BLACK PRINCIPLE
DEFINITION
If we mix hot and cold water in an open container (for example a bucket), heat transfer from hot
water to cold water. Because the container is open, then some heat moves into the air. The
container also becomes warmer. Heat released by hot water is not only absorbed by cold water
but also absorbed by atmosphere and containers. In this case, the bucket is a non-isolated
system. When we mix hot and cold water in a closed thermos, heat transfer from hot water to
cold water. Thermos are isolated systems, so no heat moves into the air or a thermos. Cold
water only absorbs the heat released by hot water until the mixture of hot water and cold water
reaches the thermal equilibrium.
Conservation energy in heat exchange was first measured by Joseph Black (1728 - 1799) Scottish
physicist and chemist, born in Bordeaux, French, and became a doctor in Edinburgh when he
was appointed professor in chemistry. In 1761 about latent heat and heat type, it sets a
foundation for scientific work of his students, James Watt, Black also found hydrogen carbonate
(bicarbonate). Much research in the field of chemistry, especially the temperature and heat.
Black principle is a principle of thermodynamics is expressed by Joseph Black.
FORMULA
The Black Principle states that in an isolated closed system, heat released by a high-temperature
object = heat absorbed by a low-temperature object.
The principle outlines:
• If two objects of different temperatures are mixed, hot objects give heat on cold objects so
that
eventually the same temperature
• The amount of heat absorbed by the cold object equal to the amount of heat released hot
objects
• Objects that cooled off the heat as large as the heat is absorbed when heated.
"By mixing the two substances, the amount of heat that is released substances higher
temperature equal to the number of heat received by a lower temperature substance"
Q release = Q absorbs
Q release = heat released by high-temperature objects, Q absorbs = heat absorbed by low-
temperature objects.
EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS
Example of problem 1.
A hot iron with a mass of 1 kg and a temperature of 1000C is put into a container containing 2
kg of water and a temperature of 20oC. What is the temperature of the final mixture? The
specific heat of iron = 450 J/kg Co, the specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg Co.
Known :
Mass of iron (m) = 1 kg
Temperature of iron (T) = 100 oC
Mass of water (m) = 2 kg
Temperature of water (T) = 20 oC
Specific heat for iron (c) = 450 J/kg Co
Specific heat for water (c) = 4200 J/kg Co
Wanted : T ?
Solution :
Iron has a higher temperature than water so that iron releases heat, water absorbs heat.
Q release = Q absorbs
m c ΔT = m c ΔT
(1)(450)(100-T) = (2)(4200)(T-20)
(450)(100-T) = (8400)(T-20)
45000 – 450T = 8400 T – 168000
45000 + 168000 = 8400 T + 450 T
213000 = 8850 T
T = 213000 : 8850
T = 24 oC
The final temperature of the mixture of hot iron and cold water when both are in thermal
equilibrium is 24 oC
Example of problem 2.
0.2 kg mass of ice mixed with warm tea with a mass of 0.2 kg. Temperature of ice = -10 oC,
temperature of warm tea = 40 oC. The specific heat of ice = 2100 J/kg Co, the specific heat
of water = 4200 J/kg Co, the heat of fusion for water = 334000 J/kg. Ice and tea are mixed in an
isolated closed system.
Known :
Mass of ice (m) = 0.2 kg
Mass of tea (m) = 0.2 kg
Specific heat of water (c) = 4180 J/kg Co
Specific heat of ice (c) = 2100 J/kg Co
Heat of fusion for water (LF) = 334 x 103 J/kg
Temperature of ice (Tice) = -10 oC
Temperature of tea (Ttea) = 40 oC
Wanted : T mixture
Solution :
First step, estimate the final state
The heat that must be released by water to reduce the temperature of 0.2 kg of warm tea, from
40 oC to 0 oC
Q release = m c ΔT
Q release = (0.2 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co ) (40 oC – 0 oC)
Q release = (0.2 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co) (40 oC)
Q release = 33,440 Joule
Q release = 33.44 kJ
Heat is absorbed by 0.2 kg of ice to increase the temperature from -10 oC to 0 oC
Q absorbed = m c ΔT
Q absorbed = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co) (0 oC – (-10 oC))
Q absorbed = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co) (10 oC)
Q absorbed = 4,200 Joule
Q absorbed = 4.2 kJ
The heat absorbed to melting 0.2 kg of ice (heat needed to melting all ice into water)
Q fusion = m LF
Q fusion = (0.2 kg) (334 x 103 J/kg)
Q fusion = 66.8 x 103 Joule
Q fusion = 66.8 kJ
Based on the above calculations, the results :
Q release = 33.44 kJ
Q absorb = 4.2 kJ
Q fusion = 66.8 kJ
When tea released heat as much as 33.44 kJ, the temperature of tea changed from 40 oC to 0 oC.
Some of the heat released (about 4.2 kJ) is used to raise the ice temperature from -10 oC to 0 oC.
33.44 kJ – 4.2 kJ = 29.24 kJ. The remaining heat = 29.24 kJ. To melt all the ice into water requires
a heat of 66.8 kJ. The remaining heat is only 29.24 kJ.
In conclusion, the heat released by warm tea is used only to raise the ice temperature from -
10 oC to 0 oC and melting some ice. Some ice has melted into water; some have not. During the
process of changing solid into a liquid, the temperature does not change. Therefore the
temperature of the final mixture = 0 oC.
