Database Management System Lab
Code: PMDS506P
Digital Assignment 5
Name: Soumyadeep Ganguly
Reg. No.: 24MDT0082
Course: M.Sc in Data Science
Q1. Create the following tables and answer the following questions. The
employee’s table is,
create table employees(emp_id number(6), ename varchar(20), dept
varchar(10), salary number(10), hire_date date);
Inserting Data:
insert into employees values(1, 'Alice', 'HR', 4000, '15-Jan-2021');
1. Write a PL/SQL block that opens a cursor to fetch employee names.
Display the message "Employee found" if any employee name is
fetched using the %FOUND attribute.
DECLARE
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT ename FROM employees;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cur;
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name;
IF emp_cur%FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee found: ' || emp_name);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found.');
END IF;
CLOSE emp_cur;
END;
/
2. Create a PL/SQL program that checks if there are any employees
with a salary greater than 8000 using a cursor. If none are found,
print a message stating "No employees with salary greater than
8000." (using %notfound)
DECLARE
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
emp_sal employees.salary%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT ename, salary FROM employees WHERE salary > 8000;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cur;
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name, emp_sal;
IF emp_cur%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees with salary greater than 8000.');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employees with salary greater than 8000:');
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || emp_name || ', Salary: ' || emp_sal);
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name,
emp_sal;
EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
END IF;
CLOSE emp_cur;
END;
/
3. Create a parameterized cursor that accepts a department name as
an input. Write a PL/SQL block to fetch and display all employee
names belonging to that department.
DECLARE
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
emp_dept employees.dept%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cur(emp_dept employees.dept%TYPE) IS
SELECT ename FROM employees WHERE dept =
emp_dept;
BEGIN
emp_dept := '&dept';
OPEN emp_cur(emp_dept);
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name;
IF emp_cur%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees found in the ' || emp_dept || '
department.');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employees in the ' || emp_dept || ' department:');
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || emp_name);
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name;
EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
END IF;
CLOSE emp_cur;
END;
/
4. Write a PL/SQL program that uses a cursor to fetch the first
employee's details. If no employees are found, display a message
"No employees available."
DECLARE
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
id employees.emp_id%TYPE;
emp_dept employees.dept%TYPE;
emp_sal employees.salary%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT ename, emp_id, dept,
salary FROM employees;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cur;
FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_name, id, emp_dept, emp_sal;
IF emp_cur%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees available.');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Employee Details:');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || emp_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department: ' || emp_dept);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || emp_sal);
END IF;
CLOSE emp_cur;
END;
/
5. Create a PL/SQL block that uses a cursor to find all employees in a
specific department (e.g., 'HR') and increases their salaries by 5%.
Display the old and new salaries for each updated employee.
DECLARE
id employees.emp_id%TYPE;
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
emp_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
new_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT emp_id, ename, salary
FROM employees
WHERE dept = 'HR'
FOR UPDATE OF salary;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO id, emp_name, emp_salary;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
new_salary := emp_salary * 1.05;
UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE CURRENT OF
emp_cursor;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || emp_name || ' Old Salary: '
|| emp_salary || ' New Salary: ' || new_salary);
END LOOP;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
/
6. Write a PL/SQL block that defines a parameterized cursor to fetch
employee names with salaries within a specified range (e.g.,
between 4000 and 6000). Use input parameters for the range and
display the names of employees that meet the criteria.
DECLARE
v_min_salary NUMBER := &min_salary;
v_max_salary NUMBER := &max_salary;
emp_name employees.ename%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cursor(p_min_salary NUMBER, p_max_salary NUMBER) IS
SELECT ename
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN p_min_salary AND p_max_salary;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor(v_min_salary, v_max_salary);
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_name;
IF emp_cursor%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees found with salary between ' ||
v_min_salary || ' and ' || v_max_salary);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employees with salary between ' || v_min_salary
|| ' and ' || v_max_salary || ':');
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || emp_name);
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_name;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
END IF;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
/
7. Explore what are triggers in the context of PL/SQL and give at least
three examples for the same.
Triggers in PL/SQL:
A trigger in PL/SQL is a stored procedure that is
automatically executed or fired in response to specific
events on a particular table or view. Triggers are used
to enforce business rules, maintain audit trails, or
perform actions automatically when certain database
events occur.
Types of Triggers:
1. Row-Level Trigger: Executed once for each row affected by the
triggering event.
2. Statement-Level Trigger: Executed once for the entire SQL
statement, regardless of how many rows it affects.
3. Before vs. After Triggers:
BEFORE triggers fire before the DML (INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE) statement.
AFTER triggers fire after the DML statement.
Triggers can be fired by:
1. DML events: INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.
2. DDL events: CREATE, ALTER, or DROP (though DDL triggers are less
common in basic business logic).
3. Database events: such as logon, logoff, or startup events.
