Unit 4 – Image Processing and Multimedia Systems

IMAGE PROCESSING
Unit 4 AND MULTIMEDIA
SYSTEMS
UNIT OUTCOME
Students will be able to:
 recognise components of multimedia and work with these components effectively;
 understand the meaning and use of multimedia production;
 create interactive applications using multimedia applications.

4.1 BASICS OF MULTIMEDIA

In this sub-unit, we will learn about basics of multimedia.

l Definition of Multimedia
M edi a is the means of communication i.e., plural of medium. M u l t im edi a is the combined use of several
media, such as motion-pictures, slides and music. Or in other words, multimedia refers to technology that
presents information in more than one medium—such as text, pictures, video, sound, and animation—in
a single integrated communication. The development of the World Wide Web expanded the Internet to
include pictures, sound, music, and so on, as well as text.
Multimedia is media that utilizes a combination of different content forms (see Fig. 4.1).

Fig. 4.1: Multimedia contains a combination of content forms

l Importance of Multimedia
Multimedia is appropriate whenever a human interface connects a human user to electronic information
of any kind. Multimedia improves information retention. When it is properly constructed, multimedia can
be entertaining as well as useful. The importance of multimedia grows as new technology develops.
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Multimedia plays an important role in the following fields:

1. B u s in es s : The Internet provides the general public with website hosting and building that lets
multimedia enhance an idea. These websites, blogging and social platforms give businesses a way
to enhance their progress. Business applications for multimedia include presentations, training,
marketing, advertising, product demos, simulations, databases, catalogs, instant messaging, and
networked connections.
2. E du c a t io n : Schools in Ethiopia are perhaps the destination most in need of multimedia. Computer-
assisted programs like Microsoft PowerPoint have allowed classrooms to use graphics and visuals
to do presentations in creative ways. Interactive graphics make learning more visually enhanced
and can clarify ideas. Students can also design and run websites.
3. H o m e: Multimedia has entered the home via TVs and is used for gardening, cooking, home design,
remodeling etc. Today, home consumers of multimedia use a computer with CD-ROM or DVD
drive for their different type of activities.
4. R ec r ea t io n : People are able to watch movies and listen to audio, read books with multimedia access
on their laptop computers. This allows people to entertain themselves wherever they go.
5. E n g in eer in g : Software engineers may use multimedia in computer simulations for anything from
entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces
are often done as collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers.
6. P u b l ic P l a c es : Multimedia is available at stand-alone terminals or kiosks used in hotels, at railway
stations, shopping malls, museums, libraries. The way we live is changing as multimedia penetrates
our day-to-day experience and our culture. Today, multimedia is found in churches and places
of worship as live video with attached song lyrics shown on large screens using elaborate sound
systems with special effects lighting and recording facilities.
7. C o m m u n ic a t io n : Multimedia platforms can be used as a communication device that can link to two
people from different regions of the world. People are able to talk over the computer through
chatting, social networking and through video cameras.
In summary, we can say that multimedia is very useful in education, training, marketing, advertising,
product demos, databases, catalogs, entertainment, and networked communications.

l Components of Multimedia
The multimedia components are:
1. Text
In the past, content was produced primarily via text. Though additional elements have been added, text
remains vital to multimedia applications. This is because text is still an effective way to communicate. In
multimedia, text is used as headlines, subtitles, and captions. In addition to supplying content, text is used
to give directions and communicate information, text-based menus and buttons help guide users through
the multimedia applications, and electronic books, magazines, and reference materials still rely on text to
inform and educate.
2. Graphics
Because most people like illustrations, visuals, graphics, 2D and 3D images are crucial to multimedia
development. In fact, multimedia applications are predominately graphic. Because they play such a critical
role, balancing graphics is essential. W h en de s ign in g a m u l t im edi a a pl ic a t io n , it is im po r t a n t n o t t o ge t c a r r ied
a w a y w it h gr a ph ic s . Adding just the right graphic and just the right number of graphics may help the user
learn and retain more information in less time and with less effort.
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Graphics that fit most needs are quite easy to find. Commercially prepared drawings called clipart come
packaged with many application programs. Charts, another type of graphics, can convey a great deal of
information in a very limited space. Photographs can also be used to enhance multimedia applications.
When a graphic or other multimedia object serves as a link to additional information about a topic, the
link is called hypermedia.

3. Animation
Animation refers to graphic images that change or move. Animation can convey information, add visual
interest, or draw attention to important information or links in a multimedia application. Animation is
commonly used in advertising and marketing on the Web because the movement does grab the visitor’s
attention. By illustrating proper techniques or explaining complex procedures, animation can also serve as
an excellent learning aid in computer-based training programs.
Like clipart and stock photography, animated graphics are available for purchase on CD-ROM or they
can be downloaded from the Internet. In addition, commercial software and shareware can be purchased
or downloaded and used to create simple or complex animations.

4. Sound
By incorporating sound into a multimedia application, you require the user to make use of yet another
sense. This enhances the experience and increases the likelihood of user understanding and enjoyment.
In multimedia applications, sound that has been digitized is called audio. Audio can be obtained by
capturing sound into a personal computer using a microphone, CD-ROM, or other input device. It can also
be played from a synthesizer, keyboard, or other musical instrument that is connected to the computer
using MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) port.

5. Video
Video can do a grate deal to enhance a presentation, illustrate a proper technique, or advertise a new
product. Video files are photographic images played at speeds that make it appear as if the images are
in full motion. Video files are incredibly large because a huge number of images are required to give the
appearance of motion. Delivering video over the Internet is particularly challenging.
Interactive multimedia allows users to respond directly to and control media elements. Users of interactive
multimedia become active participants in an application instead of passive recipients of information.

l Hardware and Software Requirements for Multimedia

A m u l t im edi a c o m pu t er s ys t em is a computer capable of integrating two or more types of media (text,
graphics, animation, audio and video) for generation, storage, representation, manipulation, and access of
multimedia information.

Fig. 4.2: Typical multimedia computers

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For using multimedia on a computer system, it needs certain hardware components and software
resources to be present.

Hardware Requirements for Multimedia

The basic hardware requirement for multimedia are:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) — Pentium Processor
2. Random Access Memory (RAM) — 1 GB RAM
3. Monitor — Super Virtual Graphics Arrays (SVGA)
4. Video Card
5. Sound Card
6. CD-ROM Drive

Software Requirements for Multimedia

The basic software requirement for multimedia are:
1. Word Processor for entering text
2. Image Processing software such as Photoshop, CorelDraw, etc.
3. Animation creator like 3D Max, Flash, etc.
4. Sound can be created using Sound forge, etc.
5. Video can be used by using software like Video for Windows, Author Ware, etc.

l Multimedia and Hypermedia

Multimedia
It is the integration of sound, animation, and digitized video with more traditional types of data such as
text. It is an application-oriented technology that is used in a number of ways, for example, to enhance
presentations, and is based on the increasing capability of computers to store, transmit, and present
many types of information. Some examples of multimedia applications are: business presentations, online
newspapers, distance education, and interactive gaming.

Hypermedia
It is an enhancement of hypertext, the non-sequential access of text documents, using a multimedia
environment. It provides the users the flexibility to select whatever document they want to view based on
their current interests. The path followed to get from document to document changes from user to user
and is very dynamic. This “make your own adventure” type of experience sets hypermedia apart. The best
example of hypermedia is World Wide Web.
The major difference between multimedia and hypermedia is that the user is more actively involved in
the hypermedia experience, whereas the multimedia experience is more passive.

4.2 MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING

Multimedia authoring involves collating, structuring and presenting information in the form of a digital
multimedia, which can incorporate text, audio and still and moving images. In this sub-unit, we will learn
about multimedia authoring.
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l Stages of Multimedia Authoring

The five stages of multimedia authoring are:
1. A n a l ys is : What do you need to do and what do you use to do it.
2. D es ign : Create storyboards to tell the story of the project.
3. D ev el o pm en t : Incorporate data and set it up as a prototype or model.
4. E v a l u a t io n : When the prototype application works the way you want it to, test it again, fine-tune it,
make it attractive, and then review your work.
5. D is t r ib u t io n : When it is ready to go (after the evaluation phase), make it real. Package and distribute
it.

l Authoring Tools Examples

Authoring can be described as creating highly interactive applications in which the information can flow
in both the directions i.e., from application to user and from user to application. Multimedia packages and
authoring tools help us in creating higher quality audio and video applications with little expertise.
Some multimedia authoring packages are:
(i) Macromedia Authorware (ii) Adobe Premier
(iii) Macromedia Flash (iv ) Everest Authoring System
(v ) Icon Author (vi ) ImageQ
Some multimedia authoring tools are:
(i) Computer (ii) Scanner
(iii) Digital camera (iv ) Sound recorder

l File Formats of Sounds, Image and Video

In many cases electronic publications include images, photographs and may be some video and sound, too.
Images and photographs can be inserted into inside the actual document or be linked to the document.
There are dozens of different file formats for images, video and sound. The most common ones are
given below:

File Format for Sound

(i) WAV (W in do w s W a v e F o r m a t )
(ii) MIDI (M u s ic a l I n s t r u m en t D igi t a l I n t er f a c e)
(iii) WMA (W in do w s M edi a A u di o )

File Format for Image

(i) TIFF (T a ge d I n t er c ha n ge F il e F o r m a t ) (ii) JPEG (J o in t P ho t o gr a phi c E xpe rts G ro u p )
(iii) GIF (G r a phi c s I n t er c ha n ge F o r m a t ) (iv ) PNG (P o r t a b l e N et w o r k G r a phi c s)
(v ) BMP (W in do w s B it m a p F o r m a t )

File Format for Video

(i) AVI (A u di o V ide o I n t er l ea v e)
(ii) MPEG (M o vi n g P ic t u r e E xpe rts G ro u p )

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4.3 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING TOOLS

Multimedia authoring tools are the tools that are used for creating various types of multimedia applications.
Here, we will learn about these tools.

l Screen Elements of Multimedia Application

We should open a multimedia application for having a look at the screen elements. Here, we are using
Macromedia Flash.
To open Macromedia Flash,
Click S t a r t → A l l P r o gr a m s → M a c r o m edi a → M a c r o m edi a F l a s h M X .
Figure 4.3 shows the Macromedia Flash screen elements.

Fig. 4.3: Macromedia Flash screen elements

Table 4.1 describes some screen elements of Macromedia Flash MX.
Table 4.1: Macromedia Flash MX Screen Elements
Screen Element Description
Menu bar It contains various menus for commands.
Work area It consists of Flash stage (White area in the middle of Work area) and Workspace
(grey area).
Timeline window It controls when things happen during playback of movie. For example, playback
time, frame rate etc.
Layer panel It controls the layers (The transparent overlays on the stage where different objects
can be placed). It is an integral part of the timeline.
Toolbox It contains all the tools you need for drawing or selecting objects.
Panels Flash makes extensive use of panels (The different parts of the screen). For example,
option panel, action panel, properties panel etc.
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l Creating a New Project

To create a new project,
Click F il e → N ew .
It will open a new project file.
Your new project can be in the form of a drawing, shape, or even an animation.
Let us start with a simple project, i.e., drawing a rectangle and fill it with colors.

l Building a Basic Piece

You can draw a basic drawing piece in work area by using various drawing tools (Line Tool, Rectangular
Tool, Oval Tool, etc.) from the toolbox.
To insert a rectangular box perform the following steps:
1. Click on R ec t a n gl e T o o l .
2. Draw a rectangle box in the work area.
3. Click on the P a in t B u c k et T o o l and select the desired color from C o l o r S w a t c he s .
4. Click inside the rectangle box and fill the color (see Fig. 4.4).

Fig. 4.4: Building a basic piece

Now save your basic piece with a suitable file name.
To save the file,
Click F il e → S a v e or press C t r l + S .
Another type of project which can be created using a multimedia is Animation.
For this we can rotate the figure at different angles.
When we run the project it gives the impression of an animation.
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To apply the animation on the basic piece, perform the following steps:
1. Click the first frame in the layer you want to frame.
2. Place the object you want to animate or just insert an image from the clipart.
3. Click the next frame in the T im el in e window.
4. Add a keyframe. Flash inserts a keyframe that duplicates the previous frame’s contents.
5. Change the object slightly; change it to 90° to the right.
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5. This time image will turn face down.
7. Now again repeat the same steps, making the figure turn to 270° so that it now faces to the left.
This way you can change the angle to a smaller degree and make frames if you want to have real
fun.
8. Click at first keyframe in the layer and press E n t er key to see the animation.
Your animation will be shown on the screen (see Fig. 4.5).

Fig. 4.5: Showing an animation

To preview the animated test movie, click C o n t r o l → T es t M o vi e or C t r l + E n t er .

l Editing an Icon
An icon is an element (graphical, textual, audio, video) which we can see or listen using Graphical User
Interface (GUI), for example Windows or X-Windows (a GUI for many operating systems like Linux and
UNIX etc.). In other words, an icon is a broad term associated with multimedia elements.
During creation of multimedia projects it is necessary to modify properties like appearance, placement,
size, time duration, and other animation related items. It is known as editing an icon.
To edit an icon, perform the following steps:
1. Select the icon by clicking on it.
Now you can see the properties of the selected icon at the bottom of screen in the P r o pe r t ies panel.
2. Change the displayed properties as per your need like contents, sound, color etc.

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3. After making the changes, you can run and pause the project to see the edited icon. If still not
satisfied with the modifications, you can re-edit the icon.

4.4 INSERTING AND EDITING TEXT

In this sub-unit, we will learn about inserting and editing text in multimedia applications.

l Inserting Display Icons

Display icons are those icons that display some image or graphic. These are available in the form of various
items such as symbols, tools, figures, text etc. These are available individually or in combinations. So, you
can use them the way you want. The process of inserting display icons and graphic icons is similar.

l Inserting Text into a Text Field

To insert text, perform the following steps:
1. Open a new project file.
2. Click on T ext T o o l button.
3. Click and drag a text field in the work area.
4. Type the desired text and click anywhere in the work area to deactivate the text field.
Figure 4.6 shows a text inserted in the new project.

Fig. 4.6: Inserting text

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l Importing and Pasting Text

To import a file, perform the following steps:
1. Open a new project.
2. Click F il e → I m po r t . The I m po r t dialog box opens.
3. Select the desired file and click O pe n .
4. The selected file will be imported in the work area.
To paste the text, perform the following steps:
1. Open a new project.
2. Select and copy the desired text from the document you want.
3. Now return to your project file and click E di t → P a s t e or press C t r l + V .
The selected text will be pasted in the project file.

l Defining and Applying Text Style

To define and apply text style, perform the following:
1. Click on the T ext T o o l button.
2. From the P r o pe r t ies tool panel (see Fig. 4.7) lying below the work area, set your desired T ext t ype ,
C ha r a c t er op s it io n and C ha r a c t er S pa c in g , etc.

Fig. 4.7: Properties tool panel

3. Now, draw the text field by using click and drag, and enter your text. The text style will be applied
to the text.
If P r o ep r t ies panel is not displayed, then select the T ext T o o l , right click on the work area and click on
P r o ep r t ies .

l Editing and Formatting Text as Required

To edit and format text, perform the following steps:
1. Click on the text field, edit the text you want.
2. Now select the text entered in the text field and set the desired font, alignment, color, etc. from
P r o pe r t ies t o o l pa n el (see Fig. 4.8).

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Fig. 4.8: Editing and formatting text

4.5 WORKING WITH IMAGES AND GRAPHICS

In this sub-unit, we will learn about working with images and graphics.

l Importing an Image or Graphic; Pasting an Image or Graphic

To import an image, perform the following steps:
1. Click on F il e → I m po r t .
2. The I m po r t dialog box opens.
3. Select the image you want to import and click O pe n . The image file will be imported to your project
(see Fig. 4.9).

Fig. 4.9: Importing an image

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To paste an image, perform the following steps:

1. Copy the desired image you want to paste.
2. Click E d it → P a s t e
or
Press C t r l + V to paste image.
3. The image will be pasted in your project.

l Modifying an Image or Graphic

To modify the image or graphic, perform the following steps:
1. Select the image by clicking on it.
2. Click on F r ee T r a n s f o r m T o o l button in the toolbox. A boundary box will be applied on the image or
graphic.
3. Now, in the o pt io n s panel, select the operation (R o t a t e and S k ew , S c a l e, Distort, Envelope).
The desired operation will be applied on the image or graphic.

4.6 PAGE TRANSITIONS, POSITIONING AND MOTION ICON

In this sub-unit, we will discuss about Page Transitions, Positioning and Motion Icon.
Here, we will use A do b e P r em ier e E l em en t s 9 . It is one of the premiere software for working with sounds
and digital movies.
To open Adobe Premiere Elements 9,
Click S t a r t → A l l P r o gr a m s → A do b e P r em ier e E l em en t s 9
Figure 4.10 shows the opening screen of A do b e P r em ier e E l em en t s 9 .

Fig. 4.10: Opening screen of Adobe Premiere Elements 9

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l Transitions
Transitions let you add effects to phase out one clip and phase in the next, and then preview the transition
before applying it. You can customize audio and video transitions as gradual fades or have one clip replace
another.
Using t r a n s it io n s , you can phase out one clip while phasing in the next or you can stylize the beginning
or end of a single clip. A transition can be as subtle as a cross dissolve, or emphatic, such as a page turn
or spinning pinwheel.
You generally place transitions on a cut between two clips, creating a do u b l e- s ide d transition. However,
you can also apply a transition to just the beginning or end of a clip, creating a s in gl e- s ide d transition, such
as a fade to black. When a transition shifts from one clip to the next, it overlaps frames from both clips.
The overlapped frames can either be frames previously trimmed from the clips (frames just past the In or
Out point at the cut), or existing frames repeated on either side of the cut. It is important to remember that
when you trim a clip, you do not delete frames; instead, the resulting In and Out points frame a window
over the original clip. A transition uses the trimmed frames to create the transition effect, or, if the clips do
not have trimmed frames, the transition repeats frames.
T o s ee if a t r a n s it io n is s in gl e- s ide d o r do u b l e- s ide d a n d if it ha s r epe a t ed f r a m es , s el ec t it a n d c l ic k E di t T r a n s it io n
in t he T r a n s it io n vi ew o f t he T a s k pa n el t o vi ew it in P r o pe r t ies vi ew .

l Selecting Transitions
There are many transitions to choose from that come with Adobe Premier Elements 9. First time film
makers tend to overuse this feature. Only add a transition when it makes sense otherwise they tend to
distract from the video. Add transitions after editing and before adding the soundtrack.
You can select the desired transition effect by clicking E di t → T r a n s it io n s . Figure 4.11 shows various
types of transitions effects.

Fig. 4.11: Selecting Transitions

l Positioning Objects
You have full flexibility in adjusting an object’s position, rotation, scale, and opacity—attributes collectively
referred to as t r a n s f o r m pr o pe r t ies . To transform an object, you can drag in the Monitor panel or choose a
command from the Title menu.

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l Types of Positions
You can choose the different types of positions of transition effect like Start, End, and Centre etc. from the
Transition properties window. It can be opened by clicking on E di t T r a n s it io n button.

l Type of Motion
We can customize different types of motion by using different drawing tools such as Line Tool, Oval Tool,
Rectangle Tool, and Lasso Tool. Figure 4.12 shows Zig-zag motion.

Fig. 4.12: Zig-zag motion using Line Tool

l Using Motion Icon

Motion is a special layer effect that an object shows during its movement. Creating a motion is quite simple
in Macromedia Flash MX. We can generate the motion effect by creating a guide layer.
In this section, we will add motion to an object.
To use motion icon in Macromedia Flash MX, perform the following steps:
1. Create a graphic symbol or drag a pre-existing graphic symbol from library onto the stage. Name
the layer as G r a phi c
2. Right click on G r a phi c label and select A d M o t io n G u ide from the pop-up window (see Fig. 4.13).

Fig. 4.13: Adding Motion Guide to the selected layer

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A new layer will appear on top of the G r a phi c layer with the label G u ide :G r a phi c along with the guide
icon.
3. Draw the path for your symbol in this new layer using pencil or line tool.
For example: Draw a circle.
4. Select frame 60 of guide layer and press “F5” to insert frames (see Fig. 4.14).

Fig. 4.14: Inserting frames

5. Now go to F r a m e 1 of G r a hip c layer and drag your symbol to one end of your path. While dragging,
you will see a bubble on the symbol. That bubble should go right below the path.
6. Now go to F r a m e 60 of G r a phi c layer and press F6 to insert a new keyframe.
7. Now drag your symbol to other end of your path. Again, the bubble should go right below the
path.
8. Select any frame between 1 to 60 of your G r a phi c layer. Right click and select C r ea t e M o t io n T w een
from the pop-up menu (see Fig. 4.15).

Fig. 4.15: Creating Motion Tween

9. Press C t r l + E n t er to view your work.
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4.7 LIBRARIES

In this sub-unit, we will learn about libraries.

The multimedia library contains visual and audio element (Icons) required for developing new
multimedia contents. The contents are often in the form of audio and video files. To ensure full access the
users must have the appropriate software to view the multimedia files.

l Creating
You can use the sample libraries included with Flash to add symbols, buttons, or sounds to your documents.
You can also create your own sample libraries, which you can then use with any documents that you
create.
To create a sample library for your Flash application, perform the following steps:
1. Create a Flash file with a library containing the symbols that you want to include in the permanent
library.
2. Place the Flash file in the Libraries folder located in the Flash application folder on your hard
drive.

l Saving
We can save our information to the Flash application library, so that it is available for future use.
To save the information, perform the following steps:
1. Click F il e → S a v e A s .
The S a v e A s dialog box opens (see Fig. 4.16).

Fig. 4.16: Save As dialog box

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2. Identify the location where you want to save the file.

3. Give a suitable file name and click S a v e.

l Opening and Closing

Opening the Library
To open a library, perform the following steps:
1. Click F il e → O pe n a s L ib r a r y.
The O pe n a s L ib r a r y dialog box appears (see Fig. 4.17).

Fig. 4.17: Open as Library dialog box

2. Browse the library file and click O pe n .

Closing the Library

To close the library,
Click F il e → C l o s e or press C t r l + W .
Another way of closing the library is to exit the application or open another library file.

l Selecting a Library
When the Open a s L ib r a r y dialog box opens, you can select the desired library file.

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l Adding Icon to the Library

To add an icon to the library, perform the following steps:
1. Open a library file.
2. Click F il e → I m po r t or press C t r l + R .
The I m p o r t dialog box will be opened.
3. Choose the desired icon file and click O pe n .
An icon for that file will be added in the library.

l Using an Icon From a Library

To use an icon from a library, perform the following steps:
1. Open the library file.
2. Select the desired icon from the library by double-clicking it.

4.8 WORKING WITH SOUND AND DIGITAL MOVIES

In this sub-unit, we will learn about working with sound and digital movies:

l Sound Icon
Sound icon is the graphical representation of inserted or available audio file in project or library. Figure
4.18 shows a sound icon.

Fig. 4.18: Sound Icon

l Importing Sound
You can import various sound in the project.
To import the sound file, perform the following steps:
1. Click O r ga n iz e → G et M edi a → F il es a n d F o l de r s .
The A d M edi a dialog box opens.
2. Browse the audio file you want to import and click O pe n .
The selected audio file will be imported in the project (see Fig. 4.19).

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Fig. 4.19: Imported Sound

l Changing the Sound’s Play Speed

To change the sound’s play speed, perform the following steps:
1. Drag the imported audio file to the Timeline (see Fig. 4.20)

Fig. 4.20: Dragging sound to Timeline

2. Right click on the imported sound waveform and click T im e S t r et c h .
3. The T im e S t r et c h dialog box opens (see Fig. 4.21).

Fig. 4.21: Time Stretch dialog box

4. Set the play back speed and click O K .

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l Working with Digital Movies

D igi t a l vi de o is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital rather than an analog
video signal. We can work on digital movies using Adobe Premiere. It allows various operations such as
trimming, motion, audio enhancing and adding transition effect etc.

l File Formats
Adobe Premiere supports several file formats for audio and video files such as MP3, MP4, AVI, MPG, WAV,
and WMV etc.

l Importing a Digital Movie

To import a digital movie, perform the following steps:
1. Import your digital media clip or movie by clicking O r ga n iz e → G et M edi a → F il es a n d F o l de r s .
2. Browse the video file and click O pe n .
3. The selected video file will be imported to your project (see Fig. 4.22).

Fig. 4.22: An imported video

l Setting Playback Conditions

We can set various playback conditions from the audio properties such as Fade In, Fade Out, Bypass,
Balance, Time Duration, Toggle, Repeat and Clip Volume. To open audio properties dialog box, right click
on the dragged audio file in Timeline and click S ho w P r o pe r t ies (see Fig. 4.23).
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Fig. 4.23: Setting playback conditions

l Turning the Sounds Off

To turn the sound off, perform the following steps:
1. Open audio properties dialog box by right clicking on the dragged
audio file in T im el in e and click S ho w P r o pe r t ies .
2. Toggle the V o l u m e effect by clicking on toggle button (see Fig. 4.24: Turning the sound off
Fig. 4.24).

4.9 OVERVIEW OF FILM EDITING

In this sub-unit, we will learn the basics of film editing:

l Basics of Film Editing

The process of editing clips includes previewing and trimming them to eliminate unnecessary material. It
also includes revising clip properties such as speed, direction, and duration. You can also edit media clips
generated by other programs in their original applications, from within Adobe Premiere Elements.

Trimming Video Clips

You can create a refined good-quality video file by removing unwanted sections and low-quality sections.
Adobe Premiere Elements 9 enables you to efficiently handle blurred, shaky, and unwanted low-quality
and low-interest sections of your video file. You can easily and quickly edit and fine-tune the video
files. Smart trimming enables you to trim the low-quality sections of a video file. Smart trim can be
done manually and automatically. You can trim clips from Timeline view or Sceneline view. However,
you can trim only one clip at a time from the Sceneline view. Smart trimming is of two types, manual
and automatic. Manual Smart trimming is the default mode. In this mode, you can specify the options
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that determine the trimmable sections. In the automatic Smart trim mode, Adobe Premiere Elements
automatically determines the trimmable sections and you can choose to delete them or retain them.
Figure 4.25 shows the trimming of a video clip.

Fig. 4.25: Trimming a video clip

Changing Clip Speed and Duration

Changing Clip Speed
To create a fast- or slow-motion effect, we can change clip speed. Changing clip speed changes the clip’s
duration. Speeding up a clip removes frames, thus shortening the clip duration. In the same way, slowing
down a clip repeats frames and thus adds to the length of a clip. For audio clips, a change in speed also
changes pitch. The Time Stretch command includes an option to maintain the original pitch of an audio
clip at any speed.
You can change a clip’s speed using the Timeline only—not the Sceneline.
When you change the speed of a clip containing interlaced fields, you may need to adjust how
Adobe Premiere Elements processes the fields, especially when the speed drops below 100% of the
original speed.

Set the Duration of a Clip

The du r a t io n of a video or audio clip is the length of time it plays from its first frame (In point) to its
last frame (Out point). The initial duration of a clip is the same as it was when the clip was imported or
captured. Most often, you change a clip’s duration by trimming frames from either end. But you can also
trim the end of a clip by designating a specific duration.
Unlike video, still images are not limited to the length of the original clip. You can set their duration to
any length.

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Freezing and Holding Frames

Export a Video Frame
You can grab a single frame from a video clip to use as a still image in your current movie or to save as
a still on your hard drive for use elsewhere. For example, you can use a still in your movie to show a
character start an action, but then stop mid-action, frozen on the screen.

Play and Hold a Frame

To make the video start out as a still image and then begin to play, click the Freeze Frame button in
the Monitor panel to create a still image from a frame, and then insert that still image at the location of the
original frame. Figure 4.26 shows a freeze frame.

Fig. 4.26: Freeze Frame

Activity 4.1
DIFFERENTIATE MULTIMEDIA AND HYPERMEDIA
In small groups, the students will explain and demonstrate the difference between multimedia and
hypermedia.
Multimedia
Multimedia is media that uses multiple forms of information content and information processing like text, audio,
graphics, animation, video, interactivity to inform or entertain the audience. Figure 4.27 shows some multimedia
tools.

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Unit 4 – Image Processing and Multimedia Systems

Fig. 4.27: Multimedia tools

Multimedia is very useful in various areas including, but not limited to, education, entertainment and fine arts,
engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research etc.

Hypermedia
The World Wide Web (WWW) has become without doubt the best-known and most widely used hypermedia
system (see Fig. 4.28).
Most Web navigation is done by clicking text-based links that open new
pages in a Web browser. These links, which are often blue and underlined
are referred to as hypertext, since they allow the user to jump from page to
page. Hypermedia is an extension of hypertext that allows images, movies
and Flash animations to be linked to other content.
Hypermedia systems are very popular tool for user-driven access to information.
These are very useful in various areas such as online documentation Fig. 4.28: WWW–An example of
systems, application systems with advanced help and explanation facilities, hypermedia
educational systems etc.

KEY CONCEPTS
 Multimedia is the combined use of several media, such as motion-pictures, slides, and music.
 Multimedia authoring involves collating, structuring and presenting information in the form of a digital
multimedia, which can incorporate text, audio and still and moving images.
 Multimedia authoring tools are the tools that are used for creating various types of multimedia applications.
 Display icons are the ones that display some image or graphic.
 The wait icon provides a way to pause or delay any onscreen action. Delay can be a set time interval or may
require a mouse click to continue.
 The multimedia library contains visual and audio elements (icons) required for developing new multimedia
contents.
 The process of editing clips includes previewing and trimming them to eliminate unnecessary material. It also
includes revising clip properties such as speed, direction, and duration.

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Review Questions
Fill in the Blanks
1. ...................................... refers to technology that presents information in more than one medium— such
as text, pictures, video, sound, and animation—in a single integrated communication.
2. The components of multimedia are ................................., .................................., .................................,
...................................... and ...................................... .
3. ...................................... let you add effects to phase out one clip and phase in the next clip.
4. MIDI, JPEG and MPEG are file formats for ......................................, ......................................, and
...................................... respectively.

State Whether True or False

1. Multimedia does not utilize a combination of different content forms.
2. Hypermedia is an enhancement of hypertext, the non-sequential access of text documents, using a
multimedia environment.
3. In multimedia packages, using pre-stored libraries, creating libraries and adding and using icons is not
possible.
4. Macromedia Authorware, Adobe Premier, and Macromedia Flash are multimedia packages.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following field(s) use multimedia?
(a ) Business (b ) Education (c ) Home (d ) All of these
2. The best example of hypermedia is ...................................... .
(a ) World Wide Web (b ) Hardware (c ) Printout (d ) None of these
3. TIFF stands for ...................................... .
(a ) Transitional Image File Format (b ) Total Inclusion File Format
(c ) Tagged Interchange File Format (d ) Temporary Instruction File Format
4. ...................................... is an object actually moving across, into, or out of the screen.
(a ) GIGO (b ) Animation (c ) WMA (d ) Trimming
5. Which of the following hardware is used in Multimedia Authoring tool?
(a ) Computer (b ) Scanner (c ) Sound Recorder (d ) All of these

Match the Following

Column A Column B
1. Multimedia (a ) Includes previewing and trimming them to eliminate
unnecessary material
2. Macromedia Authorware (b ) Combines two or more media together
3. Editing clips (c ) An sound file format
4. WAV (d ) Multimedia authoring package

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Answer the Following

1. Define multimedia. Discuss its components also.
2. List and explain the stages of multimedia authoring.
3. Identify screen elements of Multimedia application Macromedia Flash shown below:

4. Give the steps to import sound files.

5. Write a short note on basics of film editing.

Suggested Activities
1. The teacher will explain and demonstrate stages of multimedia authoring and authoring tools examples
like Macromedia Authorware, Adobe Premier, Macromedia Flash and the students will practice.
2. The teacher will explain and demonstrate the steps involved in using sound and in working with digital
movies and the students will practice.
3. Design and produce a multimedia presentation on an idea or theme of your own which has relevance
to the work you are doing in Grade 12.
4. Explain how to insert, edit and format text in the presentation windows of Multimedia Authoring.
5. Explain how to import and paste images, graphics and movies from other applications.
6. Explain how to set the time duration:
l before content on the presentation window is erased,
l to erase the contents of a presentation window.

Field Trip
Organize a field trip to various business houses and publications around you to get useful information about
Image Processing and Multimedia Systems being used currently and present it to the class.

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 Glossary

GLOSSARY
A allow people to comment on the previously posted
comments.
Absolute Reference: Commonly used in BMP (Bitmap): It is a standard uncompressed
spreadsheet applications, it is a formulated cell format for Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2.
reference that will not adjust when used to calculate Browser: Software program that allows the user
the sum of specific cells. to find and read encoded information in a form
Address Book: In e-mail, list of regular contacts’ suitable for display especially on World Wide Web.
addresses held in the e-mail software. Byte: A combination of 8 bits to represent computer
AI (Artificial Intelligence): It is the branch of data transfer or data storage measurement.
computer science concerned with making computers
behave like humans.
Animation: The display of a sequence of images C
in a computer program or on a Webpage to give the
impression of movement. CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory):
A durable and low cost circular optical storage device
Application Software: A program that is
designed to perform specific tasks. widely used to store large amounts of information.
Clipart or Clip Art: A collection of image files that
B can be embedded or inserted into Web pages, word-
B2B (Business-to-Business): Companies doing processed documents, PowerPoint presentations,
business with each other such as manufacturers etc.
selling to distributors and wholesalers selling to Compiler: A type of system software that
retailers constitute B2B type of e-commerce. translates a source program usually written in a
B2C (Business-to-Consumer): It comprises of high level language into a machine language.
businesses selling to the general public typically
through catalogues utilizing shopping cart Computer: An electronic device that accepts,
software. processes, stores and outputs data under the control
Backup: To copy files or data to a second source of a set of instructions.
or media so as to safeguard it. Cropping: The process of removing portions
Binary: A basic numbering system consisting of of an image to create focus or strengthen the
1s and 0s. composition.
BIT (Binary DigIT): It is the smallest unit of CPU (Central Processing Unit): A processor on
processing of computerized data in terms of 1s or an IC chip (called a microprocessor) that serves as
0s.
the ‘brain’ of the computer.
Blog: (Slang term for a Weblog) A blog is a
personal journal that can be accessed publicly and

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Glossary

D E-Mail: Stands for Electronic Mail. This is a

system of relaying messages across the Internet,
Database: A structured collection of data that from one Internet user to another.
can be used for a variety of purposes. Encryption: A system of coding that helps
DBMS (Database Management System): prevent access to private information on computer
Application software which enables the storage, networks or on the Web.
modification, retrieval, and querying of data in a
database. F
Desktop Publishing (DTP): Application software
Flash Player and Flash Professional: Software
for laying out text, graphics and pictures in order to
produced by Adobe for the development and
produce a professional-looking publication. viewing of animated and interactive sequences on
Display Icons: The icons that display some the Web.
image or graphic. Forms: Used to provide an easy to use interface
Domain Name System: An addressing system for user to enter, view and modify data in a table.
in which abbreviations are used to indicate the type Format Painter: Helps to copy the format that
of organization or entity instead of whole name, for has been applied to text and apply it to another.
example, .edu for educational institution.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A software protocol
Downloading: It means transmitting data from for exchanging information between computers over
a remote computer to a local computer, as from a a network.
website to your own PC.
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video
Disc. G
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): It is
E pronounced “jif”, supports upto 256 colours
(8 bits per pixel).
E-Banking: Use of computer and e-technology as a
substitute for checks and other paper transactions. Gigabyte (GB): 2 to the 30th power (1,073,741,824)
bytes. One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes.
E-Business: Business involving transactions
using electronic media and technology. GIGO: It is an acronym that stands for Garbage
E-Commerce: Buying and selling or business In, Garbage Out.
transaction conducted on the Internet. Google: A popular search engine.
E-Governance: Application of electronic means GUI (Graphical User Interface): A program
in governance. interface that takes advantage of the computer’s
graphics capabilities to make the program easier
E-Government: Government’s use of information
to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces
technology to exchange information and services
can free the user from learning complex command
with citizens, businesses, and other arms of languages.
government.
E-Learning: Means of teaching through
e-technology.
H
E-Libraries: The physical sites and/or websites Hacker: A person who spends his/her time
that provide 24-hours online access to digitized trying to gain access to information stored on other
audio, video, and written material. people’s computers all around the world.
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 Glossary

Hardware: The physical equipment used in J

a computer system, such as the CPU, peripheral
devices and memory. JAVA: A high-level programming language
Home Page: The initial page of a site on the developed by Sun Microsystems.
World Wide Web. Joystick: A device that looks a bit like a gear
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. It is a lever in a car. This is connected to a computer and is
collection of structuring and formatting tags used used mainly for controlling the cursor in fast action
to create Web pages. games.

Hyperlinks: A word or graphic display on one JPEG (Joint Picture Experts Group): It is
web page that allows a computer to shift to another pronounced “jay peg”. It supports 16.7 million
related web page. colors (24 bits per pixel).

I K
Keyboard: An input device which is used to
Icon: A picture or symbol to represent a
enter information which the computer displays or
command on a computer screen. processes.
Image Processing: The set of computational Kilobyte (KB): This is about a thousand bytes of
techniques for analyzing, enhancing, compressing, space. In reality, it is two to the 10th power or 1,024
and reconstructing images, generally with a digital bytes.
computer.
Information: Meaningfully organized data. L
Information System: A system that provides
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that
information to people in an organization. links together computers and peripheral equipment
Internet Explorer: A browser produced by the within a limited area, such as a building or a group
Microsoft Corporation and supplied together with of buildings.
the Windows operating system. Language Processor: Software that converts a
high level language or assembly language code into
Integrated Circuit (IC): A circuit of transistors,
machine understandable form.
resistors, and capacitors constructed on a single
Laser Printer: A type of printer that produces
semiconductor wafer or chip, in which the
high-quality output at a reasonable speed.
components are interconnected to perform a given
Learning Management System (LMS): A
function. software package that enables the management
Interpreter: It translates and executes source and delivery of learning content and resources to
program, written in high level language, statement- students.
by-statement. Login: To attach to a computer using the user’s
ID.
Internet: The Internet is a network of networks
all of which use the same set of communications
protocols. M
ISP (Internet Service Provider): A company that M-Commerce: Buying and selling of goods and
provides access to the Internet. services through wireless technology.

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Glossary

Megabyte (MB): About a million bytes of space. Netiquette: The rules of etiquette that apply
Actually it is 2 raised to the 20th power or 1,048,576 when communicating over computer networks,
bytes of space. especially the Internet.
Memory: Internal storage areas in the Network: A system containing any combination
computer. of computers and its peripherals, used to transmit
Microsoft Office: A suite of programs or receive information.
produced by Microsoft Corporation, comprising
a Word-processor (Word), a Spreadsheet (Excel), O
a Presentation Program (PowerPoint), an Email
package (Outlook), a Database program (Access), Offline: Not connected to a computer or network
and a Desktop Publishing package (Publisher). of computers.
Moodle: An Open Source Course Management Online: Connected to a computer or network of
System (CMS), also known as a Learning Management
computers, especially the World Wide Web.
System (LMS) or a Virtual Learning Environment
(VLE). Operating System: A system software program
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group): A that works as a bridge between computer hardware
format to make, view, and transfer both digital and the user. Operating systems perform basic
audio and digital video files. tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard,
sending output to the display screen, keeping track
MS-Access: Database application software,
of files and directories on the disk, and controlling
provided by Microsoft.
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
MS-Excel: Spreadsheet application software,
provided by Microsoft. Outlook: A popular e-mail program, part of the
Microsoft Office suite of programs.
MS-PowerPoint: Presentation software, provided
by Microsoft.
MS-Word: Word processing application software, P
provided by Microsoft.
PDF (Portable Document Format): A technology
Multimedia: The integration of two or more developed by Adobe and was designed to capture
types of information (text, images, audio, video, all of the elements of a printed document and place
animation, etc.) in a single application. it in a single image file.
Multimedia Authoring: It involves collating, Pixel: The smallest element of an image that
structuring and presenting information in the form can be individually processed in a video display
of digital multimedia, which can incorporate text, system.
audio, and still and moving images. Plotter: A computer output device that draws
Multimedia Authoring Tools: Tools that are images on paper using a pen.
used for creating various types of multimedia Portal: A Webpage, website or service that acts as
applications. link or entrance to other websites on the Internet.
Primary Key: A set of one or more values in
a database that uniquely identifies a record in a
N table.
Navigation: It is the process of finding the way, Protocol: A set of rules governing the format of
i.e., navigating, around a series of menus within a messages that are exchanged between computers.
computer program or finding the way around the
World Wide Web by means of a browser.
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 Glossary

Q Spreadsheet: A document which helps to

organize data in rows and columns that intersect to
Query: Used to retrieve information on a certain form cells.
condition from a database.
System: Collection of related components that
interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a
R goal.
Systems Analysis and Design: A six-phase
Relative Reference: The default reference in a
spreadsheet package. problem-solving procedure for examining an
information system and improving it.
Reports: Used to present data in a printed
format. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC): A
Resolution: A measure of the number of pixels step-by-step process that many organizations follow
or small dots displayed on a computer display during systems analysis and design.
screen, printer or scanner. System Software: It is a set of master programs
that keeps the computer system working.
S
T
Scanner: A device used to convert hard copy,
e.g ., a printed page, photograph or photographic Technology: It is the usage and knowledge of
negative, into a form that can be stored on a tools, crafts, techniques, or systems, or methods of
computer. organizations.
Search Engines: A computer program that
Telecommunication: The transmission of
searches documents, especially on the World Wide
messages over significant distances for the purpose
Web, for a specified word or words and provides a
of communication
list of documents in which they are found.
Server: This is a mainframe computer that serves Terabyte (TB): 2 to the 40th power
the other computers attached to it. (1,099,511,627,776) bytes.
Sheet Tab: In spreadsheet applications, this refers TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): It stores
to a tab at the bottom of a worksheet that acts as a compressed files with a flexible number of bits per
means to identify or access different sheets within a pixel.
workbook. Toolbar: A row or rows of buttons on a display
screen that are clicked on to select various functions
Slide Show: Used to display the slides in a
in a software application or web browser.
desired sequence.
Twitter: A microblogging facility that allows users
Software: The set of instructions used to direct
to post very short texts (maximum 140 characters)
the operation of a computer, as well a documentation
containing snippets of information about what they
giving instructions on how to use them. are doing at a given moment, news items, links to
Social Networking: The grouping of individuals websites or comments on events.
or organizations into specific groups.
Source data: Data for which the chart is
U
prepared.
Spam: The disruptive unwanted messages, Uploading: It means transmitting data from a
especially commercial messages posted on a local computer to a remote computer, as from your
computer network or sent as e-mail. PC to a website you are constructing.

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Glossary

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A protocol for Web site: A connected group of pages on the
specifying addresses on the Internet. It is an address World Wide Web regarded as a single entity,
that identifies a particular file on the Internet, usually usually maintained by one person or organization
consisting of the protocol as http, followed by the and developed to a single topic or several closely
domain name. related topics.
User-friendly: Mainly used to describe software. Wizard: A utility that provides guided sequence
Software that is easy to use and offers guidance if the to perform complex task easily and quickly.
user does silly things is described as user-friendly. Word Processor: Software that processes textual
matter and creates organized documents.
WWW (World Wide Web): Series of servers
V or computers that are interconnected through
Virus: A program or piece of code that is loaded hypertext.
onto your computer without your knowledge and WYSIWYG: What You Say Is What You Get.
runs against your wishes.
X
W XML (eXtensible Markup Language): It is a
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): An markup language, not limited to Web documents.
international non-profit organization which acts as
a resource centre for the World Wide Web, and is Y
active in setting technical standards.
YouTube: A website to which we can upload our
WAV: Stands for WAVeform sound format.
own video clips and view video clips uploaded by
Microsoft’s format for encoding sound files.
others: http://www.youtube.com.
Webcam: A camera connected to a computer
and linking it to the Internet.
Web page or Webpage: A single, usually Z
hypertext document on the World Wide Web that
Zip Disks: The disks with a special high-quality
can incorporate text, graphics, sounds, etc.
magnetic coating that have a capacity of 100, 250 or
Web server: A computer that runs specific 750 megabytes.
software to serve web pages to the Internet.

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