COMPUTER NETWORKS
Switching
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A network is a set of connected devices. Whenever
we have multiple devices, we have the problem of
how to connect them to make one to one
communication.
1.P2P connection through Mesh Topology.
2.Central hub and connect every devices through star
topology.
So, This is impractical and wasteful when applied to
large networks. So better solution is Switching.
►A switched network consists of series of
interlinked nodes called switches.
► Switches are devices capable of creating
temporary connections between two or more
devices linked to the switch. 8.
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Figure 8.1 Switched network
End system
Switch
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Figure 8.2 Taxonomy of switched networks
Store and forward Mechanism
Physical Layer
Network Layer Data Link Layer
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8-1 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS
A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches
connected by physical links. A connection between two
stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.
However, each connection uses only one dedicated
channel on each link. Each link is normally divided
into n channels by using FDM or TDM.
Topics discussed in this section:
Three Phases: SETUP, DATA TRANSFER, TEARDOWN
Efficiency
Delay
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Circuit-Switched Technology in Telephone Networks
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Note
A circuit-switched network is made of a
set of switches connected by physical
links, in which each link is
divided into n channels.
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Figure 8.3 A trivial circuit-switched network
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Note
In circuit switching, the resources need
to be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the
entire duration of data transfer until the
teardown phase.
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Figure 8.6 Delay in a circuit-switched network: SETUP, TRANSMISSION,
TEARDOWN
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Note
Switching at the physical layer in the
traditional telephone network uses
the circuit-switching approach.
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8-2 DATAGRAM NETWORKS
In data communications, we need to send messages
from one end system to another. If the message is
going to pass through a packet-switched network, it
needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size. The size of the packet is determined by the
network and the governing protocol.
Topics discussed in this section:
Routing Table
Efficiency
Delay
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Datagram Networks in the Internet 11
Note
In a packet-switched network, there
is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.
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Figure 8.7 A datagram network with four switches (routers)
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Figure 8.8 Routing table in a datagram network
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Note
A switch in a datagram network uses a
routing table that is based on the
destination address.
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Note
The destination address in the header of
a packet in a datagram network
remains the same during the entire
journey of the packet.
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Figure 8.9 Delay in a datagram network
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Note
Switching in the Internet is done by
using the datagram approach
to packet switching at
the network layer.
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8-3 VIRTUAL-CIRCUIT NETWORKS
A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a
circuit-switched network and a datagram network. It
has some characteristics of both.
Topics discussed in this section:
Addressing
Three Phases
Efficiency
Delay
Circuit-Switched Technology in WANs
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Figure 8.10 Virtual-circuit network
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Figure 8.11 Virtual-circuit identifier
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Figure 8.12 Switch and tables in a virtual-circuit network
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Figure 8.13 Source-to-destination data transfer in a virtual-circuit network
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Figure 8.14 Setup request in a virtual-circuit network
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Figure 8.15 Setup acknowledgment in a virtual-circuit network
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Note
In virtual-circuit switching, all packets
belonging to the same source and
destination travel the same path;
but the packets may arrive at the
destination with different delays
if resource allocation is on demand.
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Figure 8.16 Delay in a virtual-circuit network
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THANK YOU…
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