P BLOCK ELEMENTS

elements in which the last electron enters the outermost p orbital.

ns²np¹⁻⁶
P - BLOCK ELEMENTS SIMPLY CONCISE
ns² ns² ns² ns² ns² ns²
np¹ np² np³ np⁴ np⁵ np⁶
INERT PAIR EFFECT ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF FIRST ELEMENT
reluctance of s electrons to take part in bond formation The first member of p-block differs from the remaining members of their
corresponding group
B: 2s² 2p¹ small size - form multiple bonds
high electronegativity
Tl: 6s² 6p¹
SIMPLY CONCISE SIMPLY CONCISE
absence of vacant d orbital
5d & 4f
only sp3, sp2, sp
the OS two unit less than the group OS
becomes progressively more stable for the
heavier elements in each group
ns² np¹
 GROUP 13 ELEMENTS GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
density: B < Al < Ga < In < Tl boiling pt: B > Al > Ga > In > Tl Reactivity towards air: note:
E + O₂ → E₂O₃ B doesn’t react in crystalline form
exceptions - Al forms a thin oxide layer in moist air
E + N₂ → EN
atomic size: B < Ga < Al < In < Tl : due to poor screening of 3d e⁻ BN - inorganic graphite
SIMPLY CONCISE
electro -ve: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al
melting pt: B > Al > Ga < In < Tl
SIMPLY CONCISE
B - acidic Al, Ga - amphoteric In, Tl - basic
Reactivity towards acid and alkalies:
ionisation Eⁿ: B Tl B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
Ga due to due to poor Al + HCl AlCl₃ + H₂
→
LC screening of 3d e⁻ Al + NaOH Na[Al(OH)₄] + H₂
→
Al
Reactivity towards halogens:
In
EX₃, EX TlX₃
ns² np¹ oxd. states: stability of +3 ↓ and +1 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
GROUP 14 ELEMENTS GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
atomic size: C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb boiling pt: C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb Reactivity towards oxygen: note:
E + O₂ → EO₂ CO - neutral
exceptions - PbO, SnO, PbO₂, SnO₂ - amphoteric
E + O₂ → EO
ionisation Eⁿ: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn : due to lanthanoid contraction CO₂, SiO, SiO₂, GeO, GeO₂ - acidic
SIMPLY CONCISE
melting pt: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
density: Si < C < Ge < Sn < Pb
C/Si/Ge + H₂O
SIMPLY CONCISE
Reactivity towards water:
no rkⁿ
→
note:
Pb - protective oxide film formation
electro -ve: Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn < Pb < C Sn + H₂O SnO₂ + H₂
→
catenation: C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
Reactivity towards halogen: note:
oxd. states: stability of +4 ↓ and +2 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
EX₄, EX₂ SnF₄ & PbF₄ - ionic in nature
PbI₄ does not exists due to IPE
[SiCl₆]²⁻ does not exists due to
ns² np²
bigger size of Cl
 GROUP 14 ELEMENTS GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Diamond: Fullerenes:
rigid 3-dimensional network of carbon atoms electric arc in
Graphite presence of He/Ag
Fullerenes
sp3 hybridised carbons, non aromatic
C₆₀ - C₃₅₀
dangling bonds are there
SIMPLY CONCISE SIMPLY CONCISE
C₆₀ - Buckminsterfullerene
good thermal conductivity
no dangling bonds are there
poor electrical conductivity
20 six-membered rings & 12 five membered rings
Graphite: sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
layered structure held by van der waals force good thermal & electrical conductivity
sp2 hybridised carbons, aromatic
Amorphous forms:
dangling bonds are there
carbon black, coke, charcoal - impure forms of graphite n fullerenes
good thermal & electrical conductivity
most stable allotrope of carbon
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP: H bonds
NH₃ PH₃ AsH₃ SbH₃ BiH₃ PH₃ < AsH₃ < NH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃
size & BP: N < P < As < Sb < Bi
electro -ve & IE: N > P > As > Sb > Bi BDE →↓ thermal stability ↓ MP:
SIMPLY CONCISE
exceptions -
melting pt: N < P < As > Sb > Bi
SIMPLY CONCISE
basic strength & reducing power
↓
e⁻ density at central atom
↑
↓∠ → ↓
PH₃ < AsH₃ < SbH₃ < BiH₃ < NH₃
oxd. states: stability of +5 ↓ and +3 ↑ Reactivity towards oxygen: note:
N₂O₃ P₂O₃ As₂O₃ Sb₂O₃ Bi₂O₃ N₂O₃, P₂O₃ - acidic
N₂O₅ P₂O₅ As₂O₅ Sb₂O₅ Bi₂O₅ As₂O₃, Sb₂O₃ - amphoteric
Bi₂O₃ - basic
acidic strength ↓ E₂O₃ < E₂O₅
ns² np³
 GROUP 15 ELEMENTS GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
Reactivity towards halogen: covalent character: White Phosphorus
EX₃, EX₅ NX₅ no d orbital EX₃ < EX₅ translucent white waxy solid
glows in dark, poisonous
#for any Qs on covalent character
insoluble in H₂O, soluble in CS₂
SIMPLY CONCISE SIMPLY CONCISE
- use fajan’s rule
less stable and more reactive
P₄ + 5O₂ → P₄O₁₀
Red Phosphorus:
forms by heating white P at 573K for days
possesses iron grey lusture
doesn’t glow in dark, non-poisonous
insoluble in H₂O as well as CS₂
much less reactive than white P
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Black Phosphorus size, mp, bp: O < S < Se < Te < Po electro -ve: O > S > Se > Te > Po
α-black & β-black and density and IE
803K
P₄ sealed tube
P₄ α-black exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE SIMPLY CONCISE
red
EGE: S > Se > Te > Po > O : due to high e-e repulsion
473K
P₄ high pressure
P₄ β-black oxd. states: stability of +6 ↓ and +4 ↑ : due to inert pair effect
red
OS of oxygen -
note - highly polymeric & most stable allotrope of phosphorus OF₂ - +2 H₂O₂ - -1 Cl₂O - -2 KO₂ - -1/2 O₂F₂ - +1 KO₃ - -1/3
insoluble in H₂O as well as CS₂
imp.point -
O : small size → forms pπ-pπ multiple bonds → exists as O₂(g)
S : large size → can’t form multiple bonds → exists as S₈(s)
ns² np⁴
 GROUP 16 ELEMENTS GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP & MP: H bonds Reactivity towards halogen: covalent character:
H₂O H₂S H₂Se H₂Te H₂Po H₂S < H₂Se < H₂Te < H₂Po < H₂O EX₄, EX₆ OX₆ no d orbital EX₄ < EX₆ #fajan’s rule
BDE →↓ Δ stability , acidic strength & reducing power
↓ ↑ SF6 is exceptionally stable for steric reasons
SIMPLY CONCISE
e⁻ density at central atom →↓ bond angle ↓
SIMPLY CONCISE
Reactivity towards oxygen:
O₃ SO₂ SeO₂ TeO₂ PoO₂
- SO₃ SeO₃ TeO₃ PoO₃
oxidising power ↑ EO₃ > EO₂
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Rhombic sulphur (α-Sulphur) size, mp, bp, density: F < Cl < Br < I < At
crown shaped electro -ve, IE: F > Cl > Br > I > At
yellow in colour
exceptions -
SIMPLY CONCISE SIMPLY CONCISE
stable at room temp.
EGE: Cl > F > Br > I : due to high e-e repulsion
Monoclinic sulphur (β-Sulphur) diatomic molecule -
chair shaped F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂
colourless
stable at and above 369K oxd. power: F₂ > Cl₂ > Br₂ > I₂
BDE: Cl₂ > Br₂ > F₂ > I₂ : due to high e-e repulsion
transition temp. ns² np⁵
 GROUP 17 ELEMENTS GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Reactivity towards hydrogen: BP: size, mp, bp, density: He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
HF HCl HBr HI HCl < HBr < HI < HF : H bonds electro -ve, IE: He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
SIMPLY CONCISE
BDE →↓ Δ stability
↓ MP:
SIMPLY CONCISE
acidic strength & reducing power exceptions -
↑ HCl < HBr < HF < HI
EGE: He < Rn ≈ Xe < Kr < Ar < Ne
imp. points -
highly stable due to completely filled orbitals
largest size in respc. period due to VDW radius
very high IE due to stable EC
+ve ΔegH due to completely filled orbitals
low mp & bp due to weak VDW forces
ns² np⁶