Building Technology ER.

AAYUSH PAUDEL

Chapter 7
Cladding and External Finishes
Cladding
Cladding can be defined as an exterior finishing system that purpose is to
protect the underlying structure as well as to provide decorative finishes.
• The material applied on the surface of the wall is cladding
• Fundamentally cladding is used as a means for external finishing
• It is also defined as an external finishing system to protect the underlying
structure as well as to provide decorative finishes
• Also called siding or weather board
Material used are plaster, wooden members, tiles, stones, bricks, PVC sheets,
CGI sheets etc.
Need of Cladding
• The cladding are provided in order to conceal defective walls or parts of the
building
• To provide decorative finishing which helps to break up the monotony of a
large plain area composed of a single material
• If the structural wall is unable to provide an adequate barrier to the
elements like sun, rain etc a covering of small unit cladding is done.
Function of cladding
• Be self supporting between the framing members.
• Provide resistance to rain penetration.
• Be capable of resisting both wind pressures.
• Provide resistance to wind penetration.
• Give required degree of thermal and sound insulation.
• Give required degree of fire resistance.

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• Provide sufficient openings for admitting of natural daylight and ventilation.

Depending upon the method of construction or installation, it can be divided

into 2 parts:-
1. Cladding fixed to the structural backing ( Load bearing cladding)
2. Cladding fixed to frame structure ( non-load bearing cladding)
Types of cladding
• There are different types of cladding depends upon the material
a) Tile cladding
b) Timber cladding
c) Stone cladding
d) Brick cladding
e) Concrete pond cladding
f) Metal cladding
g) Vinyl cladding
a) Tile hanging/Tile cladding
• The tiles used in the tile hanging can be ordinary plain roofing tiles or hanging
patterned bottoms edge solely for a decorative appearance.
• The tiles are hung and fixed to tiling battens.
• The battens should be free from any fungus and insects attack.
• Each tiles should be twice nailed to its support batten with corrosion resistant
nails of adequate length.
• If the structural backing is of timber a layer of impervious felt should be placed
over the framing immediately underneath the battens in-order to protect it
from any moisture attack.

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Fig: Tile cladding

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b) Timber Cladding

fig: Timber cladding

 Timber cladding is done from the wood planks derived from oak, pine trees.
 It is naturally weather resistant and thermally insulating.
 The material is durable but require more maintenance.
 It must be treated for termites and need repainting frequently.
 In this cladding process timber boards are fixed to battens either
horizontally or vertically.
c) Stone cladding
 Stone cladding is a popular choice, durable and looks stunning.

fig: Stone cladding

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 It is also a regular feature in lobbies, entrance and reception.

 Stones such as quartz have a natural sparkle on them which adds real
touch of luxury.
 It uses thin layers of natural or simulated stones.

d) Brick cladding
 Using brick cladding we can create a variety of looks and pattern just by
using different colored bricks.
 It is easy to work with, a good insulator of heat and does not need much
maintenance.
Brick Panel Walls:
 These are non load bearing walls which must fulfill the following
requirements.
 Adequate resistance to the elements
 Strong enough to resist both positive and negative wind pressure
 Provide the required fire resistance
 Have sufficient strength to support their own self weight and any other
attached finishes.
 Brick Panels are constructed is the same manner as ordinary walls. The
panels must be supported at each structural floor level and tied to the
structure at the vertical edges. The top edge of the panels should not be
pinned rigidly to the frame since the effect of brick panel expansion
together with frame shrinkage may cause cracking and failure of the brick
work.
 The method of laying the panel to the vertical structural members are:
 Butterfly wall tiles are cast in to the column and built into the brick joints at
four-course interval.
 Galvanised pressed steel dove tail slots are cast into the column and dove
tail anchors are used to form the tie. This method gives greater flexibility.
Facing to brick panel walls:
• Any panel wall must have an acceptable and durable finish.
• This can be achieved by using facing bricks with a neat pointed joint or by
attaching to the face of a panel of suitable materials are natural stone,
artificial stone, reconstructed stone and precast concrete of small unit. The
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two major considerations must be taken into account when deciding on the
method to be used to fix the facing to the brick backing are
• Transferring the load to the structure
• Tying back the facing units
• The load of facing can be transferred by using bonder stone or support
corbels at each floor level, which should have compression joint.
• The tying back of the facings are carried out by various metal fixing devices
called cramps which should be of non-ferrous metals like copper, gun
metal. To avoid the problem of the corrosion caused by galvanic action
between dissimilar metals a mixture of fixing materials should be used.

Fig: Brick Claddin (Brick Facing)

[Hints: Backing means bhitra ko and facing means bahira ko, here mortar backing
brick facing means, mortar work bhitra cha, bahira bata herda chahe brick facing
cha.]
[example jastai, chasma lagako bela, akhaan backing ani chasma facing bho, it
means akhaa bhita cha bahira bata chasma dekheko cha la ]

e) Metal cladding
 Metal Cladding is either of steel or of aluminum.
 The metal is protected through galvanizing a powder coating and a range of
different colors are available to suit any color scheme.
 It need very low maintenance and in general very expensive.
 ACP (aluminum cladding panels) are the good example of Metal cladding.

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f) Concrete panel cladding

• Concrete panel is a new type of cladding and comes in panel or tile form
and ready to use inside or outside the building.
• Concrete panel should be constructed of a dense concrete mix and suitably
reinforced with bar reinforcement or steel welded fabric.
• The reinforcement should provide the necessary tensile resistance to the
stress induced in the final position.
• If thin panels are being used the use of galvanized or stainless steel
reinforcement should be considered to reduce the risk of corrosion.

 Load Bearing and Non-Load Bearing cladding

Generally, cladding is non-load bearing, it does not take up on transfer load of
structure. At times the main structural material like stone or brick are laid and
dressed to provide a desire external surface, hence are load bearing cladding.

Depending upon the method of construction or installation, it can be divided

into 2 parts:-
1. Cladding fixed to the structural backing ( Load bearing cladding)
2. Cladding fixed to frame structure ( non-load bearing cladding)
1. Cladding fixed to the structural backing
 Cladding is applied on walls to act as protective barrier to the structure.
 Materials used may be tiles, slates, timbers, plastic boards, stone facing,
marble facing etc.
 Fixing methods.
o Timber battens are fixed on structural backing.
o Cladding units are then secured on these battens.
o Stone cladding may be fixed by special way.

2. Cladding fixed to frame structure

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 Methods used to clad framed structure are extensive and they may completelu
enclose the structure.
 Panels of masonry constructed between column/beam.
 Light infill panels of metal/timber.
 precast concrete panel and curtain wall.

Plastering:
• Plastering is the process of covering rough surface of wall, columns, floor,
ceilings and other components with thin coat of plastic mortar to form a
smooth, durable surface. Plastering an external exposed surface is known as
rendering.
Objectives of plastering:
• The objectives of the plastering are as follows
• To protect an external surface against penetration of rain water and other
atmospheric agencies
• To provide smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge
• To give decorative effect
• To conceal inferior materials or defective workmanship
What are the requirements of good plaster?
• The requirements of good plaster is as follows:
• It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all
variation in seasons and other atmospheric condition
• It should be hard and durable
• It should posses good workability
• It should be cheap
• It should be possible to apply it during all weather condition
• It should effectively check penetration of moisture
Selection criteria of the type of plaster:
The selection of type of plaster depends of the following factor
• Availability of binding materials
• Durability requirement
• Finishing requirement
• Atmospheric requirements
• Atmospheric condition and variation in weather

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• Location of surface (i.e. exposed or interior surface

Types of Plaster:
• Different types of plaster that can be commonly served as
• Cement plaster
• Lime plaster
• Mud plaster
• Stucco

1. Cement Plaster:
• Cement plaster is considered to be best for external plastering work. It is
specially suited for damp condition (ie bathrooms) where non absorbent
wall is essential.
• The cement mortar is prepared by mixing cement and sand in the ration
1:4 to 1:6.
• Generally cement plastering is done in one coat which thickness can be
12mm, 15mm or more depending upon the site condition and type of
building.
• But sometimes when the thickness of plaster is more than 15mm or if we
want finer finish then plaster is applied in two coats.
• The sand used for plastering should be free from stones, mud, roots of
plants, plastic etc.
• Before mixing water dry mixing is thoroughly done.
• After mixing water, the mortar should be used within 30min before initial
setting take place.
• In case of single coat plastering the cement plaster is applied on the
prepared surface with the help of mason’s trowel.
• The surface is leveled by means of wood float and straight edges and
finally polished with a trowel.

2. Lime Plaster:
• This is another method adopted for plastering. The lime mortar is used for
plastering may be either fat lime or hydraulic lime.
• However fat lime is preferred since it yields good putty after slaking.

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• The mortar for lime plaster is usually prepared by mixing sand and lime in
equal proportions.
• Cement in small quantity is added to improve the strength. The binding
property of lime mortar can be improved by adding gugul. This prevents the
formation of cracks in plaster on drying.
• The thickness varies from 12-20mm final finishing surface is obtained by
using lime putty or slurry.
• Curing is necessary at least for 7 days.

3. Mud Plaster:
• Mud Plastering can be commonly seen in village and in the temporary
structure.
• This is the cheapest form of plastering.
• The mud used for plastering should be free from grass roots, stones,
plastics, gravel etc.
• The mortar is prepared by mixing suitable proportion of clay and sand.
Chopped straw, hay, husk are also mixed with earth and water and left of
period of a week for seasoning.
• During this period the mixture is worked up at intervals with foot so as to
convert it into a homogenous mass.
• Mud plaster is generally applied in two coats.
• The coat can be up to 18mm thick while the thickness of second coat is kept
6mm.
• The second coat is applied only when first coat has set. Cracks formed after
drying is treated with the mixture of clay and cow-dung.
• Curing is not done in this process of plastering.
4. Stucco Plastering:
• This is a special form of plaster which gives an excellent finish.
• The surface plastered with stucco looks like marble finish.
• This type of plastering can be used for both interior and exterior surfaces.
• It is usually laid in three coats.
• The first coat is stratch coat done by lime and is 12mm thick.
• The second coat consists of lime plaster which is made richer in lime and is
10mm thick.
• The third coat is white coat or finishing coat which is 3mm thick.

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• The finishing coat is carefully polished with a bag of linen containing moist
chalk and then oil and chalk.

Defects in Plastering:
• The following defect may arise in plaster work
o Cracking
• This consists of formation of cracks on the plaster work which may arise
due to plaster work which may arise due to
• Imperfect background preparation
• Structural defect in building
• Faulty workmanship
• Discontinuity of surface
• Excessive shrinkage of plaster due to the application of thick coat

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• Movement of the background due to its thermal expansion or rapid drying

o Falling out of Plaster

• This defect arises due to
• Imperfect plaster to the background
• Imperfect bond between successive coat of plaster
• In-adequate curing of the plaster
• Excessive thermal change in plaster

o Efflorescence
• It is the white crystalline substance which appears on the surface due to the
presence of salt in plaster-making materials as well as building material. For
example, sand, brick, cement. It can be removed by dry brushing and
washing the surface repeatedly

o Flaking:
• This is the formation of very loose mass of plastered surface, due to poor
bond between successive coats.

o Popping;
• It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered surface due to presence
of some particles which expand on setting

o Peeling:
• it is the complete dislocation of some portion of plastered surface resulting
the formation of patch. It results due to imperfect bond.
o Un-even Surface
• This defect is obtained purely due to poor workmanship

Pointing:

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• The term pointing is applied to the finishing of mortar joints in masonry.

• In the external exposed brick or stone masonry, mortar joints are considered
to be weakest and the place through which rain water or dampness can enter.
• Pointing consists of raking the joints up to the depth of 10 to 20mm and filling
with better quality mortar in desired shape.
• The joints as well as the wall surface are well washed and kept wet for a few
hours before pointing.
• A small trawl is used for placing the mortar in the joint.
• The mortar is pressed to bring perfect contact between old interior mortar of
joint and new mortar.
• The pointed surface kept wet for 1 week.

Preparation of surface

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New surface : All the surface joints are rated down in a depth of 20mm while
mortar is still soft. The surface and joints are then cleaned and thoroughly wetted.

Old Surface: All loose pointing (if any) and superfiuous mortar on the surface and
in the joints are removed. The surface and joints are then cleaned and thoroughly
wetted.

Method of pointing
After preparing the surface and cleaning and wetting the joints as desired mortar
is carefully placed in desired shape in these joints. A small trowel is used for
placing the mortar in the joint; the mortar is pressed to bring perfect contact
between the old inferior mortar of the joint and new mortar.

Types of pointing
a) Flush pointing
This type of pointing is formed by pressing mortar in the raked joint and by
finishing off flush with the edge of masonry units. The edges are nearly trimmed
with trowel and straight edge. It does not give good appearance but considered
the most durable type. Hence, such pointing is more in common use.
b) recessed pointing
These pointing is done by pressing the mortar back from the edge by 5mm or
more. The face of the pointing is kept vertical, by a suitable tool. Such kinds of
pointing give good appearance.
c) Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing
This type of pointing is the modification of flush pointing by forming a groove at
its mid height by a pointing tool.
It gives better appearance.
d) Beaded Pointing
This is the special type of pointing formed by steel or ironed with a concave edge.
It gives better appearance but is liable to damage easily.
e) Struck pointing
This is the modification of flush pointing in which the face of the pointing is kept
inclined with its upper edge pressed inside the face by 10mm. This pointing drains
water easily.
f) Tuck pointing

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This type of pointing is formed by first pressing the mortar in the racked joint and
finishing flush with the face. While the mortar is green, a groove having 5mm with
3mm depth is cut in the center of the groove. This groove is then filled in or
tucked in with white cement putty, kept projecting beyond the face of the joint by
3mm. if projection is done in mortar, then such kind of pointing is called Bastard
pointing or half tuck pointing.
g) V-pointing
This pointing is formed by forming v-groove in the flush finishing face.
h) Weathered pointing
This pointing is made by raising mortar in joint.

Paints

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• Paints are liquid composition of pigment and binders which when applied to
various surface like timber, metal, masonry etc forms a protective layer on the
painted surface.
• The main function of paints is to provide protection and decoration.
• Similarly it also protects timber structure against warping and decay, metal
from corrosion.
Characteristics of good/ideal paint
An ideal paint should posses the following characteristics
• Paint should form hard and durable surface
• It should give attractive appearance
• It should be stable for longer period of time.
• It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies.
• It should well stick to the surface and seal the pores.
• It should not show hair crack on drying.
• It should dry in reasonable time.
• It should form film of uniform color, on drying.
• It should have good spreading quality
Constituents of an oil paint
An oil paint is generally made up of six main constituents given below
i. Base
ii. An inert filler or extender
iii. Coloring pigment
iv. Vehicle
v. A solvent or thinner
vi. A drier

i. Base:
A base is generally a metal oxide in a form of fine powder. The type of base
determines the character of the paint and imparts durability on the painted
surface. The most important purpose of adding base ina paint is to make an
opaque coating to hide the surface to be paint. Some commonly used bases are
white lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron-oxide.

ii. Inert filler:

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It is a cheap pigment added in a paint to reduce its cost. It also modifies the
weight of paint and makes it more durable commonly used inert fillers are silica,
silicates of magnesia or alumina, lithopone, charcoal, gypsum etc.
iii. Coloring pigments:
• Coloring pigments are added to base to have different desired color.
iv. Vehicle:
• These are the liquid substances which hold the different ingredients of a
paints and makes it possible to spread the paint evenly on the surface .The
vehicle generally in use are linseed oils, fug oil, poppy oil, nut oil etc.
v. Solvent or thinner:
• It is a liquid that makes the paint thin and evaporates after the paint film
has been applied. Turpentine, pine oils, petroleum spirit are commonly
used solvent.
vi. Drier:
• These are the material containing metallic compounds and used in small
quantities for accelerating the drying of paint film. They act as catalysts for
the oxidation and polymerization of the vehicle used in the paint.

Various Types of Bases for Paint

(a) White Sead
Out of all the bases of paints, it is the cheapest base and is thus in mast common
me for ordinary painting works. It is available in market both in powder form and
stiff paste form. Paste is made by mixing white land with linseed oil. It is dense,
permanent and water proof. It possesses good spreading and binding power.

(b) Red Lead

It is lead oxide and is available in market either in the form of powder or stiff
paste ground in linseed oil. It is quite suitable for painting iron surfaces and for
providing a priming cast to wood surfaces. As it solidifies in a short time with
linseed oil, it can be used as a drier.

(c) Zine White or Zinc Oxide

Zinc white is an oxide of zine and forms the base of all the zinc paints. It is
available in powder as well as in paste form, made by grinding with linseed oil.
This paint has good hiding and spreading power. It is costlier than lead white paint

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and is less durable and workable than it. Its film is very hard and brittle and has
tendency to develop surface cracks.

(d) Iron Oxide

Iron oxide forms the base of all the iron paints. It is exclusively used for the
priming coat on iron or structural steel. The color of paint varies from yellowish
brown to black. It mixes readily with the vehicle oil and is quite cheap and
durable. It is effective in preventing rusting of iron surfaces.

(e) Titanium White

This material possesses intense dullness. It is chemically inert and not affected by
heat or light. It is used as under coat, in case of enamel paints.. It is non-
poisonous and provides a thin transparent film.

(f) Antimouy White

It is very nearly similar to titanium white.

(g) Litho Phone

Litho phone is a mixture of barytes and zinc sulphide obtained by the process of
precipitation under carefully controlled conditions. It is cheap and can be easily
applied on the surface. When exposed it day light it changes colour and as such it
should not be allowed to come in contact of water.

(h) Aluminum Powder

It is the base of all the aluminum pains. This paint is generally used for a priming
out of now work. It prevents working and cracking of wood. It is impervious and
maintains same moisture content in the wood, if painted with it.

Types of Paints
(a) Aluminum Paint
It is prepared by holding very finely ground aluminum in suspension either in
quick drying spirit varnish or slow drying oil varnish as per the requirements of the
surface to be suspension liquid i.e., spirit or oil, evaporates and a thin metallic film
of aluminum is left on the surface. This paint is used for painting wood work and

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metal surface. It is widely used for painting hot water pipes, gas tanks, marine
piers, oil storage tanks, etc.
Following are the advantages of aluminum paint:
• It has very good weather-resisting and water-proofing properties.
• It is visible in darkness also because of its silver shining color.
• It has high electrical resistance.
• It protects the surfaces of iron and steel against corrosion, better than any
other paint. It possesses a capacity for painting very large area. For instance
one liter of this pain may cover an area of about 200 m².
• It is highly heat reflective.
• It can withstand the effect of atmosphere contaminated with acidic fumes,
and also effects of sea water.

(b) Anticorrosive Paint

It is a metal protective paint and used mainly to protect the surface of metallic
structural steel work, against the negative effects of acids, corrosive chemicals
fumes, etc. There are several paints which exhibit these properties. This paint
essentially consists of the linseed oil is vehicle and red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
zinc dust, zinc chromate, etc., as their base.

This paint is used for:

• Industrial epoxy flooring.
• Pipe line for sewage and drinking water.
• Metallic structures.
• Storage cement and metallic tanks.

(c) Asbestos Paint

It is used for stopping leakage of metal roofs and painting gutters, paint is also
used as damp- proof coat to cover the outer face of the basement walls. This
paint can withstand the effects of acidic gases and steam.

(d) Bituminous Paint

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It consists of asphalt, bitumen or pitches, dissolves in any type of oil or petroleum.

This paint is always black in color but its color can be modified by mixing certain
pigment like red oxide, etc. This paint is used mostly for painting iron-works under
water.

(e) Bronze Paint

It is prepared by disbursing aluminum bronze or copper bronze in nitro-cellulose
lacquer as vehicle. They produce a very reflective type of surface and hence very
useful for being applied on radiators. These paints are equally effective for
painting interior or exterior metallic surfaces.

(f) Cellulose paint

It is prepared from cellulose sheets, nitro-cotton and photographic films. This
paints dries very quickly and provide a flexible, hard, and smooth surface. The
paint does not harden by a very oxidation but b evaporation of thinning agent.
The surface of this paint can be easily washed for painting cars, aeroplanes, etc.

(g) Casein Paint

It is a product extracted from milk curd. This when mixed with base like whiting
titanium, lithopone, etc forms the paint which is usually available in powder or
paste form. This paint has high capacity and can be applied on new plaster work.
It is usually used on walls, ceilings wallboards, cement block construction, etc. to
increase the appearance of the surface

(h) Cement Paint

It is available in powder form. It consists of white or colored cement as its base
and water and vehicle. No oil or varnish is added to it. This paint is available in
variety of shades. It is durable and water-proof. This paint proves to be useful for
surfaces which are damp at the time of painting and are also likely to remain
damp after painting. Widely used on masonry surfaces.

(i) Enamel Paint

It is prepared by adding base like white lead or zinc white to a vehicle which is a
varnish. To obtain the desired color, coloring pigments may also be added. This

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paint dries slowly and forms a hard, durable, smooth glossy solid thin film.
Different types of enamel paints are being manufactured in a variety of colors.

(j) Rubber Base Paint

It is prepared by treating rubber with chlorine gas (chlorinated rubber) and then
dissolving in in suitable solvent. This paint can be used on new concrete and lime
plastered surfaces. This paint dries quickly. It is little affected by weather and
sunlight. It is resistant against chemical actions, water, etc. It can be applied on
fresh concrete surface i.e., surfaces which are not completely dry.

(k) Emulsion Paint

It consists of synthetic resin like poly vinyl acetate. It can be applied easily. It
retains its color for a very long time. The surface of the paint is tough and can be
cleaned by washing with water. This paint has excellent resistance against action
of alkali. It dries very quickly in about ae to two hours.

(l) Plastic Paint

It contains a variety of plastics in suspension and is available in the market under
different trade names. This paint is available in very attractive and pleasing
shades. It is mostly used in show rooms, display rooms, and auditorium, etc. It can
be applied by spray or by brush.

m) Silicate Paint
It is prepared by mixing calcium and finely ground silica with resinous materials. It
forms a very hard and durable film on painted surface. It can be directly applied
on brick, concrete or plastered surface, after wetting them.

(n) Luminous Paint

It is prepared by mixing calcium sulphide with varnish. This paint shines in
darkness like radium dials of watches. This paint should be applied on surface
which has been rendered free from corrosion or lead paints in particular.

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Painting on wooden surface:

• The painting on wooden surface is carried out in different steps which are
explained.
a) Painting process in new wood surface
 Preparation of surface:
• The surface should be clean, dry and made free from dust. For good result
the wooden surface should be well seasoned and should not contain more
than 15percent of moisture. The surface is made smooth by rubbing with
sand paper.
 Knotting:
• It is the process of covering or killing all knots in the wood work with a
substance to stop the resin come out from the wood that destroy or
damage the paint. Aluminum varnish, red lead, hot lime etc are used for
knotting purpose.
 Priming:
• After knotting the surface is rubbed smooth with an abrasive paper.
Priming consists of applying first coat of paint to fill all the pores.
 Stopping:
• It is the process of rubbing down the wood surface by means of pumice
stone or glass paper after prime coat is applied. Then all the nail-holes,
open joints, cracks are filled with putty.
 Under-coating:
• After primary coat is dry, second coat or under coating are applied on the
primed surface. The color of undercoat should be approximately of the
same shade as that of the desired finish.
 Finishing coat:
• Finishing coat is applied after the under coat is perfectly dry. This coat is
applied very carefully by a skilled manpower so that finished surface is
smooth, uniform and free from patches and brush marks.
b) Painting on old wood work:
(i) Preparation of surface
Old painting if blistered and flaked should be completely removed. Removal of old
paint is done by using following paint removers.

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• Applying mixture of equal parts of washing soda and quick lime to the
required consistency. After one hour of application, the surface is washed
with water.
• Applying solution containing 1kg of caustic soda in 5 liters of water. It helps
to dissolved.
• The old wooden surface is then properly cleaned and sanded by using
sandpaper to remove any dust or grease.
(ii) Coating of paint
• First coat of desired paint is applied on the clean and smooth surface of
woodwork. If necessary, second coat is also applied.
• Final coating is applied to give smooth, uniform and pleasing surface.
• Knotting and priming do not require in the painting of old woodwork.
However, the puttying may be required if holes, cracks and opens are seen
on the surface.

(c) Painting on metal

• The surface is clean off rust by scrapping or brushing with steel wire
brushes, oil, greas, etc is removed by washing the surface with petrol,
benzene or lime water.
• The clean surface is treated with a film of phosphoric acid. This protects the
surface from rusting and provides better adhesive surface for the apint.
• The prime coat or first coat is applied with a brush.
• After the prime coat is dried two or more under-coats are applied either
with a brush or with spray gun.
• After the under-coat us dried, the final coat of the desired type of paint is
applied.
• The finishing coat should give uniform and pleasing surface.

Painting Works on Masonry

Procedure of painting on masonry work:
• Clean the surface.
• Make any Repairs
• Seal and Prime
• Paint the surface

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Painting on Plastered Surface

(a) Preparation of Surface
• Allow newly plastered surfaces to mature.
• Rectify if any water seepage problem.
• All external and internal drainage and water supply pipes must be checked
for rusting or leakage. Any faulty plumbing must be rectified.
• Remove loose particles and rub the surface with sandpaper to ensure that
the surface is dry and free from dust, dirt or grease, etc.
• Any holes on the surface are repaired by plaster of paris or by wall putty or
cement and again rubbed.
• Avoid application of putty or filling compound while painting exterior
surfaces. Fill up cracks with a 1:3 cement/sand mortar.
• In old surface previous coatings of lime wash or powder distemper or
cement paint must be thoroughly scraped off by thorough sanding. Cracked
or flaked paint must also be completely removed.
• Fungus affected areas need to be given a separate treatment. Make a 5-
10%solution of bleach powder in water after an interval of 8-10 hours.
Allow the surface to dry sufficiently.
(b) Priming Coat
Priming coat is applied on the surface. The primer should be allowed to dry for
10-12 hours.

(c) First Coat

After primer coats are completely dry first coat of desired paint is applied on the
surface.

(d) Final Coat

After first coat is completely dry and becomes hard final coat is applied on the
first coated surface.

Varnish
A transparent solution of resinous substance dissolved in either linseed oil,
turpentine or alcohol is called varnish. The solution on drying forms a hard,
transparent glossy film on the varnish surface.

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Importance of Varnish
• The varnish applied on the decorative surfaces enhances the appearance of
the paint.
• Safeguards the wood work from atmospheric agents.
• Increases the durability of paint.

Types of Varnish
(a) Oil Varnish
Used for both interior and exterior works. I takes about 24 hours to dry.
(b) Spar Varnish
It is used on exposed surfaces such as rail road coaches, exterior wood or metal
surfaces. It is not useful for indoors as it gives a stickily effect in warm weather.
(c) Flat Varnish
It is used to give dull appearance.
(d) Asphalt Varnish
It is used to give a black color to fabricate iron and steel products.
(e) Spirit Varnish
Widely used in wooden furniture.

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