THERMODYNAMICS
1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
States that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system
separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’
2. State first law of Thermodynamics
The heat supplied to the system is partly used to increase the
internal energy of the system and the rest is used to do work
3. First law of thermodynamics is in accordance with law of conservation of
Energy
4. What is a quasi-static process?
A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process
such that the system remains in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with the
surroundings throughout.
5.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process.
6. Write the equation of state for an adiabatic process.
7. Work done in an isochoric process is ------------
Zero
8. What is a cyclic process?
In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state.
OSCILATIONS
1. What is oscillatory motion?
Periodic to and fro motion is called oscillatory motion
2. When the frequency is small, we call it oscillation
3. When the frequency is high, we call it vibration.
4. Define amplitude of oscillation.
The maximum displacement from the mean poition is called
amplitude (A) of oscillation
5. An oscillating particle is said to execute SHM if the
restoring force on the particle at any instant of time is
directly proportional to its displacement from the mean
position and is always directed towards the mean position.
6. Write a mathematical expression for an SHM. Explain the
terms.
7.Give examples of systems executing simple harmonic
motion
▪ Oscillations due to a Spring
▪ Oscillations of a simple pendulum
8. A girl is swinging on a swing in sitting position with period
T. What will happen to the period of oscillation when she
stands up?
When she stands up ,the length of the pendulum
decreases and hence period of oscillation decreases.
9.What is a seconds pendulum?
A simple pendulum of period T = 2 s is called a
seconds pendulum.
KINETIC THEORY
1. POSTULATES OF KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
• The molecules of a gas are hard, smooth and perfectly
elastic spheres.
• The molecules are supposed to be point masses, the size
of a molecule being negligible compared to the distance
between them.
• There is no force of attraction or repulsion between
molecules.
• The molecules are in a state of random motion, moving
with all possible velocities in all possible directions.
• During their motion, they collide with one another and
also with the walls of the container. These collisions are
elastic.
• Average distance between the successive collisions is
called mean free path
• Time for a collision is negligibly small compared to the
time taken to traverse mean free path.
• The mean KE of the molecule is a constant at a given
temperature and is proportional to absolute temperature.
2. Law of Equipartition of Energy
It states that, in equilibrium, the total energy
is equally distributed in all possible energy modes,
3. Root mean square speed
Root mean square speed is defined as the
square root of the mean of the square of speeds of all
molecules.
4. Mean free path
WAVES
1.The waves governed by Newton’s laws, and require a
material medium for their propagation are called
……………………..
Mechanical waves
E.g, water waves, sound waves, seismic waves, etc.
2. The waves which not require any medium for their
propagation and travel through vacuum at speed of light
are …………………
Electromagnetic waves
3. The waves associated with moving electrons, protons,
neutrons and other fundamental particles are
called…………..
Matter waves.
4. Capillary waves and Gravity waves
The waves on the surface of water are of two kinds:
capillary waves and gravity waves.
5.What is a travelling wave or progressive wave?
A wave, transverse or longitudinal, is said to be
travelling or progressive if it travels from one point of the
medium to another.
6. Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave
travelling along the positive direction of the x-axis and
explain the terms
7. Write the equation for propagation constant or angular
wave number
8.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on
stretched string
9. Write the expression for speed of longitudinal wave in a
Fluid
10. Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave
in a solid bar
11. Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal
wave in an ideal gas
12. Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed
of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
13. What are standing waves?
The interference of two identical waves moving in
opposite directions produces standing waves.
14. Draw standing waves in a stretched string and mark
nodes and antinodes.
15. Why open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in
musical instruments?
All harmonics are possible in an open pipe, but in a
closed pipe only odd harmonics are possible. So open pipes
are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments.
16. Beats
When two sound waves of nearly
same amplitudes and slightly different frequencies, travelling
in the same direction are superimposed on each other
alternate increase and decrease in the sound intensity are
heard. This phenomenon is called beats.
