
Now we have to think of two consecutive numbers whose sum is 27
The two consecutive numbers are 13 and 14 whose sum is 27,
Therefore, the missing page number is 13 and page 14.
Subject:) CSAT
Subtopic:) Quantitative Aptitude

Q.49) The numbers 12345 and 6789, when divided by a certain number of three digits, leave the same
remainder. Which one on the following is that three-digit number?
a) 123
b) 231
c) 463
d) 521

Ans) c
Exp) Option c is the correct answer
Let the remainder in both cases be x.
Therefore, (12345-x) and (6789-x) are divisible by that three-digit number.
The required number must be a factor of (12345 – 6789) i.e. 5556.
5556 = 4 x 1389 = 4 x 3 x 463 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 463
463 is the required number.
We can see that dividing 12345 by 463 leaves remainder of 307 (with a quotient of 26)
= 12345- 26x463
= 12345- 12038
= 307
And dividing 6789 by 463 also leaves remainder of 307 (with a quotient of 14)
= 6789- 14x463
= 6789-6482
=307
Subject:) CSAT Subtopic:) Quantitative Aptitude

[34]
SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.50) In a family gathering, A says to B, "Your mother's brother is married to the sister of my father's
son." How is A related to B?
a) Cousin
b) Uncle
c) Grandmother
d) Can not be determined based on the given information.

Ans) d
Exp) Option d is the correct answer.
Let's break down the information given step by step:
1."Your mother's brother" - This refers to B's maternal uncle.
2. "The sister of my father's son" - This could either be A herself (if A is female) or A's sister (if A is
male or a third child).
3. "Your mother's brother is married to the sister of my father's son" - This statement implies that B's
maternal uncle is married to A or A's sister, depending on A's gender.

Symbols used in the above figure:

Based on the information provided, we can conclude that B's maternal uncle is married to A or A's
sister. However, we cannot determine the exact relationship between A and B without knowing the
gender of A. If A is female, A would be B's aunt; if A is male, A's sister would be B's aunt.). Therefore,
without additional information, the relationship between A and B cannot be determined, and the
correct answer is d. Cannot be determined.
Subject:) CSAT
Subtopic:) Logical and Verbal Reasoning

[35]

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SFG 2024 Level 2 Test 26 Solutions Eng

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SFG 2024 Level 2 Test 26 Solutions Eng

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SFG 2024 | LEVEL 2 | Test #26 – Solutions |

Q.2) Consider the following cities during 6th century BCE:

Indraprastha is thought to have been in present-day Delhi.

Q.4) With respect to ancient India, consider the following:

Q.9) In the context of Jainism, “Syadvada” best refers to:

Q.14) In the context of ancient India, consider the following sites:

Option 1 is correct: Rangpur is located in Gujarat, India.

Q.43) Consider the following events:

Directions for the following 2 (two) items:

Symbols used in the above figure:

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