2024 – 2025 February Year End Test

G – 11 Marking Scheme

1. Each 1 mark
(i) False (vi) True
(ii) False (vii) False
(iii) False (viii) True
(iv) True (ix) True
(v) True (x) False

2. Each 1 mark
(i) concave lens (ix) 50 cm (or) 0.5 m
(ii) chemical (x) volt (V)
(iii) frequency (xi) series
(iv) equipotential (xii) rectifier
(v) Hubble constant (xiii) Hard X-rays
(vi) 1000 (xiv) positive hole
(vii) hydrogen isotope 11 H (xv) 1.304
(viii) total reflecting prism

3. Each 1 mark
(i) B (ix) A
(ii) B (x) C
(iii) B (xi) A
(iv) C (xii) A
(v) C (xiii) B
(vi) A (xiv) A
(vii) B (xv) B
(viii) B
4. (a) Laws of Refraction
(1) The incidence ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
(2) For a particular wavelength of light and for a given pair of media, the ratio of the sine of the
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.
sin i
=constant
sin r
(i) The incident ray, the refractive ray and the normal all lies in the same plane. -------- (1)
(ii) For a particular wavelength of length and for a given pair of media the ratio of the sine of the
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.
-------- (1)
The ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity in glass is 1.5. -------- (1)

ni = 1.31 r =?
ng = 1.6 By Snell’s law,
i = 35° sin i
ni =
gni = sin ic sin r
ni sin i
= sin ic sin r =
ng ni
1.31 sin 35°
= sin ic sin r =
1.6 1.31
ic = 54° 58’ r= --------
(2)
i < ic, the ray will enter the ice. -------- (2)

(b) Electric potential -------- (1)

The electric potential at a point in an electric field is the work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from infinity to that point against electric force.
Because the electric field intensity at any point can have only one direction, only one electric line
of force can pass through that point. -------- (1)
Q = 92 e = 92 × 1.6 × 10 = 147.2 × 10 C
-19 -19
-------- (1)
-12 -14
r = 10 cm = 10 m
E =?
−19
1 Q 147.2× 10
E= = 9 × 10 9
× = 1324.8 × 1018 NC-1 -------- (2)
4 π ε 0 r 2❑ −14
(10 )❑
2

The direction of ⃗ E is away from the nucleus.

q = e = 1.6 × 10 C -19

F =?
F
E=
q
 F = Eq = 1324.8 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10-19 = 2119.68 × 10-1 N = 211.968 N -------- (2)
The direction of ⃗
F is towards the nucleus. -------- (1)

5. (a) Electromagnet
If a soft iron bar is placed inside the solenoid of insulated wire and a current flows through it, the
bar becomes magnetized. It is demagnetized when the current stops. A soft iron core surrounded
by a coil of wire, which acts as a magnet when a current flows through the coil is called a
temporary magnet (or) electromagnet.
1
-------- (1 )
2
(i) electric bell (ii) electric motor (iii) circuit breaker -------- (1
1
)
2
RG = 25 Ω
i = 4 mA = 4 × 10-13 A
(i) I = 2A
r =?
iR
r= G
I −i
−3
4 × 10 ×25
r= −3 = Ω -------- (2)
2−4 ×10
(ii) V = 120 V
R =?
V 120
R = – RG = −3 – 25 = Ω -------- (2)
i 4 × 10

(b) X – rays
X – rays are electromagnetic waves like light, but their wavelengths are much shorter than those
of light. -------- (2)
Characteristic X – rays
When a high energy electron emitted from the cathode bombard the target material, it may knock
an electron in the inner-shell, the energy is released in the form of X-rays. These X- rays are
called characteristic X-rays because they have specific energies characteristic of the element used
as the target.
-------- (4)
Fig -------- (2)
6. (a) n – type semiconductor -------- (2)
When arsenic atoms having 5 valence electrons are added to the pure (Ge, Si) semiconductor
atoms having 4 valence electrons, the n-type semiconductor is obtained. The conductivity
of pure semiconductor increases.
p – type semiconductor -------- (2)
When indium atoms having 3 valence electrons are added to the pure (Ge, Si) semiconductor
atoms having 4 valence electrons, a p-type semiconductor is obtained. The conductivity
of pure semiconductor increases.
1
In an n – type semiconductor, electrons are the majority charge carriers. -------- ( )
2
1
In a p – type semiconductor, positive holes are the majority charge carriers. -------- ( )
2

-------- (1) -------- (1)

p n p transistor n p n transistor

(b) A lens is a transparent material which can diverge (or) converge rays of light. -------- (1)
They are used in spectacles, cameras, projectors, telescopes and microscopes. -------- (1)
Focus of a converse lens
The rays parallel to the principal axis converge at a point on the principal axis after refraction
through a convex lens. The point is called the principal focus of the convex lens. -------- (1)
Since the refracted rays actually pass through the focus, the focus of the convex lens is real. -------
(1)
u = + 12 cm, II ' = −300 ' By lens formula,
II ' 1 1 1 1
= −3 + = -------- ( )
OO ' u v f 2
−v 1 1 1 3+1 4
= −3 = + = =
u f 12 36 36 36
 1 f =+9 cm -------- (1)
v = 3 u = 3 × 12 = 36 cm -------- ( )
2
If a real image, four-times the size of the object is required,
II ' −v
m = - 4, = −4, = −4
OO ' u
1
v = 4u -------- ( )
2
By lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = , + =
u v f u 4u 9
4+ 1 1
1 =
4u 9
4u = 45, u = 11.25 cm -------- (1)
1
The object must be moved = 12 – 11.25 = 0.75 cm -------- ( )
2
7. (a) Electric Field Intensity
The electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is the electric force acting upon a unit
positive charge placed at that point.
-------- (1)
The electric potential is the electric potential energy with a unit positive charge. -------- (1)
rA = 30 cm = 0.3 m
rB = 90 cm = 0.9 m -------- (1)

Q = + 91 μC = 9 × 10-6 C
−6
1 Q (+91 ×10 )
Electric Potential at A, VA = = 9 × 10-9 × -------- (1)
4 π ε0 r A 0.3
1 Q ( +91 ×10−6 )
Electric Potential at B, VB = = 9 × 10-9 × -------- (1)
4 π ε0 rB 0.9
Potential difference between A and B, VAB = VA – VB = V -------- (1)
q = + 1 μC = +1 × 10-6 C
WB to A = WAB q = 1 × 10-6 C = V -------- (1)

(b) Three NAND gates (OR gate)

 -------- (2) -------- (2)

Four NAND gates (NOR gate)

-------- (2)
-------- (2)

8. (a) A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting it in parallel with a wire of low
resistance called shunt resistance. -------- (1)
A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting it in series with high resistance
resistor. -------- (1)
R₁ = 10 Ω, R₂ = 5 Ω and R₃ = 5 Ω

R₁, R₂ and R₃ are in series,

-------- (1)
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ = 10 + 5 + 5 = 20 Ω -------- (1)

R₂ and R₃ are in parallel and R₁ are in series,

R2
R1
R3 -------- (1)

1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
R p R 2 R3 5 5
∴ Rₚ = 2.5 Ω -------- (1)
R = R₁ + Rₚ = 2.5 + 10 = 12.5 Ω -------- (1)

(b) Cathode rays are fast moving electrons emitted from the cathode of a discharge tube. -------- (1)
Properties of cathode rays -------- (3)
  travel in straight lines
 have momentum and kinetic energy
 can be deflected by both electric and magnetic fields
 can ionize the gases through which they pass
 can produce fluorescence.
X-rays are electromagnetic waves which have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nm
approximately. -------- (1)
hc
E = hν =
λ
1
For maximum energy λ=0.01 nm = 0.01×10⁻⁹ m = 10⁻¹¹ m -------- ( )
2
−34 8
hc 6.626 × 10 ×3 ×10
E= = −11
λ 10
-------- (1)
1
= 1.99 × 10⁻¹⁴ J -------- ( )
2
1.99× 10⁻ ¹⁴
=
1.6 ×10 ⁻¹⁹

= 1.24 × 10⁵ eV -------- (1)

9. (a) (i) 12.7510 = (1×23) + (1×22) + (0×21) + (0×20) + (1×2⁻¹) + (1×2⁻²) = 1100.11 -------- (1)
38.125 = (1+2⁵) + (0×2⁴) + (0×2³) + (1×2 ) + (1×2 ) + (0×2 ) + (0×2⁻¹) + (0×2⁻²) + (1×2⁻³)
2 1 0

= 100110.001 -------- (1)

1101001₂ = (1×2⁶) + (1×2⁵) + (0×2⁴) + (1×2³) + (0×2²) + (0×2¹) + (1×2⁰)
= 64 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 105₁₀ -------- (1)
1011 101.01₂ = (1×2⁶) + (0×2⁵) + (1×2⁴) + (1×2³) + (1×2²) + (0×2¹) + (1×2 ⁰) + (0×2 ⁻¹) +
(1×2⁻²)
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 = 93.25₁₀ -------- (1)

-------- (1) -------- (1)

90° deviation 180° deviation

100% of light is reflected -------- (1)

binoculars and periscopes
Q1 Q2 E1 E2
1
(b) (i) - 2m - P -------- ( )
2
 Q₁ = - 20 × 10⁻⁶ C, Q₂ = + 5 × 10⁻⁶ C
r₁ = (2 + x ) m, r₂ = ( x ) m
The electric field intensity at P due to Q₁,
1 Q₁ 20× 10 ⁻⁶ 180× 10³
E₁ = 2 = 9 ×10⁹ × =
4 π ε0 r1 (2+ x )² (2+ x)²
-------- (1)

The electric field intensity at P due to Q₂,

1 Q₁ 5× 10 ⁻⁶ 45 ×10³
E₂ = 2 = 9×10⁹ × =
4 π ε0 r1 x² x²
-------- (1)
1
At P, E = 0 -------- ( )
∴ E₁ = E₂
2

180× 10³ 45 ×10³

=
∴ =2m
(2+ x)² x²
x -------- (1)
(b) nᵢ = 3, nf = 1, h = 6.626×10⁻³⁴ Js
−13.6 −13.6
Enᵢ = = 2 = - 1.51 eV -------- (1)
nᵢ ² 3
−13.6 −13.6
Enf = 2 = 2 = - 13.6 eV
nf 1
Energy of photon E = Enᵢ - Enf = - 1.51 - (- 13.6) = 12.09 eV -------- (1)
E = hν
E 12.09× 1.6 ×10 ⁻¹⁹
ν= = (1eV=1.6×10⁻¹⁹ J)
h 6.626 × 10⁻ ³⁴
= 2.91×10¹⁵Hz -------- (1)
c = μλ
c 3 ×10⁸
λ= = = 1.03×10⁻7 m -------- (1)
μ 2.91× 10¹⁵