Bone cells

 Make up only 2 percent of bone mass

Four types of bone cells:

I. Osteogenic cells
II. Osteoblasts’
III. Osteocytes
IV. Osteoclasts

1. Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

 Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
 Mesenchymal cells - are embryonic cells and u
could look at them as a stem cells that divide to
produce osteoblasts
 Located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in
endosteum
Bone tissue  Periosteum - covering the oustide of the bones
 Dense, supportive connective tissue  Endosteum - that lines the marrow cavity
 Contains specialized cell sin the form of bone cells  Assist in fracture repair
 All connective tissue must also have matrix whing is
going to hold those speacialized cells
 The extracellular matrix of bones going to ma de up
of collagen fibers as it proteins.

Characteristics of bone
 Dense matrix due to deposits of calcium salts
 Calcium salts - going to make bone very very
rigid

 Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized 2. Osteoblasts

around blood vessels  Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during
 Lacunae - little pockets where osteocytes lives in osteogenesis (ossification)
 Osteogenesis- creation of bones
 Canaliculi  Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become
 Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of osteocytes
nutrients, wastes, and gases to exchange
between the osteocytes ansd also thecentral
blood vessel in the bone tissue

 Periosteum
 Is membrenous structure that:
 Covers outer surfaces of bones (except at joints)
 Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
 Good protectant of bones

Bone matrix
 Has Calcium phosphate, makes up almost two thirds 3. Osteocytes
of bone mass  Mature bone cells that do not divide Live in lacunae
 Interacts with calcium hydroxide, to form between layers of matrix
crystals of hydroxyapatite(a calcium salt)  Have cytoplasmic extensions that pass through
 Incorporates other calcium salts such as calcium canaliculi
carbonate and ions (eg, magnesium)to help  Two major functions:
make up the matrix i. Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
 The MATRIX OF BONE- PRIMARILY CALCIUM SALT (keep the matrix strong)
AND ALSO COLLAGEN ii. Help repair damaged bone
 A bone lacking a calcified matrix looks normal, but is
very Flexible
 Matrix proteins
 About one-third of bone mass is collagen fibers
 Spongy bone lacks osteons
 Matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
• Lacks capillaries and venules

a. Red bone
marrow fills
spaces
between
4. Osteoclasts trabeculae
 Their job: Absorb and remove bone matrix • Forms blood cells
 Large, multinucleate cells bcs there going to create: • Contains blood
 Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes to: vessels that supply
• Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals nutrients to
out into areas like the bloodstream osteocytes by
• This osteolysis is important in homeostasis diffusion

b. Yellow bone marrow

• Found in other sites of spongy bone
•Stores fat

Weight-bearing bones
 Trabeculae in epiphysis of femur transfer forces from
pelvis to compact bone of femoral shaft

A. Periosteum-memb
rane that covers
outside of bones
 Except within
joint cavities
 Outer, fibrous
layer and inner,
cellular layer
 Fibers are
interwoven with
those of tendons

Functions of periosteum
Compact Bone and Spongy Bone  Isolates bone from surrounding tissues
• Osteon- functional unit of compact bone  Provides a route for blood vessels and nerves
a) Central canal contains blood vessel(s)  Participates in bone growth and repair
b) Perforating canals
 Perpendicular to surface of bone A. Endosteum-incom
 Carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow plete cellular layer
c) Lamellae- layers of bone matrix that lines medullary
 Concentric lamellae surround central canal cavity
 Interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons  Active during
 Circumferential lamellae are at outer and inner bone growth,
bone surfaces repair, and
remodeling
 Covers
trabeculae of
spongy bone
 Lines central
canals of compact bone
 Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells
Bone Formation and Growth
Bone development
 Ossification (osteogenesis)-bone formation
 Calcification-deposition of calcium salts
• Occurs during ossification

Two forms of ossification

I. Endochondral ossification
II. Intramembranous ossification

1. Endochondral ossification
 How most bones form
 Begins at Primary ossification center develops inside
hyaline cartilage
• Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone in:
Seven main steps

Interstitial
growth-growth in
length
 Secondary
ossification
centers develop
 Epiphyseal
closure -
completion of
epiphyseal
growth
 Width of
epiphyseal
cartilages
reveals timing
of
endochondral
ossification
 Former location
of epiphyseal
cartilage is
visible on x-rays
as an epiphyseal line
 Remains after epiphyseal closure

2. Intramembranous ossification
 Also called dermal ossification - Because it occurs in
the dermis
 Produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw)
and clavicles (collarbones)
Five main steps
 Nutritional and hormonal effects on bone
a. Minerals
 Calcium and phosphorus are required in the diet
 Plus small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and
manganese
B. Calcitriol and vitamin D3 (very integral to bone
strength)
 Calcitriol is made in the kidneys
 Essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion
absorption in digestive tract
 Synthesized from vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

 Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate bone

growth
 Sex hormones
 Estrogen and testosterone stimulate osteoblasts
 Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin maintain calcium
ion homeostasis

Calcium Homeostasis
The skeleton as a calcium reserve
 Bones store 99 percent of the body's calcium
• In addition to other minerals
 Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body
• Calcium ions are vital to many physiological
processes

• Hormones and calcium ion balance

 Calcium ion concentrations in body fluids must be
closely regulated
 Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin affect storage,
absorption, and excretion of calcium ions in
• Bones (storage)
• Digestive tract (absorption)
• Kidneys (excretion)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

 Produced by parathyroid glands in neck (BACK OF
THE THYROID)
Bone Remodeling  Increases blood calcium ion levels by
 Occurs throughout life 1. • Stimulating osteoclast activity (indirectly)
 Functions in bone maintenance 2. • Increasing intestinal absorption of calcium (IN
 By recycling and renewing bone matrix INTESTINES) by enhancing calcitriol secretion by
 Involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts kidneys
• Normally, activities are balanced 3. • Decreasing calcium excretion by kidneys
• If removal is faster than replacement, bones
weaken Calcitonin
• If deposition predominates, bones strengthen  Secreted by C cells in thyroid
 Decreases blood calcium ion levels by
Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones 1. • Inhibiting osteoclast activity
 Effects of exercise on bone 2. • Increasing calcium excretion and reducing
 Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress calcitriol secretion by kidneys
 Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger 3. • Decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium
Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise,
stimulates osteoblasts
 Bone degeneration
 Bone degenerates quickly
 Up to one-third of bone mass can be lost in a few
weeks of inactivity
 2. Callus formation
 Cells of
endosteum and
periosteum
divide and
migrate into
fracture zone
 Calluses stabilize
the break as we
heal: two kinds
• Internal callus
develops in medullary
cavity
• External callus of cartilage and bone surrounds
break (outside of the bone)

3. Spongy bone
formation
 Osteoblasts replace
central cartilage of
external callus with
spongy bone

4. Compact bone formation

 Repaired bone may be slightly
thicker and stronger than
Fractures normal
 Cracks or breaks in bones due to physical stress
 Open (compound) or closed (simple)

Fractures are repaired in four steps Effects of Aging on Skeletal System

1. Fracture hematoma formation • Bones become thinner and weaker with age
2. Callus formation 1. Osteopenia - inadequate ossification (reduction of
3. Spongy bone formation bone mass)
4. Compact bone formation  Begins between ages 30 and 40
 Women lose 8 percent of bone mass per decade
1. Fracture  Men lose 3 percent
hematoma  Epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected
formation  Results in fragile limbs, reduced height, and tooth
 Production loss
of a large
blood clot 2. Osteoporosis-severe loss of bone mass
 Establishes a  Compromises normal function
fibrous  Over age 45, occurs in
network • 29 percent of women
 Bone cells in • 18 percent of men
the area die
3. Hormones and bone loss
 Sex hormones help maintain bone mass
 In women, osteoporosis accelerates after menopause