PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

ANSCI 1100
6. Blood enters left ventricle through mitral valve Components of Blood
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 7. Blood exits left ventricle through aortic semilunar valve to Cellular components and fluid elements
enter aorta.
Two major parts: 8. Aorta distributes blood to body. CELLULAR RESPIRATION OF BLOOD
• Heart
• Blood Vessels A. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
DO → right atrium (superior and inferior vena cava) • Non-nucleated biconcave disc-shaped cells specialized
FUNCTIONS DO → right ventricle (tricuspid valve) in the transportation of oxygen
➢ To transport the nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract DO  right ventricle (pulmonary valve) • Composted of water and hemoglobin
to the tissues. DO → pulmonary artery • an iron containing pigment
➢ To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon DO → lungs (by left and right pulmonary artery) which is the principal oxygen
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. O → heart (pulmonary veins ) transport medium
➢ Transport hormones from one part of the body to another O → left atrium Abnormalities:
➢ Help maintain the water equilibrium of the body O → left ventricle (mitral valve) Anemia
➢ Assist in keeping the normal temperature of the body O  left ventricle (aortic semilunar valve) o red blood cells or hemoglobin are reduced
➢ Assist in overcoming diseases O → aorta Polycythemia
O → body. o excessive rbd
THE HEART o slow-growing blood cancer in human
• Coned-shaped Blood circulation
• Hollow, muscular structure located in the thorax The blood-vascular system is further divided into four circulations: B. White blood cells (leucocytes)
• Pumps blood around the body • Nucleated cells that is capable of independent
• Contained in a serous sac called the pericardium: a. Cardiac ( heart) movement.
o Cushioning the heart from the outside forces and b. Pulmonary (lungs)
pressure c. Systemic (general body) CLASSIFICATIONS
o Provide lubrication to reduce friction between heart d. Portal (intestine and the liver) 1. Granulocytes – contains granular material within
and surrounding tissues. their cytoplasm
o Neutrophils – highly phagocytic & increase in no.
Pulse Rate during acute bacterial infection
THE BLOOD VESSELS ➢ Determines the rate, rhythm, and amplitude of the heart and o Eosinophils – become numerous during
can be taken using our ears and fingers or stethoscope or parasitism
Arteries electrocardiogram (ECG) o Basophils – similar to mast cell and are
• Tubular structures that carry oxygenated blood away enhanced during allergic reactions.
from the heart (expt pulmonary art) SITE 2. Agranulocytes – has very little granular material
• Walls of arteries tend to be thick and elastic Horse – Submandibular Artery in their cytoplasm
Cattle – Facial artery & coccygeal artery o Monocytes – largest WBC, involved in
Veins Pig, goat/sheep, dogs, cats – femoral artery (thigh) phagocytosis and increased no. during chronic
• Larger in diameter than the arteries and they carry infection
unoxygenated blood towards the heart (expt o Lymphocytes - involved in immune responses
pulmonary vein) a. Bradycardia – slow
b. Tachycardia – increased ABNORMALITIES
Process: c. Arrhythmia – no heartbeat ➢ Leucopenia – decrease in the no. of WBC
1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior ➢ Leucocytosis - increase in no. of WBC
and inferior vena cava Blood Characteristics ▪ Normal immune response
2. Blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve. Sticky and viscous (5x of water) ▪ Means that body of the animal is fighting
3. Blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary valve and Ph of 7.4 infection and inflammation
enters pulmonary artery Bright red – with oxygen
4. Blood was then sent to lungs by the Left and right Dark red – deoxygenated C. Platelets (thrombocytes)
pulmonary arteries, where gas exchange occurs. Odor and salty • Cells responsible for blood clotting.
5. Oxygenated blood returns to heart via the pulmonary 6-8% body weight
veins enters left atrium. ABNORMALITIES
1|P age
 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
ANSCI 1100
➢ Thrombus – a clot remained fixed in the lumen of the
blood vessel Hormones
➢ Embolus – a clot floats freely in the bloodstream. Anterior Pituitary
➢ Growth or somatic hormone (STH) – growth and cell
FLUID ELEMENTS OF BLOOD reproduction
Plasma ➢ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – growth of ovum in
o Liquid part ovary
o 92% water ➢ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – ovulation: female &
o 8% others: ions, proteins, dissolve gasses, and production testosterone: male
nutrient molecules. ➢ Prolactin – milk
o Provides medium of exchange betw the blood ➢ Thyrotropic Hormone (TTH) – thyroxine
vessels and cells of the body. ➢ Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) – regulates cortisol
Serum ➢ Cortisol – stress & increase sugar in blood
o Components of blood plasma
o Fluid that remains after the blood has clotted. Posterior Pituitary Gland
➢ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – conserve fluid volume by
kidneys
➢ Oxytocin - lactation and giving birth

Intermediate lobe
➢ Melanophore hormones – color adaptation

Adrenal Glands
➢ Glucocorticoids – gluconeogenesis (glucose)
➢ Mineralocorticoids – absorb sodium in kidney
➢ Adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline
(norepinephrine) – fighfight, neurotransmitter visceral
organ, max blood glucose level.

Thyroid gland hormones

Parathyroid gland
➢ Parathormone –blood calcium up

Pancreas (Lapay)
➢ Insulin – store glucose to parts
➢ Glucagon – glycogen to glucose

Testis
➢ Testosterone – sex dev and sperm product

Ovaries
➢ Estrogen (ovarian follicles) – sex dev, heat or estrus.
➢ Progesterone (corpus luteum) – pregnant
➢ Relaxin – parturition (widening cervix)

2|P age