CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom power device utilized to counteract
voltage sags . It injects controlled three-phase ac voltages in series with the supply voltage,
subsequent to a voltage sag, to enhance voltage quality by adjusting the voltage magnitude,
wave shape, and phase angle.

Fig. 1.1. Schematic diagram of a DVR with a line-side harmonic filter

Fig. 1.1 shows the main components of a DVR (i.e., a series transformer , a voltage-
source converter (VSC), a harmonic filter, a dc-side capacitor , and an energy storage device.
The line-side harmonic filter consists of the leakage inductance of the series transformer and
the filter capacitor . The DVR is conventionally bypassed during a downstream fault to
prevent potential adverse impacts on the fault and to protect the DVR components against the
fault current .A technically elaborate approach to more efficient utilization of the DVR is to
equip it with additional controls and enable it also to limit or interrupt the downstream
faultcurrents. A control approach to enable a DVR to serve as a fault current limiter is
provided in The main drawback of this approach is that the dc-link voltage of the DVR
increases due to real power absorption during fault current-limiting operation and necessitates
a switch to bypass the DVR when the protective relays, depending on the fault conditions, do
not rapidly clear the fault. The dc-link voltage increase can be mitigated at the cost of a slow-
decaying dc fault current component using the methods introduced. To overcome the
aforementioned limitations, this paper proposes an augmented control strategy for the DVR
that provides:

1) voltage-sag compensation under balanced and unbalanced conditions and

2) a fault current interruption (FCI) function. The former function has been presented and the
latter is described in this paper.
It should be noted that limiting the fault current by the DVR disables the main and the
backup protection (e.g., the distance and the overcurrent relays). This can result in prolonging
the fault duration. Thus, the DVR is preferred to reduce the fault current to zero and interrupt
it and send a trip signal to the upstream relay or the circuit breaker (CB). It should be noted
that the FCI function requires 100% voltage injection capability. Thus, the power ratings of
the series transformer and the VSC would be about three times those of a conventional DVR
with about 30%–40% voltage injection capability. This leads to a more expensive DVR
system. Economic feasibility of such a DVR system depends on the importance of the
sensitive load protected by the DVR and the cost of the DVR itself. The performance of the
proposed control scheme is evaluated through various simulation studies in the
PSCAD/EMTDC platform. The study results indicate that the proposed control strategy:
1) Limits the fault current to less than the nominal load current and restores the PCC
voltage within less than 10 ms, and interrupts the fault current within two cycles.
2) It can be used in four- and three-wired distribution systems, and single-phase
configurations.
3) Does not require phase-locked loops.

4) Is not sensitive to noise, harmonics, and disturbances and provides effective fault
current interruption even under arcing fault conditions.
5) Can interrupt the downstream fault current under low dc-link voltage

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SUERVEY
 Power distribution systems, ideally, should provide their customers with an
uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level
and frequency however, in practice, power systems, especially the distribution systems, have
numerous nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the quality of power supplies. As a
result of the nonlinear loads, the purity of the waveform of supplies is lost. This ends up
producing many power quality problems. Apart from nonlinear loads, some system events,
both usual (e.g. capacitor switching, motor starling) and unusual (e.g. faults) could also inflict
power quality problems . Power quality is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to
electricity consumers at all levels of usage. Sensitive equipment and non-linear loads are now
more common place in both the industrial sectors and the domestic environment. Because of
this a heightened awareness of power quality is developing amongst electricity users. Faults
at either the transmission or distribution level may cause transient voltage sag or swell in the
entire system or a large part of it. Also, under heavy load conditions, a significant voltage
drop may occur in the system. Voltage sags can occur at any instant of time, with amplitudes
ranging from 10–90% and a duration lasting for half a cycle to one minute . Further, they
could be either balanced or unbalanced, depending on the type of fault and they could have
unpredictable magnitudes, depending on factors such as distance from the fault and the
transformer connections. Voltage swell, on the other hand, is defined as a sudden increasing
of supply voltage up 110% to 180% in RMS voltage at the network fundamental frequency
with duration from 10 ms to 1 minute . Voltage swells are not as important as voltage sags
because they are less common in distribution systems. Voltage sag and swell can cause
sensitive equipment (such as found in semiconductor or chemical plants) to fail, or shutdown,
as well as create a large current unbalance that could blow fuses or trip breakers. These
effects can be very expensive for the customer, ranging from minor quality variations to
production downtime and equipment damage . There are many different methods to mitigate
voltage sags and swells, but the use of a custom Power device is considered to be the most
efficient method. The concept of custom Power was introduced by N.G. Hingorani in 1995.
Like Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) for transmission systems, the term custom
power pertains to the use of power electronics controllers in a distribution system, especially,
to deal with various power quality problems. Just as FACTS improves the power transfer
capabilities and stability margins, custom power makes sure customers get pre-specified
quality and reliability of supply. This pre-specified quality may contain a combination of
specifications of the following : low phase unbalance, no power interruptions, low flicker at
the load voltage, low harmonic distortion in load voltage, magnitude and duration of over
voltages and under voltages within specified limits, acceptance of fluctuations, and poor
factor loads without significant effect on the terminal voltage. There are many types of
Custom Power devices. Some of these devices include: Active Power Filters (APF), Battery
Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Distribution static synchronous Compensators
(DSTATCOM), Distribution Series Capacitors (DSC), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
Surge Arresters (SA), Super conducting Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES), Static Electronic
Tap Changers (SETC),Solid-State Transfer Switches (SSTS), Solid State Fault Current
Limiter (SSFCL), Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC), and
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) .Each of Custom Power devices has its own benefits
and limitations. The most effective type of these devices is considered to be the Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR). There are numerous reasons why the DVR is preferred over the
others. A few of these reasons are presented as follows. The SVC pre-dates the DVR, but the
DVR is still preferred because the SVC has no ability to control active power flow. Another
reason is that the DVR costs less compared to the UPS. Not only the UPS is costly, it also
requires a high level of maintenance because batteries leak and have to be replaced as often
as every five years . Other reasons include that the DVR has a higher energy capacity and
lower costs compared to the SMES device . Further more, the DVR is smaller in size and
costs less compared to the DSTATCOM . Based on these reasons, it is no surprise that the
DVR is widely considered as an effective custom power device in mitigating voltage sags. In
addition to voltage. Compared to the other devices, the DVR clearly provides the best
economic solution for its size and capabilities. This paper Introduces Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR) and its operating principle. Then, analyses of the voltage compensation
methods are presented. At the end, simulation results using MATLAB are illustrated and
discussed.

CHAPTER 3
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

A Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a recently proposed series connected solid state
device that injects voltage into the system in order to regulate the load side voltage. The DVR
was first installed in 1996. It is normally installed in a distribution system between the supply
and the critical load feeder. Its primary function is to rapidly boost up the load-side voltage in
the event of a disturbance in order to avoid any power disruption to that load. There are
various circuit topologies and control schemes that can be used to implement a DVR. In
addition to voltage sags and swells compensation, DVR can also added other features such
as: line voltage harmonics compensation, reduction of transients in voltage and fault current
limitations .The general configuration of the DVR consists of an Injection / Booster
transformer, a Harmonic filter, a Voltage Source Converter (VSC), DC charging circuit and a
Control and Protection system as shown in Figure 3.1.

3.1. Injection / Booster Transformer

The Injection / Booster transformer is a specially designed transformer that attempts to
limit the coupling of noise and transient energy from the primary side to the secondary side.
Its main tasks are: connects the DVR to the distribution network via the HV-windings and
transforms and couples the injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source
converters to the incoming supply voltage. In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer
serves the purpose of isolating the load from the system (VSC and control mechanism). It is
one unit three phase construction